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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
871

Diagnostico e genotipagem de citomegalovirus humano (HCMV) em receptores pediatrico de transplante de rim ou celulas tronco hematopoeticas / Diagnosis and genotyping of Human Cytomegalovirus in renal or haematopoetic stem cell pediatric transplant recipients

Dieamant, Debora de Campos 23 August 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Sandra Cecilia Botelho Costa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T12:27:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dieamant_DeboradeCampos_M.pdf: 2173566 bytes, checksum: ee57b8aa1f6592084b13483d2fc8d9ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A partir de 1960, com a evolução nos processos cirúrgicos para transplante, a infecção pelo HCMV começa a ser reconhecida como uma doença de importância clínica, sendo considerado o principal agente patogênico em hospedeiros com o sistema imunológico comprometido. Foi iniciada, em 1980, a utilização de medidas para o controle do vírus com agentes antivirais e intervenções imunológicas, e atualmente, os avanços para a compreensão dessa virose estão relacionados aos aspectos moleculares da infecção e controle clínico, principalmente nos grupos de risco. Sabendo-se da importância do diagnóstico precoce da infecção ativa e da identificação das linhagens de HCMV em pacientes transplantados por sua possível relação com a infectividade e apresentação clínica, este trabalho teve como objetivos principais: (1)Diagnosticar e monitorizar a infecção ativa por HCMV em receptores pediátricos de transplante de rim ou medula óssea em seguimento no Hospital de Clínicas da UNICAMP e no Centro Infantil Boldrini;(2)Determinar a prevalência dos subtipos gB de HCMV na população estudada;(3)Avaliar a relação de uma determinada linhagem com o quadro clínico, apresentado pelos pacientes estudados, durante a infecção ativa e doença por HCMV. Para o diagnóstico da infecção ativa por HCMV, foram analisadas amostras de sangue de 42 pacientes transplantados pediátricos, atendidos no Hospital de Clínicas da UNICAMP e Centro Infantil Boldrini, com idade entre 2 a 18 anos, sendo que 19 deles eram receptores de transplante renal e os outros 23, receptores de transplante de medula óssea. Foram utilizadas técnicas rápidas e precoces de diagnóstico: Antigenemia e Nested-PCR A identificação das diferentes cêpas do HCMV foi feita a partir do DNA de pacientes que apresentaram antigenemia e/ou 2 ¿Nested PCR¿ consecutivos positivos para a região IE do vírus. Para a genotipagem também foi utilizada a Nested-PCR para a amplificação da glicoproteína B seguida da análise de restrição com as enzimas Rsa I e Hinf I para que fosse possível a identificação da linhagem viral.A infecção ativa por HCMV foi diagnosticada em 20 (47,6%) dos 42 pacientes estudados, sendo 5/20 (21,7%) receptores de células tronco hemeatopoética e 15/20 (79%) receptores de transplante de rim. Deste pacientes que apresentaram infecção ativa pelo HCMV fizemos a genotipagem através de uma amostra positiva de sangue. Para os pacientes que apresentaram recorrência da infecção (5/20) a análise do genótipo viral foi feita nos dois períodos da infecção, caracterizando, em todos os casos, reatiavação viral. Como resultados da genotipagem tivemos uma prevalência do genótipo 1, encontrado em 45% (9/20) dos pacientes infectados pelo HCMV, sendo 7/15 receptores de rim e 2/5 receptores de células tronco hemetopoéticas. O Genótipo 2 também teve uma frequência considerável entre este pacientes apresentando uma prevalência de 25% (5/20) e sugeriu estar relacionado com um quadro clínico mais grave e reativação viral após tratamento. A mistura de linhagens também foi encontrada em 30% (6/20) dos pacientes estudados, gB1gB2 (3/6), gB1gB4 (2/6) e gB2gB3 (1/6). Os pacientes que apresentaram como linhagem viral a mistura de linhagens apresentaram melhor prognóstico da infecção ativa pelo HCMV. Os genótipos 3 e 4 não foram encontrados isoladamente em nenhuma amostra genotipada dos pacientes estudados / Abstract: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains the most important cause of serious viral infections in pediatric transplant recipients. In these patients, early diagnosis of active HCMV infection is important since the development of HCMV disease may be prevented. Ganciclovir has been established as an effective treatment agent for active infection by HCMV. HCMV disease can occur from infection acquired by the transplanted organ or from re-activation of latent infection. The risk is highest within 2 months of transplantation. Several risk factors for disease have been identified and include: HCMV-positive donor, HCMV-negative recipient, lack of anti-viral prophylaxis, and receipt of cadaveric kidney or type of bone marrow transplant. Intense immunosuppression has also been implicated. For discriminate patients with active infection from those without such infection, tests that include the pp65 antigenemia assay (AGM) and DNA detection methods are describle. The polymarase chain reaction (PCR) is a sensitive method for detection of HCMV DNA and active infection. The HCMV antigenemia assay is a rapid and quantitative method widely used as a guideline for starting treatment with ganciclovir. Genetic variability of functionally important genes among different virus strains may influence clinical manifestations of HCMV infections. These variabilities, mainly of the glycoprotein B (gB) gene of the viral envelope, appear to be of clinical relevance because they are assumed to play an essential role in the induction of immune response and in viral entry into host cells, and it has been considered as a potential marker for viral virulence. Based on the restriction analysis of PCR products (PCR-RFLP), the HCMV genotypes were determined previously, and it may possibly be helpful in predicting the clinical outcome of HCMV infection. The aim of this study were detect and monitoring active HCMV infection in pediatric patients recipients of renal or bone marrow transplantation using DNA detection and antigenemia tests and to study the prevalence of subtypes gB-HCMV in this patients and the clinical impact. Twenty patients (47.6%) were infected during the monitoring with N-PCR and/or AGM. Recurrent infection occurred in five out of 20 patients(25%). One of these patient (20%) had done bone marrow transplantation and four patients (80%) had renal transplant. The median time of the recurrent infection was 122 days (89-134). The patients that received ganciclovir prophylaxis had active HCMV infection and probable HCMV disease. Fourteen out of 20 patients (70%) developed probable HCMV disease. Three out of (21.4%) these patients were recipients of bone marrow transplantation and eleven (78.6%) were recipients of renal transplant. T he symptoms more frequent in these patients were fever, diarrhea and vomit. This symptoms associate with active HCMV infection were considered probable HCMV disease. Nested-PCR amplification and restriction enzyme digestion of the HCMV gene were performed in 20 patients with active HCMV infection and results in differentiation of four digestion patterns as previously demostrated (Chou and Dennison, 1991). The genotypes founds were: nine patients (45%) were compatible with the gB1 genotype; five (25%) were gB2 and six patients were mixture of gB types. In the patients that demostrated mixture of gB types, 3 (50%) were compatible with the gB1gB2; two (33.3%) were compatible with gB1gB4 and one (16.7%) were compatible with gB2 gB3. No found isolated gB3 and gB4 genotype in the patients studied. / Mestrado / Mestre em Farmacologia
872

Hematopoietic cell transplant specific comorbidity index (HCT-CI) como ferramenta na avaliação da mortalidade não relacionada a recidiva em pacientes submetidos a transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas alogênico / Hematopoietic cell transplant specific comorbidity index as a tool in the assessment of non relapse mortality in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant

Colella, Marcos Paulo, 1980- 26 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Cármino Antonio de Souza, Afonso Celso Vigorito / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T14:24:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Colella_MarcosPaulo_M.pdf: 4664560 bytes, checksum: ce76d7ca7d69ede5a86dc9fe14e7bbca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O Transplante de Células Tronco Hematopoiéticas (TCTH) Alogênico representa uma possibilidade de cura para pacientes portadores de doenças hematológicas malignas e benignas. Porém, como qualquer modalidade de tratamento, apresenta efeitos adversos que podem ser graves, inclusive causando a morte. Com o intuito de se avaliar a influência que as comorbidades teriam na mortalidade não relacionada à recidiva (MNRR), foi criada uma ferramenta, o Índice de Comorbidade específico do Transplante de Células Tronco Hematopoiéticas (Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Specific Comorbidity Index - HCT-CI). Nossos objetivos, portanto, foram validar o HCT-CI na população de pacientes submetidos a TCTH Alogênico em nossa instituição, no período de 1993 a 2010, e avaliar outros fatores de riscos envolvidos na MNRR e na Sobrevida Global (SG). Os prontuários de 457 pacientes foram revistos e as informações referentes às comorbidades contidas no HCT-CI foram registradas. A maioria dos pacientes (59%) recebeu o índice 0, seguido de 30% de pacientes com índice de 1-2 e 11% com índice ? 3. Na análise univariada, os pacientes com HCT-CI igual a zero, comparados aos com HCT-CI ?1, apresentaram uma MNRR de 33% vs. 45% (p=0.01) e SG de 53% vs. 35% (p=0.001); nos pacientes que ao transplante apresentavam doença de baixo risco, comparados aos com doença de alto risco, a MNRR foi de 30% vs. 50% (p<0.0001) e SG de 57% vs. 27% (p<0.0001); o tipo de enxerto (medula óssea vs. sangue periférico) apresentou MNRR de 29% vs. 49% (p<0.0001) e SG de 56% vs. 34% (p<0.0001). A análise multivariada confirmou a influência do HCT-CI na MNRR e na SG, do risco da doença sobre a SG e do tipo de enxerto na MNRR. O tipo de condicionamento (baixa dose vs. alta dose) não teve influência na MNRR e SG, tanto na análise univariada quanto na multivariada. Quanto o grupo foi estratificado pelo HCT-CI (0 e ?1) o risco da doença ao transplante e o tipo de enxerto tiveram influência na MNRR e na SG, na análise univariada e multivariada, tanto nos pacientes com HCT-CI 0 e ?1. Não houve influência do tipo de condicionamento. O HCT-CI foi validado na nossa população de pacientes submetidos ao TCTH alogênico e identificamos outros fatores de risco que tiveram influência na MNRR e na SG. O HCT-CI, portanto, deve ser utilizado como guia no planejamento da estratégia terapêutica em pacientes portadores de comorbidades / Abstract: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant is an important modality of treatment for patients bearing malignant and benign hematologic diseases, representing a chance of cure. As every treatment, it has a treatment-related mortality, possibly influenced by comorbidities. To better evaluate the influence of comorbidities on Non-Relapse Mortality (NRM) and Overall Survival (OS), the Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Specific Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI) was developed. Our objective was to apply the HCT-CI and to find risk factors for NRM and OS in patients who underwent an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant in our institution, between 1993 and 2010. Medical charts from 457 patients were reviewed. Most patients (59%) were classified in score 0, followed by 30% of cases with score 1-2 and 11% score 3-7. In a univariate analysis, patients with comorbidity score 0, compared with score ?1 had a NRM of 33% vs. 45% (p=0.01) and OS at 5 years of 53% vs. 35% (p=0.001); patients with low risk disease at transplant, compared with high risk disease, had a NRM of 30% vs. 50% (p<0.0001) and OS of 57% vs. 27% (p<0.0001); graft source (bone marrow vs. peripheral blood) had a NRM of 29% vs. 49% (p<0.0001) and OS 56% vs. 34% (p<0.0001). The multivariate analysis confirmed the influence of HCT-CI score on NRM and OS, disease risk at transplant on OS and graft source on NRM. The conditioning type (low dose vs. high dose) did not influence the NRM and OS in both univariate and multivariate analysis. When stratified by comorbidity (0 and ?1), disease status at transplant and graft source influenced NRM and OS in univariate and multivariate analysis, either in the group of patients with HCT-CI 0 and ?1. The conditioning type had no impact. Based on our data, we were able to validate de HCT-CI in our institution and to identify other risk factors with influence on NRM and OS. The HCT-CI, therefore, could be used to guide the treatment strategy of patients with comorbidities / Mestrado / Clinica Medica / Mestre em Clinica Medica
873

Amélioration des résultats de la thérapie cellulaire hépatique : Développement d’une nouvelle méthode de préparation du foie receveur et développement d’une source cellulaire alternative aux hépatocytes / Improvement in liver cell therapy : Development of a new method of recipient liver preparation and development of an alternative cell source to hepatocytes

Pourcher, Guillaume 14 December 2015 (has links)
La transplantation d’hépatocytes dans le foie est un procédé séduisant pour corriger la fonction hépatique et permettre peut-être d’éviter la transplantation d’organe. Actuellement, la greffe de cellules hépatiques a été envisagée pour corriger le déficit métabolique des patients ayant une maladie hépatique métabolique héréditaire, dont le foie est par ailleurs normal. Les résultats des essais cliniques d’allotransplantation ou d’autotransplantation d'hépatocytes génétiquement modifiés montrent une prise de greffe insuffisante et, dans la plupart des études, un effet thérapeutique transitoire. Ces résultats ont incité à développer des modèles animaux précliniques pour tester des procédés facilitant la prise de greffe. L’intégration des hépatocytes dans les travées hépatocytaires et leur prolifération permet de préparer le foie à greffer par stimulation de la régénération hépatique. Ces deux procédés sont aujourd'hui utilisés en routine dans ces modéles expérimentaux: l’hépatectomie partielle ou l’embolisation portale. Néanmoins, ces deux techniques de stimulation de la régénération hépatique sont difficilement applicables à la pratique clinique car la résection chirurgicale du foie comporte des risques majeurs et l’embolisation portale "classique", c’est-à-dire l’obstruction des grosses veines sectorielles du foie, est responsable d'une embolisation anatomique avec une atrophie ou une destruction partielle de la partie du foie embolisé. Par ces procédés, certes la régénération est stimulée à hauteur de 20% mais seulement sur une partie du volume hépatique (environ 50%) avec diminution du volume accessible à la greffe sans compter les risques liés à l'atrophie ou à la resection chirurgicale du reste du foie.Nous avons donc proposé une nouvelle approche de stimulation de la régénération hépatique chez la souris. Nous avons utilisé une embolisation portale volumétrique à l’aide de microbilles allant très loin dans tout le foie. Il s’agit donc de l’embolisation d'un pourcentage du volume global hépatique sans altération anatomique (lobe) du foie. Ainsi, les traumatismes nécessaires à la préparation du foie pour augmenter la prolifération seront mieux répartis dans la totalité du foie et devraient avoir moins de conséquences sur la fonction hépatique, contrairement à l’embolisation partielle dite anatomique. Un autre effet serait la préservation de l’accessibilité à tout le volume du foie des cellules à greffer et non plus à la partie non embolisée du foie ce qui devrait d’augmenter le nombre de cellules injectées donc transplantées par une même préparation.Nous devons encore évaluer les repercutions hépatiques à long terme (>J21) des conditions d'embolisation volumétrique à plus fort taux de régénération mais qui implique des lésions de nécrose hépatique. Avant de passer sur des modéles cliniques, une évaluation de l’embolisation volumétrique sur un animal plus gros (rat ou maquaque) avec déficit métabolique est nécéssaire. Par ailleurs, cette nouvelle préparation du foie doit être optimisée pour une application clinique à moyen terme avec des injections séquentielles de microsphères et l’utilisation de microsphères résorbables, ce qui permettrait d’obstruer plus de sinusoïdes sans accumulation du matériel dans les branches portales, et ainsi augmenter le signal de régénération.Si ces résultats se confirment, notamment chez l’animal, ce nouveau procédé permettrait d’améliorer la prise de greffe de façon significative dans l’ensemble du parenchyme hépatique et de pouvoir transplanter un plus grand nombre de cellules. L’intérêt de cette technique peu invasive la rend d’autant plus applicable chez l’homme car l’architecture du foie est préservée. De réels progrès dans la thérapie cellulaire hépatique devront permettre dans le futur de mieux traiter les patients atteints de maladies métaboliques héréditaires. / Hepatocyte transplantation has been proposed as an alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation to treat metabolic liver diseases. This approach requires preconditioning of the host liver to enhance engraftment of transplanted hepatocytes. Different methods are currently used in preclinical models: partial hepatectomy, portal ligature or embolization, and radiotherapy or chemotherapeutic drugs. However, these methods carry high risks of complications and are problematic for use in clinical practice. Here, we developed an innovative method called volumetric (distal, partial and random) portal embolization (EPV), which preserves total liver volume.METHODS: Embolization was performed in the portal trunk of C57BL6 adult mice with polyester microspheres, to ensure a bilateral and distal distribution. The repartition of microspheres was studied by angiographic and histological analysis. Liver regeneration was evaluated by Ki67 labeling. Optimal conditions for EPV were determined and the resulting regeneration was compared with that following partial hepatectomy (70%). Labeled adult hepatocytes were then transplanted and engraftment was compared between embolized (n=19) and non embolized mice (n=8). Engraftment was assessed in vivo and histologically by tracking labeled cells at day 5. RESULTS: The best volumetric embolization conditions, which resulted in the regeneration of 5% of total liver, were 8x106 10µm microspheres infused with a 29 G needle directly into the portal trunk at 3.3ml/s. In these conditions, transplanted hepatocytes engraftment was significantly higher than in control conditions (3 vs 0.65%). CONCLUSIONS: EPV is a new, minimally invasive and efficient technique to prepare the host liver for cell transplantation.
874

Photoreceptor transplantation into the mammalian retina: new perspectives in donor-host interaction

Llonch, Silvia 22 April 2020 (has links)
Human senses are specifically designed to recognize and understand the world that surrounds us. Even though we have five senses, vision alone is responsible for at least 30 % of the sensory input to our brain. The visual process is initiated in a highly specialized cell type, the photoreceptors. These are light-sensitive cells located in the retina, a layered nervous tissue situated at the back of the eye. Retinal degeneration diseases are a highly heterogeneous group of conditions that include mutations affecting the survival, maintenance and proper functioning of photoreceptors or the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Such mutations, alone or in combination with environmental factors, cause the loss of the affected cells, and therefore, impairment of the visual sense. Retinitis Pigmentosa and Age-related Macular Degeneration are typical examples of retinal degenerative diseases eventually leading to blindness. In the first one, rod photoreceptors degenerate and consequently also cone photoreceptors are lost. The second is characterized by malfunction and loss of both, RPE and photoreceptor cells. Many current therapeutic approaches for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases focus on slowing down the progression of the disease, rather than restoring the visual function. Currently, new therapies with the potential to recover the visual signal are under development. Some of these therapeutic strategies have already reached clinical stages, including gene therapy or retinal prosthesis. However, gene therapy approaches require the presence of remaining photoreceptors and, furthermore, particular targeting of disease-related genes. Retinal prosthesis still require improvement in terms of long-term biocompatibility and relevant visual function recovery. An alternative strategy for vision restoration is cell replacement of the lost photoreceptors, which is potentially suitable for targeting late stages of retinal degeneration diseases, independently of the inherent cause of the disease. Human vision relies primarily on cone photoreceptors, which are the cells responsible for color and high acuity vision under daylight conditions. However, cones represent a minority of the photoreceptors within the retina, and so, due to the low availability of these cells, cone photoreceptor transplantation studies lag behind rod transplantation studies. Consequently, in this study, strategies to increase the numbers of cone photoreceptors within mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC)-derived retinal organoids, which represent a potential cell source for transplantation studies, were explored. In this regard, I manipulated developmental pathways known to be involved in retinal development, such as Notch signaling, through the addition of various compounds in the retinal organoid maturation media. However, early cone markers have not yet been definitively identified, complicating the detection and isolation of cone photoreceptor precursors within the organoids. Therefore, a new early cone-reporter mESC line was generated in the course of this study as a valuable tool with the potential to facilitate the development of novel cone photoreceptor replacement therapies. Equally important in the field of photoreceptor cell replacement is the understanding of how the transplanted donor cells interact with the host retina. Previous studies have shown that visual function improvement is possible after transplanting rod or cone-like photoreceptor precursors into the sub-retinal space of mouse models for retinal degeneration. For many years it has been assumed that the underlying mechanism for the observed vision improvement was the migration and structural integration of donor cells into the host outer nuclear layer, where they mature and establish synaptic connections with the host retinal circuitry. However, experiments performed in this study demonstrate, for the first time, that upon transplantation donor and host photoreceptors exchange cytoplasmic material rather than structurally integrate into the host outer nuclear layer. Furthermore, insights into the transferred cytoplasmic content are given, i.e. that mRNA, but not mitochondria are exchanged by donor and host photoreceptors. This novel way of photoreceptor-photoreceptor communication led to a paradigm change in the field of retinal transplantation, requiring a re-interpretation of former transplantation studies. In addition, the discovery of the material transfer phenomenon might serve as a starting point for the development of novel therapeutic strategies based on cell-cell support for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases. This study generated new knowledge in two important topics related to the development of cell therapies for retinal degeneration diseases, including the development of tools for cone transplantation studies as well as elucidating the interaction between donor and host cells upon transplantation.
875

L'embolisation portale résorbable répétée : stimulus de la régénération hépatique / Repeated resorbable portal vein embolization : stimulating liver regeneration

Gaillard, Martin 10 December 2019 (has links)
Le foie possède une capacité de régénération importante qui lui permet de reconstituer son volume suite à une agression. L’induction d’une régénération hépatique est réalisée en pratique courante en chirurgie hépatique afin de préparer le foie à une hépatectomie majeure. Elle est également utilisée dans de nombreux modèles animaux afin de favoriser la prise de greffe hépatocytaire au cours de la transplantation d’hépatocytes pour le traitement de maladies métaboliques héréditaires hépatiques. Les principaux objectifs de ce travail ont été d’étudier une méthode peu invasive pour induire une importante régénération hépatique : d’une part pour élargir les possibilités de prise en charge des patients nécessitant une hépatectomie, et d’autre part pour favoriser la prise de greffe des hépatocytes transplantés pour le traitement des maladies métaboliques héréditaires hépatiques.Dans un premier temps, nous avons mis au point chez le rat une technique d’embolisation portale partielle résorbable répétée (EPPRR) visant à entrainer un stimulus additionnel de régénération hépatique. Ces travaux ont validé le concept de la méthode d’EPPRR en montrant une augmentation de la prolifération hépatocytaire et une hypertrophie dans la partie du foie non embolisée.Ce protocole d’EPPRR a ensuite été appliqué dans un modèle préclinique de gros animal. Nous avons étudié chez le porc les conséquences de l’EPPRR et montré que cette technique était reproductible, bien tolérée, et qu’elle permettait une hypertrophie de la partie du foie non embolisée.Parallèlement, nous avons appliqué l’EPPRR avant transplantation d’hépatocytes chez le rat. A partir du foie de rats transgéniques exprimant la GFP (green fluorescent protein), nous avons pu isoler des hépatocytes GFP+. Ces cellules ont été transplantées dans le foie de rats receveurs GFP- en association avec une EPPRR. Nous avons montré que le stimulus de régénération répété provoqué par l’EPPRR permettait une augmentation de la prise de greffe.En conclusion, l’EPPRR est une technique peu invasive capable d’induire une régénérative hépatique efficace. Cette approche pourrait jouer un rôle dans la prise en charge des tumeurs hépatique et l’optimisation de la transplantation d’hépatocytes pour le traitement des maladies métaboliques héréditaires hépatiques. / The liver has an important regenerative capacity allowing reconstitution of the hepatic volume after an aggression. The induction of liver regeneration is used in routine clinical practice before liver surgery in order to prepare the liver for major hepatectomy. It is also used in numerous animal models in order to increase hepatocyte engraftment during hepatocyte transplantation for the treatment of inherited metabolic liver diseases. The main objective of this work was to evaluate a minimally invasive approach to induce substantial liver regeneration: firstly, to expand the therapeutic options for patients requiring an hepatectomy, and secondly to increase the engraftment of transplanted hepatocytes for the treatment of inherited metabolic liver diseases.In a first study, we developed in the rat model a technique of repeated reversible portal vein embolization (RRPVE) to induce an additional stimulus of liver regeneration. This study established the proof of concept of the RRPVE method, showing an increase in hepatocyte proliferation and hypertrophy in the non-embolized liver.This RRPVE protocol was then used in a preclinical model of large animal. We studied in swine the consequences of the RRPVE and showed that the procedure was reproducible, well tolerated, and allowed hypertrophy of the non-embolized liver.In parallel, we applied RRPVE before hepatocyte transplantation in the rat model. From the liver of transgenic rats expressing GFP (green fluorescent protein), we were able to isolate GFP+ hepatocytes. These cells were transplanted in the liver of recipient GFP- rats in association with RRPVE. We demonstrated that the repetition of the regeneration stimulus induced by RRPVE allowed increased hepatocyte engraftment.In conclusion, RRPVE is a minimally invasive technique able to induce efficient liver regeneration. This approach could play a part in the management of hepatic malignancies and the optimization of hepatocyte transplantation in the treatment of inherited metabolic liver diseases.
876

Two strategies for prevention of cytomegalovirus infections after liver transplantation

Simon, Philipp, Sasse, Max, Laudi, Sven, Petroff, David, Bartels, Michael, Kaisers, Udo X., Bercker, Sven January 2016 (has links)
Aim: To analyze differences in patients’ clinical course, we compared two regimes of either preemptive therapy or prophylaxis after liver transplantation. Methods: This retrospective study was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board of the University of Leipzig. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis with valganciclovir hydrochloride for liver transplant recipients was replaced by a preemptive strategy in October 2009. We retrospectively compared liver transplant recipients 2 years before and after October 2009. During the first period, all patients received valganciclovir daily. During the second period all patients included in the analysis were treated following a preemptive strategy. Outcomes included one year survival and therapeutic intervention due to CMV viremia or infection. Results: Between 2007 and 2010 n = 226 patients underwent liver transplantation in our center. n = 55 patients were D+/R- high risk recipients and were excluded from further analysis. A further 43 patients had to be excluded since CMV prophylaxis/preemptive strategy was not followed although there was no clinical reason for the deviation. Of the remaining 128 patients whose data were analyzed, 60 received prophylaxis and 68 were treated following a preemptive strategy. The difference in overall mortality was not significant, nor was it significant for one-year mortality where it was 10% (95%CI: 8%-28%, P = 0.31) higher for the preemptive group. No significant differences in blood count abnormalities or the incidence of sepsis and infections were observed other than CMV. In total, 19 patients (14.7%) received ganciclovir due to CMV viremia and/or infections. Patients who were treated according to the preemptive algorithm had a significantly higher rate risk of therapeutic intervention with ganciclovir [n = 16 (23.5%) vs n = 3 (4.9%), P = 0.003)].
877

När hjärtat sviker : Upplevd livskvalitet hos patienter med ett mekaniskt hjälphjärta En litteraturstudie

Norén, Gustav, Horrsell, Anton January 2022 (has links)
Background: Approximately two percent of the population in Sweden suffers from heart failure. The next three decades will see a dramatic increase in people at risk of heart failure and with a shortage of available donors, alternatives to transplantation need to be used. The heart-assist device can be obtained as destination therapy or as bridge to transplantation and implies challenges for patient’s quality of life. Aim: To examine how patients living with a heart-assist device experience their quality of life from the perspectives of physical, mental, and social health.  Method: A literature review with qualitative design. The results of the study are based on eleven qualitative studies acquired from the databases PubMed, CINAHL and Web Of Science. Selected articles were examined using the Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services (SBU: s) template for qualitative methodology.  Result: Three main categories and ten subcategories were identified. One category was physical health, with the following subcategories: Adaptations to deal with everyday life, limitations in everyday life and physical ability. Another category was mental/ spiritual health with following subcategories: negative emotions, strategies for dealing with the situation, beliefs and experiences of control and acceptance. The final category was social health, with the following subcategories: relationship with family and friends, social support and changed self-image.  Conclusion: To receive and carry a heart-assist device poses great challenges for patients and their social environment. Through a holistic approach nurses can create good conditions for patients to experience a good quality of life. / Bakgrund: Cirka två procent av Sveriges befolkning drabbas av hjärtsvikt. De förestående tre decennierna kommer innebära en dramatisk ökning av människor med risk att drabbas av hjärtsvikt och med brist på tillgängliga donatorer, behöver alternativ till transplantation nyttjas. Det mekaniska hjälphjärtat kan erhållas som destinationsterapi eller i väntan på transplantation. Behandlingen är krävande och innebär utmaningar för patienten och dennes livskvalitet. Syfte: Att undersöka hur patienter som lever med ett mekaniskt hjälphjärta upplever sin livskvalitet utifrån perspektiven fysisk, psykisk och social hälsa. Metod: Allmän litteraturöversikt med analys av kvalitativa studier. Studiens resultat baseras på elva kvalitativa studier som inhämtats från databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och Web Of Science. Valda artiklar kvalitetsgranskades med hjälp av SBU:s mall för studier med kvalitativ forskningsmetodik.  Resultat: Tre huvudkategorier och tio underkategorier identifierades. En kategori var fysisk hälsa med underkategorierna: anpassningar för att hantera det vardagliga livet, begränsningar i vardagen och fysisk förmåga. Den andra kategorin var psykisk-/spirituell hälsa med underkategorierna: negativa känslor, strategier för att hantera situationen, tro, samt upplevelser av kontroll och acceptans. Den tredje kategorin var social hälsa som innefattade följande underkategorier: relationen till familj och vänner, socialt stöd och förändrad självbild.  Slutsats: Att bära ett mekaniskt hjälphjärta ställer stora krav på patienten och dennes omgivning. Sjuksköterskan kan genom ett holistiskt arbetssätt skapa goda förutsättningar för att patienten ska uppleva en god livskvalitet.
878

Contribution à l'étude des déterminants génétiques opérant chez les patients transplantés rénaux tolérants à leur allogreffe

Massart, Annick 10 June 2020 (has links) (PDF)
Chaque année en Europe, quelques 70.000 nouveaux patients requièrent un traitement permanent dans le cadre d'une insuffisance rénale terminale. Dans le même temps, on réalise environ 20.000 greffes, laissant quantité de patients en dialyse. Le taux de survie en dialyse est médiocre (2/3 à 3/4 moindre que chez les sujets non dialysés des mêmes âges) ce qui rend le problème de la disponibilité des greffons parfaitement criant. La pénurie de greffons est directement liée à leur survie limitée: 10 ans en valeur médiane et en l'absence de censure pour la mort des patients, ou bien 15 ans si l'on se limite à regarder les pertes de greffes liées à des causes intrinsèques. Plus de 60% des greffons sont perdus des suites de lésions de rejet chronique. Dans ce contexte, nous avons choisi de nous intéresser à de très rares patients, découverts fortuitement, qui en dépit de l'arrêt de leurs immunosuppresseurs pour diverses raisons, maintiennent pendant une durée prolongée d'au moins 1 an, une bonne fonction de leur greffon. Ces patients, tout en étant bien portants, semblent être devenus sélectivement incapables de monter une réaction inflammatoire, à tout le moins destructrice, à l'encontre de leur greffon. On dit qu'ils sont "opérationnellement tolérants". En pratique, ils disposent d'un rein allogénique qu'ils ne rejettent pas mais sans avoir à subir les conséquences néfastes et redoutables des immunosuppresseurs (infections, cancers, diabète, hypertension artérielle, ). Comprendre et maîtriser la tolérance opérationnelle ouvrirait la voie à des transplantations plus durables et plus sûres. Plusieurs études transcriptomiques, mécanistiques et épigénétiques laissent penser que la tolérance opérationnelle repose sur l'expansion de populations cellulaires régulatrices au sein des répertoires alloréactifs, aux dépends des cellules effectrices. Ces équilibresfins seraient maintenus grâce à une série de modifications épigénétiques (microARN, méthylations) assurant une stabilité relative au phénotype. Malgré notre meilleure compréhension des mécanismes responsables de l'homéostasie de la tolérance, ses mécanismes causaux restent à ce jour inconnus.Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que la tolérance requerrait une prédisposition génétique pour pouvoir s'installer, concrètement: que les patients tolérants se distinguent du reste de la population par un excès de variants à haute pénétrance localisés dans les exons de gènes jouant un rôle critique dans le développement de la dite tolérance.Pour valider cette thèse, nous avons, dans un premier temps:- contribué à montrer, au travers de la première étude pangénomique d'association ("GWAS") validée sur le rejet aigu d'allogreffe rénale que le génome des receveurs influençait les réponses alloimmunes, hors du système HLA.- réuni la plus grande cohorte de patients tolérants sur le territoire européen à ce jour composée de 22 patients de la biocollection l'université de Nantes et de 18 patients identifiés prospectivement dans le cadre d'une étude dédiée; TOMOGRAM,- montré que la tolérance était associée à une survie prolongée des greffons,- montré qu'il s'agissait d'une découverte rare, identifiée par les cliniciens chez seulement 0.03% de leurs patients greffés et sans condition prédisposante patente.Dans un second temps, nous avons- séquencé les exomes de 40 patients tolérants et les avons comparés à ceux de 209 contrôles in-house,- filtré nos données selon notre hypothèse de travail et circonscrit un ensemble de variants exoniques moyennement à hautement pathogènes (au total 84.643, répartis dans 16.343 gènes),- comparé les distributions de variants (par gène; par variant) chez les cas et chez les contrôles, à l'aide du test aSKAT-O; un test basé sur une analyse de la variance et ajusté pour les petits échantillons.Nos résultats immédiats ont été soumis à 3 contrôles: une correction pour les hypothèses multiples (FDR 0.05); des interventions pour repérer d'éventuelles stratifications (notamment d'après une analyse en composantes principales ou PCA) et enfin; l'examen soigneux des variants retenus dans les fichiers post-alignement (BAM).Au terme de ce processus, nous n'avons pas pu identifier de variant ou de gène ségréguant avec la tolérance. Nous concluons que la prédisposition à la tolérance repose peu vraisemblablement sur une hérédité monogénique simple et homogène ("mendélienne"). D'autres données, en ce compris nos propres travaux sur les déterminants génétiques du rejet aigu de greffe, nous encouragent à rechercher des causes génétiques plus complexes. De nouvelles études d'association tirant parti du séquençage génome-entier et exploitant des cohortes plus larges sont requises. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
879

Deciphering the role of the mononuclear phagocyte system in post-transplant airway fibrosis

Di Campli, Maria Pia 10 September 2020 (has links) (PDF)
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), a form of chronic lung allograft dysfunction, represents a major cause of mortality after lung transplantation. This disease is associated with a progressive fibro-obliteration of small airways (known as obliterative bronchiolitis) which leads to respiratory impairment and graft failure. The mechanisms behind airway occlusion remain unclear, and no curative treatment is available at the moment. Myofibroblasts are considered central effectors in this fibrotic process, but their origin is controversial. They can arise either from donor cells (resident fibroblasts and epithelial cells) or recipient cells (bone marrow-derived cells).The purpose of this project was to identify the precursors of mesenchymal cells responsible for post-transplant airway fibro-obliteration. Lineage-tracing tools were used to track or deplete potential sources of myofibroblasts in the heterotopic tracheal transplantation model, which produces a surrogate of obliterans bronchiolitis. Confocal analysis showed that myofibroblasts in the allografts were mostly recipient-derived, even though immunosuppression with tacrolimus induced a mild increase of donor-derived myofibroblasts. Occasional epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition was detected, but only in tacrolimus-treated recipients. On the other hand, fate-mapping techniques demonstrated that myeloid cells gave rise to the majority of mesenchymal cells in occluded airways. Accordingly, specific ablation of Cx3cR1+ mononuclear phagocytes significantly decreased allografts fibrosis. In parallel, single-cell RNA-sequencing unveiled surprising similarities between myeloid-derived cells (i.e. fibrocytes and macrophages) from the allografts and both murine and human samples of pulmonary fibrosis. Finally, analysis of BOS lesions from transplanted patients allowed us to translate our results to a clinical level. Indeed, confocal microscopy revealed that myofibroblasts expressing the macrophage marker CD68 were increased in BOS explants when compared to controls, and their numbers seemed correlated with the intensity of fibrosis.Collectively, these findings indicate that recipient mononuclear phagocyte system constitutes a clinically relevant source of mesenchymal cells infiltrating the airways after allogeneic transplantation. Therefore, therapies targeting migration and differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes and fibrocytes could prevent fibrotic remodelling of small airways and improve long-term outcomes after lung transplantation. / La bronchiolite oblitérante (bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, BOS), une forme de dysfonction chronique du greffon, représente une des majeures causes de mortalité après transplantation pulmonaire. Cette pathologie est associée à une oblitération progressive et irréversible des petites voies aériennes par de la fibrose, qui mène à une perte de fonction respiratoire jusqu’à la défaillance du greffon. Les mécanismes impliqués dans la fibroproliferation ne sont pas encore bien compris, et il n’existe pas de traitement efficace de la BOS à l’heure actuelle. Les myofibroblastes joueraient un rôle majeur dans le développement de la fibrose, mais leur origine reste controversée. Ils pourraient dériver des cellules du donneur (fibroblastes in situ ou cellules épithéliales) ou bien du receveur (à partir de la moelle osseuse). L’objectif de cette étude était d’identifier les précurseurs des cellules mésenchymateuses responsables de l’obstruction des voies aériennes après transplantation allogénique. Nous avons utilisé des techniques de lineage tracing pour identifier les sources potentielles de myofibroblastes dans un modèle de transplantation hétérotopique de trachée, lequel permet d’obtenir une maladie fibro-oblitérante du greffon qui simule histologiquement la bronchiolite oblitérante. Les analyses par microscopie confocale ont montré que les cellules du receveur constituent la source principale de myofibroblastes dans les allogreffons, malgré une faible augmentation de la proportion de cellules mésenchymateuses dérivées du donneur lors du traitement immunosuppresseur. En plus, une minime fraction de myofibroblastes d’origine épithéliales a également été détectée, mais seulement dans les greffons traités par tacrolimus. D’autre part, nous avons établi que la lignée myéloïde produit la plupart des cellules mésenchymateuses détectés dans les voies aériennes oblitérées. Par ailleurs, la délétion spécifique de phagocytes mononucléaires Cx3cR1+ était associée avec une diminution significative du nombre de myofibroblastes et de la fibrose endoluminale dans les allogreffons. En parallèle, l’utilisation des techniques de séquençage en single cell a permis de révéler des ressemblances inattendues entre des populations de cellules d’origine myéloïdes (macrophages et fibrocytes) retrouvés dans les greffons et celles impliqués dans le développement de la fibrose pulmonaire chez l’homme et la souris. In fine, l’analyse par microscopie confocale des lésions pulmonaires de patients atteints de BOS nous a permis de transposer en clinique nos résultats expérimentaux. En effet, nous avons observé que la fraction de myofibroblastes positifs pour le CD68, un marqueur typiquement exprimé par les macrophages, était significativement augmentée dans les greffons avec bronchiolite oblitérante par rapport aux contrôles. De plus, leur nombre était corrélé avec la sévérité de la fibrose. L’ensemble de ces résultats indique que le système phagocytaire mononuclée constitue une source significative de cellules mésenchymateuses et contribue à la fibro-oblitération des voies aériennes après transplantation. L’utilisation de thérapies ciblant la migration et la différenciation des phagocytes mononuclées et des fibrocytes pourrait bloquer la destruction du greffon pulmonaire et améliorer la survie à long terme des patients transplantés. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
880

Génération de lymphocytes T CAR-T multi-virus spécifiques résistants à l'action du tacrolimus

Guettouche, Sabrina 12 1900 (has links)
Le transfert adoptif de lymphocytes T virus-spécifiques ou ‘’Chimeric Antigen Receptors’’ (CAR) s’est avéré efficace pour le traitement de plusieurs types d’infections virales et certains cancers à la suite d’une greffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques. Cependant, l’immunosuppression administrée pour la prévention du rejet de greffe et de la maladie du greffon contre l’hôte limite l’efficacité et la persistance à long terme des réponses médiées par ces lymphocytes. L’agent immunosuppresseur Tacrolimus (FK506) est parmi les plus utilisés, et fonctionne en liant la protéine FK506-Binding protein (FKBP12) afin d’exercer ses effets immunosuppresseurs sur les lymphocytes T. Dans le but de fournir une protection anti-virale, mais également anti-lymphoprolifératif des lymphocytes B et permettre la poursuite de cette immunosuppression préventive, nous avons pour objectif de générer des lymphocytes CAR-T et virus-spécifiques résistants à l’action du FK506 par l’invalidation du FKBP12. En utilisant la méthode d’édition génique basée sur les CRISPR ciblés par la nucléase Cas9, nous avons pu invalider le gène du FKBP12 sur des lymphocytes T stimulés par CD3-CD28. L’efficacité du knockout a été validée par Western Blot et TIDE sequencing. Le knock-out du gène du FKBP12 a conféré un maintien de la croissance cellulaire et des fonctions effectrices telles que la synthèse de cytokines IL-2, TNFα et IFN γ en présence de Tacrolimus comparativement aux cellules contrôles. Par la même méthode, nous avons pu invalider le gène du FKBP12 sur des lymphocytes T multivirus-spécifiques dont l’efficacité a été validée par cytométrie en flux. Les fonctions effectrices ont également été maintenues en présence de tacrolimus et ont été évaluées par ELISpot. Enfin, des lignées de lymphocytes T multivirus spécifiques dont le gène du FKBP12 a été invalidé ont été transduites avec un vecteur lentiviral dans le but d’exprimer un CAR CD19 dont l’expression a été validée par cytométrie en flux et la réactivité maintenue en présence de tacrolimus. En conclusion, ces résultats nous ont permis de démontrer la faisabilité de génération de lymphocytes T « triple fonction » anti-tumorales, anti-virales et résistantes au tacrolimus. L’application de cette approche semble prometteuse dans un contexte d’une immunothérapie adoptive anti-virale et anti-tumorale post-transplantation de moelle osseuse. / Adoptive transfer of virus-specific T lymphocytes or CAR-T cells has been shown to be effective for the treatment of several types of viral infections and certain cancers following hematopoietic cell transplantation. However, immunosuppression administered for the prevention of transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease limits the efficacy and long-term persistence of responses mediated by these lymphocytes. The widely used immunosuppressive agent Tacrolimus (FK506) requires FK506-Binding protein (FKBP12) to exert its immunosuppressive effects on T cells. We undertook to engineer a multifunctional T-cell therapy to both optimally prevent viral reactivation and relapse of B-cell malignancies post-transplant in the context of immunosuppression. The objective of our work is to generate tacrolimus resistant, multivirus-specific T-cell lines expressing an anti-CD19 CAR. Using the gene editing method based on Clustered Regular interspaced short palidromic repeats (CRISPR) targeted by the CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) nuclease, we were able to invalidate the FKBP12 gene on activated T cells (confirmed by TIDE sequencing and western blotting). Invalidation of FKBP12 conferred maintenance of cell growth and effector functions such as the synthesis of cytokines IL-2, TNFα and IFNγ in the presence of Tacrolimus. Using the same method, we were able to delete the FKBP12 gene in virus-specific T lymphocytes. Effector functions were also maintained in the presence of tacrolimus. Finally, we integrated an anti-CD19 CAR by lentiviral transduction into FKBP12-edited multi-virus T-cell lines, and the efficiency of transduction was determined by flow cytometry. The cells maintained their viral reactivity in the presence of tacrolimus. In conclusion, we were able to confirm the feasibility of generation of ‘’triple function’’ T cells (anti-viral, anti-tumoral and tacrolimus resistant). Multifunctional T-cell product manufacturing is a promising approach to optimize post-transplant T-cell immunity against opportunistic pathogens and underlying malignancies.

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