Introdução: Os motoristas profissionais estão expostos a agravos em seu meio de trabalho que podem interferir em sua saúde física e mental. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de queixas de dores osteomusculares nos últimos 12 meses em motoristas de caminhão que trabalham em uma transportadora de cargas em horários irregulares e em motoristas que trabalham em horários fixo- diurno. Métodos: A população desse estudo constituiu-se de motoristas de caminhão do sexo masculino (n=460) com idade média de 39,8 anos. Os dados coletados, a partir de questionários, corresponderam a informações sobre aspectos sociodemográficos, estilo de vida, condições de saúde e aspectos do sono. A prevalência das queixas de dores osteomusculares foi estimada por meio do Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares e sua associação com as variáveis estudadas foi verificada pela análise de regressão uni e multivariada. O teste Hosmer- Lemeshow foi realizado para medir o ajuste (goodness-of-fit) do modelo de regressão logística da variável dor com um nível de significância de p menor que 0,05. Resultados: A maioria dos motoristas estudados (53,5 por cento) referiu algum tipo de sintoma de dor e 22 por cento relataram dores na semana antecedente à pesquisa. Os motoristas do horário irregular apresentaram prevalência mais elevada de queixas de dor quando comparados aos do horário diurno. Qualidade de sono e hábito de cochilar, assim como desconforto ao dirigir o caminhão foram fatores de risco independentes para dor nos últimos 12 meses na maioria dos modelos de regressão obtidos. Conclusões: O trabalho em horário irregular está relacionado à presença de queixas de dores osteomusculares. A associação das queixas de dores nos últimos 12 meses com a baixa qualidade de sono e o hábito de não cochilar, observada neste estudo, sugere que o sono de má qualidade contribui para a presença de dores nesta população. / Introduction: Truck drivers are exposed to risks of their work environment that can affect their physical and mental health. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of osteomuscular pain complaints, for the last 12 months, among truck drivers who work in irregular shifts compared to those who work in diurnal fixed shifts. Methods: The population studied included male truck drivers (n=460), mean age of 39.8 years old. The workers filled out questionnaires about socio-demographic aspects, life style, health status, and sleep characteristics. The prevalence of osteomuscular pain complaints was estimated using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and its association to the variables studied was analyzed through univariate and multivariate regression. The Hosmer-Lemeshow was chosen to measure the adjustment (goodness-of-fit) of the logistic regression model of the variable pain with a significance level of p less than 0.05. Results: Most of the drivers studied (53.5 per cent) mentioned some kind of pain symptom, and 22 per cent reported pain during the week before the research. The higher prevalence of pain complaint was reported by drivers who work in irregular hours when compared to those who work in fixed shifts. Sleep quality and taking naps, as well as discomfort when driving a truck were independent risk factors for pain during the previous 12 months for most of the regression models obtained. Conclusions: Irregular working time is related to osteomuscular pain. The association of pain complaints during the previous 12 months with low sleep quality and not taking naps contributed to the manifestation of pain in this population.

<p>Scania is an old and well established company within itsindustry, thus the company has understood, through experience, that it is simply not enough to be product oriented in the truck industry, instead the company has to focus on what is of value to the customer. To know and understand the customer’s business or area of business is a key success factor which develops trust for the company, this trust and knowledge of the customer’s area of operation is of critical importance during economic slowdowns.</p>

<p>The transportation cost of logs from forest to customers is a large part of the overall cost for the Swedish forestry industry. Finding good routes from harvesting points to saw and pulp mills is a complex task, where the total number of feasible routes is extremely high. In this thesis we present two methods for log truck scheduling. </p><p>The first is to, from a given set of routes, find the most valuable subset that fulfils the customers demand. We use a model that is similar to the set partitioning problem and a method that is referred to as a composite pricing coupled with Branch and Bound. The composite pricing based method prices the routes (columns) and chooses the most valuable ones that are then added to the LP relaxation. Once an LP optimum is found, the Branch and Bound method is used to find an integer optimum solution. We have tested this on a case of realistic size. </p><p>The second method is a tabu search heuristic. Here, the purpose is to create efficient and qualitative routes from a given number of trips (referred to as predefined trips). From a start solution tabu search systematically generates new solutions. This method was tested on a small problem and on a five times larger problem to study how the size of the problem affected the result. It was also tested and compared on two cases in which the backhauling possibilities (i.e. instead of traveling empty the truck picks up another load on the return trip) had and had not been studied. The composite pricing based method and the tabu search method proved to be very useful for this kind of scheduling.</p>

Scania is an old and well established company within itsindustry, thus the company has understood, through experience, that it is simply not enough to be product oriented in the truck industry, instead the company has to focus on what is of value to the customer. To know and understand the customer’s business or area of business is a key success factor which develops trust for the company, this trust and knowledge of the customer’s area of operation is of critical importance during economic slowdowns.

The transportation cost of logs from forest to customers is a large part of the overall cost for the Swedish forestry industry. Finding good routes from harvesting points to saw and pulp mills is a complex task, where the total number of feasible routes is extremely high. In this thesis we present two methods for log truck scheduling. The first is to, from a given set of routes, find the most valuable subset that fulfils the customers demand. We use a model that is similar to the set partitioning problem and a method that is referred to as a composite pricing coupled with Branch and Bound. The composite pricing based method prices the routes (columns) and chooses the most valuable ones that are then added to the LP relaxation. Once an LP optimum is found, the Branch and Bound method is used to find an integer optimum solution. We have tested this on a case of realistic size. The second method is a tabu search heuristic. Here, the purpose is to create efficient and qualitative routes from a given number of trips (referred to as predefined trips). From a start solution tabu search systematically generates new solutions. This method was tested on a small problem and on a five times larger problem to study how the size of the problem affected the result. It was also tested and compared on two cases in which the backhauling possibilities (i.e. instead of traveling empty the truck picks up another load on the return trip) had and had not been studied. The composite pricing based method and the tabu search method proved to be very useful for this kind of scheduling.

<p>Heavy-duty trucks are in idle operation during long periods of time, providing the vehicles with electricity via the alternator at standstill. Idling trucks contribute to large amounts of emissions and high fuel consumption as a result of the low efficiency from fuel to electricity. Truck manufacturers are working to develop equipment using auxiliary power units to supply the trucks with electricity, which operate independently of the main engine. Fuel cell-based auxiliary power units could offer high efficiencies and low noise and vibrations. The hydrogen required for the fuel cell can be generated in an onboard fuel reformer. This thesis is devoted to hydrogen generation from dimethyl ether, DME, by autothermal reforming focusing on the application of fuel cell auxiliary power units. In the search for alternative fuels, DME has lately been identified as a promising diesel substitute.</p><p>The first part of the thesis gives an introduction to the field of DME reforming with a literature survey of recent studies within the area. Included are also results from thermodynamic equilibrium calculations.</p><p>In the following parts of the thesis, experimental studies on autothermal reforming of DME are presented. A reformer constructed to generate hydrogen to feed a 5 kW_e polymer electrolyte fuel cell is evaluated with emphasis on trying to work close to a practically viable process, i.e. without external heating and using gas mixtures resembling real conditions. Additional experiments have been conducted to investigate the use of catalytic oxidation of dimethyl ether as a heat source during startup. The results of these studies are presented in Paper I.</p><p>In the second experimental study of this thesis, which is presented in Paper II, Pd-based monolithic catalysts are evaluated at small scale for use in autothermal reforming of DME. A screening of various catalyst materials has been performed followed by a study of the influence on the product composition of varying operating parameters such as oxygen-to-DME ratio, steam-to-DME ratio, and temperature.</p>

This research analyzes fuel consumption and emissions of Turnpike double trailer combinations (Turnpikes) on a regional network in the Canadian Prairies. The research: (1) establishes current benchmarks for fuel consumption of Turnpikes and five-axle tractor semitrailers (3-S2s) with van trailers; (2) develops fuel consumption models for these vehicle types; (3) establishes an understanding of current operating characteristics of Turnpikes in the region; and (4) estimates their system-wide effects in terms of fuel consumption and emissions in Manitoba by applying the developed models. Canadian Prairie region-based carriers revealed an increase in Turnpike travel (from 2007-2009) of 44 percent after the twinning of the Trans-Canada Highway between Winnipeg and Regina in 2007 was completed. Turnpikes can save one third of fuel consumed when compared to 3-S2s; have higher fuel consumption in the winter months; and their use in 2009 reduced fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by five percent compared to 3-S2s.

In this master thesis project carried out on Scania’s interaction design department in Södertälje an evaluation of the technology gaze interaction has been done. The aim was to see if the technology was suitable for implementation in a truck environment and what potential it had. The work started by doing a context analysis to get a deeper knowledge of the research done on within the area related to the subject. Following the context analysis a comprehensive need finding process was done. In this process, data from interviews, observations, ride along with truck drivers, benchmarking and more was analysed. The analysis of this was used to identify the user needs. Based on the user needs the concept development phase was conducted. The whole development phase was done in different stages and started off by an idea generation process. The work flow was made in small iterations with the idea to continuously improve the concepts. All concepts were evaluated in a concept scoring chart to see which of the concepts that best fulfilled the concept specifications. The concepts that best could highlight the techniques strengths and weaknesses were chosen and these are Head Up Display Interaction and Gaze Support System.. These concepts focused on the interaction part of the technique rather than a specific function. Test of the two concepts were conducted in a simulator to get data and see how they performed compared to today´s Scania trucks. The result overall was good and the test subjects were impressed with the systems. However there was no significance in most of the cases of driving except for some conditions where the concepts prove to be better than the systems used today. Gaze interaction is a technology that is suitable for a truck driving environment given that a few slight improvements are made. Implementation of the concepts have a good potential of reducing road accidents caused by human errors.

為尼加拉瓜馬拉瓜市El Carretón by El Morralito餐廳開發義大利三明治和義大利麵餐車服務 / The mobile food industry in Nicaragua is as of the writing of this document, in a growth stage. The competition is low and the conditions are proper to quickly expand and settle as one of the leaders in the industry. Based on this, the owners of El Morralito, an Italian Panini & Pasta small eatery have decided to plan their expansion into the mobile food market by launching a Food Truck: El Carretón by El Morralito. Trained personnel, mobile sales point, customer relationships, focus on quality and profitability, and expertise in logistics are the key success factors that will ensure El Carretón successful in its initially target market, which comprehends mostly students and office employees around the center of Managua in a 2 Km radius that includes the biggest universities and the largest office compound in the capital. Launching the mobile brand as part of an existing company will allow the startup to initiate its operations with several sunk costs, that will reduce the initial investment required to launch the service. Synergies between the existing eatery and the mobile truck will allow each individual business to reduce its costs by sharing a central kitchen, storage space and to have additional procurement bargaining power by bulk purchasing, which will eventually reduce costs and increase profits. Based on these synergies, the expansion plan includes additional trucks of the same and new cuisines that could eventually be franchised. The financial analysis, which includes the expansion plan, proves the project to be profitable and desirable under its assumptions, based on the initial investment scheme.

Syftet med denna studie var att få en insikt i och kunskaper om vad som gömmer sig bakom uttalanden som att man måste ha en blick och en fallenhet för det. I studien har två manliga lastbilsförare med lång erfarenhet av lastbilsföraryrket intervjuats om deras sätt att se på vilka kunskaper som behövs för att ses som en kompetent och yrkesskicklig lastbilsförare. Kunskaperna som lastbilsförarna lyfter fram är att ha en blick och en fallenhet för yrket. Studien visade att lastbilsförarna hade svårt att sätta ord på vad de menar med att ha en blick och en fallenhet för yrket. Resultatet i studien visade att det som lastbilsförarna pratar om när det gäller att ha en blick och en fallenhet för yrket bottnar i Aristoteles kunskapsbegrepp techne som ses som färdighetskunskap och fronesis som ses som förtrogenhetskunskap. Inom färdighetskunskapen ryms att ha en fallenhet för något, du har förmågan att utföra en handling. Denna förmåga utvecklas genom övning och erfarenhet, och det går inte att förutsäga hur långt en enskild förmåga kan utvecklas. Inom förtrogenhetskunskapen ryms att ha en blick för något, man kan se mönster eller beteenden som man kan tolka och se utgången av. Men, man kan inte ha en blick för något som man inte har upplevt innan. Båda kunskaperna bygger på att du har samlat på dig erfarenhet över tid. De samverkar med varandra i olika grad, beroende på personliga egenskaper, och den specifika situation de ställs inför. / The purpose of the study was to get an insight into what it is that hides behind the statement to have an eye for something and an aptitude for something. In this study i have been in contact with two male truck drivers who have a long experience from truck driving.In the study they told me what knowledge they see as needed to be seen as a competent and skilled truck driver. The knowledge that the truck drivers brings out is to have an eye and an aptitude for the profession. The study showed that truck drivers had a hard time putting into words what they mean by having an eye and an aptitude for the profession.   The results of the study showed that when it comes to having an eye and an aptitude for the profession that stems from Aristotle's concept of knowledge, techne seen as skill knowledge and phronesis seen as familiarity or intimate knowledge.Within skill knowledge fit to have an aptitude for something, you have the ability to perform an action. This ability develops with practice and experience, and it is not possible to predict how long an individual's ability can develop. Within familiarity knowledge fit to have an eye for something, you can see patterns or behaviors that can be interpreted.   But, you can´t have a look for something you have not experienced before. The knowledge is based upon what you have accumulated over time. The knowledge interacts with each other to different degrees depending on personal characteristics, and the specific situation they face.