[pt] Este trabalho busca, a partir de um estudo de caso, analisar a forma como se produz segregação urbana no Rio de Janeiro atualmente, e como a população é afetada por isso. O documento é dividido em duas etapas: a primeira relaciona a teoria existente acerca de segregação urbana e a política habitacional levada a cabo na cidade, através da análise da legislação atual, das reformas urbanas que estão sendo realizadas e das práticas políticas existentes no passado. Na segunda etapa, é realizada a apresentação do trabalho de campo desenvolvido no Bairro Carioca, em Triagem, onde foi possível observar, a partir do acompanhamento do cotidiano escolar, como a segregação se mostra na forma como os moradores e professores expressam sua experiência de viver e trabalhar no local. / [en] This dissertation aims to analyze the way urban segregation is produced in contemporary Rio de Janeiro, and how the population is affected by it. The work is divided into two parts: the first relates the existing theory about urban segregation with the housing policy developed in the city. It analyses the current legislation, the urban reforms carried out, and the political practices performed in the past. In the second part, it presents the results of a fieldwork developed in Bairro Carioca, where it was possible to observe, after following daily life at a local school, how segregation is revealed in the way residents and teachers express their experience of living and working in this neighborhood.

A pesquisa tem como objetivo lançar luz sobre o debate em torno das transformações socioespaciais recentes nas cidades brasileiras. Nestas, observam-se processos e nichos de mercado vinculados a produtos imobiliários que participam como causas da dissolução urbana nas metrópoles contemporâneas, caracterizadas pela fragmentação territorial e segregação social. Enfocando os produtos imobiliários vinculados ao turismo, buscamos compreender como se dá a articulação dessa forma de produção social do espaço baseada na emergência de um novo quadro de agentes sociais. Tais agentes são considerados como sujeitos que realizam práticas urbanas inovadoras comprometidas, contudo, com a lógica de reprodução do capital. Este enfoque se justifica por provocar uma discussão em torno dos conceitos de \"padrão de ocupação\" e \"estruturação espacial\", na perspectiva de compreender o novo papel dos agentes imobiliários articulados ao turismo. No primeiro capítulo, abordamos a discussão teórica sobre a produção da cidade contemporânea no contexto da reestruturação, trabalhando os fundamentos da produção e apropriação do espaço urbano contemporâneo. Como ponto de partida, lançamos mão do conceito de espaço social e sua produção como estratégia de acumulação do capital, ressaltando o papel do mercado e do Estado na organização espacial da produção. Na sequência, discutimos a questão da transição metropolitana e a dissolução urbana das cidades contemporâneas, utilizando o conceito de reestruturação, associado ao de globalização, ressaltando o novo padrão de cidade e a nova configuração espacial. No segundo capítulo fazemos a primeira aproximação com a questão central, analisando a urbanização litorânea no contexto da reestruturação metropolitana de Fortaleza. Desse modo, examinamos as especificidades das Zonas Costeiras, o processo de ocupação do litoral cearense e a consolidação de Fortaleza como capital, enfocando em detalhes, o seu processo de metropolização. Para isso, partimos de uma análise que cobre desde a industrialização tardia no Nordeste à reestruturação produtiva e sócio-territorial do Ceará contemporâneo, a fim de ressaltar a emergência do turismo em sua relação com a produção do novo espaço urbano litorâneo. No terceiro capítulo, tratamos a questão central da reestruturação metropolitana e a emergência do turismo, enfocando a participação dos agentes imobiliários no caso de Aquiraz. Essa escolha deve-se ao fato de que esse trecho do litoral revela de modo mais evidente a questão em foco, proporcionando elementos conclusivos capazes de consolidar nossas considerações finais. Assim, foi possível concluir que a ação desses agentes imobiliários responde à reorganização de um novo processo de produção do espaço para o turismo, frente à necessidade de incorporar novos territórios à lógica de reprodução do capital. / The objective of this research is to shed light on the debate about recent socio-spatial transformations in Brazilian cities. One can observe in these transformations market processes and niches linked to real-estate products that participate as the causes for the urban dissolution in contemporary large cities, characterized by territorial fragmentation and social segregation. While focusing on those real-estate products that are linked to tourism, we have aimed to understand the process by way of which the articulation of such new form of social production of space, based on an emerging scenario created by social agents, takes place. Such agents are seen as the subjects who bring forth innovative urban practices though intrinsically committed to the logic of quick increase of capital. Such focus can be justified for provoking a discussion about the concepts of occupation pattern and spatial structuring, as an attempt to understand the new role played by real-estate agents involved in tourism. In the first chapter we approach the theoretical discussion on the production of contemporary cities in a re-structuring context, analyzing the fundamentals of production and appropriation of the contemporary urban space. As our point of departure, we took over the concept of social space and its production as a strategy towards the accumulation of capital, emphasizing the role played by the market and the State in the spatial organization of production. Then we discussed both the metropolitan transitional issue and the urban dissolution of contemporary cities, by using the concept of a restructuring standpoint associated with the concept of globalization, emphasizing the new pattern of city as well as the new spatial configuration. In the second chapter we carry out the first approximation to the central issue, analyzing the coastal urbanization in the context of the metropolitan re-structuring of Fortaleza. Thus, we examined the detailed features of the Coastal Areas of Ceará, the \'occupational process\' of those areas and the consolidation of Fortaleza as a Capital City, by emphasizing, in detail, the process as it gradually became a metropolis. For that reason, we started from an analysis that comprehends from the belated industrialization of the Northeast of Brazil to the productive and socio-territorial re-structuring of modern Ceará in order to emphasize the emergency of tourism in its relation to the production of a new urban coastal space. In the third chapter we treated the central issue of both the metropolitan restructuring and the emerging need for tourism, focusing on the participation of real-estate agents as in the case of Aquiraz. Such a choice is due to the fact that that coastal line reveals more clearly the issue under analysis, creating conclusive elements capable of consolidating our final considerations. Thus it was possible to say in conclusion that \'the action of those real-estate agents respond to the re-organization of a new process of production of space for tourism, in the face of the need to incorporate new territories into the logic of capital growth\'.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:49:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Roberto Machado.pdf: 686667 bytes, checksum: 42742681e618f7b37536fce0e2bcb9de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-30 / This thesis searches to understand the relationship between segregation, social inequality and the school effect in the metropolitan area of Goiânia. The historical influences politically constructed and ideologies that have caused the segregation process in areas where there has been a slight process of the required assets to individuals and characterize the structure of opportunity and the school effect. In this study we demonstrate that there is segregation, because some individuals have fewer educational opportunities, and the more the city grows, the more increases the process of urban segregation, separating neighborhoods with distinct panoramas: the neighborhoods of the popular classes (workers) and the suburbs (elite). Due to this segregation process workers remain in urban neighborhoods without much infrastructure (such as paved streets and wooded, health services, water, sanitation and education). From this, we seek to understand how this happens in the Goianiense metropolis, the issue of educational opportunities, and the school effect in segregated areas. Thus, we find that the segregated areas of Goiânia go farther beyond simply there is no school effect, but also the lack of educational opportunities in segregated areas. To understand this process of segregation and neighborhood effects, and educational opportunities regarding social inequalitiesusing the areas of Sample Weighting, also identified by the acronym AEDs produced by IBGE and current usage by the Observatory of the metropolises / A dissertação procura entender a relação entre segregação, desigualdade social e o efeito escola na Região Metropolitana de Goiânia. As influências históricas politicamente construídas, e as ideologias que causaram o processo de segregação nas áreas onde houve um processo de desponderamento dos ativos necessários para os indivíduos, e que, caracterizam a estrutura de oportunidade e o efeito escola. Neste trabalho demonstraremos que há segregação, pois os indivíduos têm menos oportunidades educacionais e, quanto mais a cidade cresce, mais aumenta o processo de segregação urbana, separando bairros com distintas paisagens: os bairros das classes populares (trabalhadores) e os bairros ricos (elite). Devido a esse processo de segregação os trabalhadores permanecem em bairros sem muita infra-estrutura urbana (como ruas pavimentadas e arborizadas, serviços de saúde, água, esgoto e educação). A partir disso, buscamos entender como acontece na metrópole Goianiense, a questão das oportunidades educacionais, o efeito escola nas áreas segregadas. Assim, percebemos que as áreas segregadas de Goiânia vão muito além de simplesmente não existir o efeito escola, mas, também, da falta de oportunidades educacionais nas áreas segregadas. Para entender este processo de segregação e efeito vizinhança, e oportunidades educacionais em relação as desigualdades sociais utilizamos às Àreas de Ponderação Amostral, também identificada pela sigla AEDs produzidas pelo IBGE e uso corrente pelo Observatório das Metrópoles

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:26:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1.pdf: 86568 bytes, checksum: b7b74d2ea4375cf277b054603513b432 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-21 / Considering that, with the purpose of suggesting new paths for local development, the analysis of urban problems is essential to improve the quality of life of the population, the aim of this research is to study the urban structure of Jataí city. In order to do so, its urban internal structure is analyzed, regarding the sociospatial distribution in the urban arrangement, searching answers to the question: is there any sociospatial segregation in Jataí? We intend to remove the veil that covers the city and suggest new parameters that collaborate with the local development, as well as to produce consistent scientific material about this theme, analyzed according to the Geographic Science. Jataí city is located in the Southwest of Goiás State, in Brazil, approximately 320 km of Goiânia city, the capital of the State. With an urban area of about 24 km², inside a county area of 7.174, 1 km², the city grew marked by contrasts which reveal the logics of the capitalist society. Positions like the ones held by Santos (1993), Castells (1983), Lojkine (1997) and Villaça (2001), surveying the logic of the formation and composition of the urban space, raise questions about the object of this research. The course followed in this work is neither rigid, nor ready or final. It is an analysis that begins with urban landscape, as it presents a vast horizon to be explored, arriving at the place and analyzing the way it was produced. This research transits between social and political analyses, in the context of a so-called post-modern society, inquiring and reflecting about the reality displayed in front of our eyes, considering the action of the capital and its relations in the construction of places. Therefore, the dialectic perspective is a guideline that orients our works. Finally, we define, classify, map and cross information plans concerning the levels of income in Jataí and their implications in the urban mesh network, which demonstrates the urban segregation identified. The results are presented in the form of text and maps which disclose the real situation of the sociospatial distribution at stake. As a result, it is identified that the social classes of less income are concentrated, predominantly, in the edges of the urban area. Such analysis supports the thesis that this city is a segregated space. / Uma vez que a análise dos problemas urbanos, com o objetivo de traçar novos rumos para o desenvolvimento local, é fundamental para melhoria da qualidade de vida da população propõe-se, como foco desta pesquisa, o estudo da estrutura urbana de Jataí-GO. Para tanto, é analisada sua estruturação interna, no que tange à distribuição socioespacial no arranjo urbano, buscando respostas à indagação: existe segregação socioespacial em Jataí? Pretende-se, desvelar a cidade e propor novos parâmetros que colaborem com o desenvolvimento local, bem como, produzir material científico consistente sobre esta temática analisada segundo a Ciência Geográfica. Jataí localiza-se no Sudoeste Goiano, a aproximadamente 320km da capital, Goiânia. Com área urbana aproximada de 26km², dentro de um município com superfície de 7.174,10km², a cidade se expandiu marcada por contrastes que revelam a lógica da sociedade capitalista. Posições como as de Santos (1993), Castells (1983), Lojkine (1997) e Villaça (2001), levantando a lógica da formação e a estruturação do espaço urbano, suscitam questionamentos sobre objeto de estudo em questão. O caminho seguido neste trabalho não é rígido, pronto e acabado, trata-se de uma análise que parte da paisagem urbana, uma vez que esta apresenta um vasto horizonte a ser explorado, chegando ao lugar e analisando como este foi produzido. A pesquisa transita por análises políticas e sociais, contextualizadas numa sociedade dita pós-moderna , indagando e refletindo sobre o real apresentado diante de nossos olhares, considerando a ação do capital e de suas relações na construção dos lugares. Dessa forma, a perspectiva dialética se apresenta como um caminho direcionador dos trabalhos. Ao final, define-se, classifica-se, espacializa-se e cruza-se planos de informações referentes aos níveis de renda em Jataí, e suas implicações, na malha urbana, o que demonstra a segregação urbana identificada. Os resultados são apresentados sob a forma de texto e mapas que desvelam a real situação da distribuição socioespacial em questão. Como resultado, identifica-se que as classes de menor renda estão concentradas, predominantemente, nas bordas da área urbana. Tal análise vai ao encontro da tese de que trata-se de um espaço segregado.

A pesquisa tem como objetivo lançar luz sobre o debate em torno das transformações socioespaciais recentes nas cidades brasileiras. Nestas, observam-se processos e nichos de mercado vinculados a produtos imobiliários que participam como causas da dissolução urbana nas metrópoles contemporâneas, caracterizadas pela fragmentação territorial e segregação social. Enfocando os produtos imobiliários vinculados ao turismo, buscamos compreender como se dá a articulação dessa forma de produção social do espaço baseada na emergência de um novo quadro de agentes sociais. Tais agentes são considerados como sujeitos que realizam práticas urbanas inovadoras comprometidas, contudo, com a lógica de reprodução do capital. Este enfoque se justifica por provocar uma discussão em torno dos conceitos de \"padrão de ocupação\" e \"estruturação espacial\", na perspectiva de compreender o novo papel dos agentes imobiliários articulados ao turismo. No primeiro capítulo, abordamos a discussão teórica sobre a produção da cidade contemporânea no contexto da reestruturação, trabalhando os fundamentos da produção e apropriação do espaço urbano contemporâneo. Como ponto de partida, lançamos mão do conceito de espaço social e sua produção como estratégia de acumulação do capital, ressaltando o papel do mercado e do Estado na organização espacial da produção. Na sequência, discutimos a questão da transição metropolitana e a dissolução urbana das cidades contemporâneas, utilizando o conceito de reestruturação, associado ao de globalização, ressaltando o novo padrão de cidade e a nova configuração espacial. No segundo capítulo fazemos a primeira aproximação com a questão central, analisando a urbanização litorânea no contexto da reestruturação metropolitana de Fortaleza. Desse modo, examinamos as especificidades das Zonas Costeiras, o processo de ocupação do litoral cearense e a consolidação de Fortaleza como capital, enfocando em detalhes, o seu processo de metropolização. Para isso, partimos de uma análise que cobre desde a industrialização tardia no Nordeste à reestruturação produtiva e sócio-territorial do Ceará contemporâneo, a fim de ressaltar a emergência do turismo em sua relação com a produção do novo espaço urbano litorâneo. No terceiro capítulo, tratamos a questão central da reestruturação metropolitana e a emergência do turismo, enfocando a participação dos agentes imobiliários no caso de Aquiraz. Essa escolha deve-se ao fato de que esse trecho do litoral revela de modo mais evidente a questão em foco, proporcionando elementos conclusivos capazes de consolidar nossas considerações finais. Assim, foi possível concluir que a ação desses agentes imobiliários responde à reorganização de um novo processo de produção do espaço para o turismo, frente à necessidade de incorporar novos territórios à lógica de reprodução do capital. / The objective of this research is to shed light on the debate about recent socio-spatial transformations in Brazilian cities. One can observe in these transformations market processes and niches linked to real-estate products that participate as the causes for the urban dissolution in contemporary large cities, characterized by territorial fragmentation and social segregation. While focusing on those real-estate products that are linked to tourism, we have aimed to understand the process by way of which the articulation of such new form of social production of space, based on an emerging scenario created by social agents, takes place. Such agents are seen as the subjects who bring forth innovative urban practices though intrinsically committed to the logic of quick increase of capital. Such focus can be justified for provoking a discussion about the concepts of occupation pattern and spatial structuring, as an attempt to understand the new role played by real-estate agents involved in tourism. In the first chapter we approach the theoretical discussion on the production of contemporary cities in a re-structuring context, analyzing the fundamentals of production and appropriation of the contemporary urban space. As our point of departure, we took over the concept of social space and its production as a strategy towards the accumulation of capital, emphasizing the role played by the market and the State in the spatial organization of production. Then we discussed both the metropolitan transitional issue and the urban dissolution of contemporary cities, by using the concept of a restructuring standpoint associated with the concept of globalization, emphasizing the new pattern of city as well as the new spatial configuration. In the second chapter we carry out the first approximation to the central issue, analyzing the coastal urbanization in the context of the metropolitan re-structuring of Fortaleza. Thus, we examined the detailed features of the Coastal Areas of Ceará, the \'occupational process\' of those areas and the consolidation of Fortaleza as a Capital City, by emphasizing, in detail, the process as it gradually became a metropolis. For that reason, we started from an analysis that comprehends from the belated industrialization of the Northeast of Brazil to the productive and socio-territorial re-structuring of modern Ceará in order to emphasize the emergency of tourism in its relation to the production of a new urban coastal space. In the third chapter we treated the central issue of both the metropolitan restructuring and the emerging need for tourism, focusing on the participation of real-estate agents as in the case of Aquiraz. Such a choice is due to the fact that that coastal line reveals more clearly the issue under analysis, creating conclusive elements capable of consolidating our final considerations. Thus it was possible to say in conclusion that \'the action of those real-estate agents respond to the re-organization of a new process of production of space for tourism, in the face of the need to incorporate new territories into the logic of capital growth\'.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la problématique générale de la transformation du marché du travail en Chine durant les deux dernières décennies et de la place des jeunes migrants dans ce processus. Dans un contexte de transition économique, nous assistons en Chine à des phénomènes de segmentation des marchés du travail, à la montée du taux de chômage, et à la création massive d'emplois informels, le tout se traduisant par une mise en mobilité généralisée du monde du travail, notamment à travers un phénomène massif de migration interne. Les jeunes en mobilité - notamment les jeunes diplômés « nomades » dans les grandes villes - se voient de plus en plus relégués dans les zones urbaines de vulnérabilité (Robert Castel) où différentes formes de précarités (notamment du travail et de logement) s’enchevêtrent et s’accumulent. Dans une société de croissance, les inégalités se multiplient et se creusent de manière vertigineuse. La mobilité sociale semble en panne et le sentiment d’injustice augmente. C’est donc à ce phénomène de migration dans un double mouvement de transformation du marché du travail et de recomposition urbaine que nous consacrons nos réflexions dans ce travail. Nous sommes en présence de jeunes migrants qualifiés vivant dans les villages-Urbains à Pékin, figures analytiques des métamorphoses en cours. Cette recherche a été menée durant l’année 2011 – 2012 à Pékin. Ces individus ont de 2 à 8 ans d’expérience professionnelle et résident dans les villages urbains à Pékin au moment de l’enquête. Cette recherche s’appuie sur des matériaux empiriques collectés et analysés selon des méthodes variées. Le travail de terrain a permit de réaliser 180 questionnaires (données quantitatives), 60 entretiens biographiques (matériau qualitatif), ainsi qu’une observation ethnographique dans un village-Urbain.Cette étude a pour but d'appréhender, en termes de carrières, le parcours d’insertion ainsi que l’expérience migratoire des jeunes diplômés, à partir des processus structurels (politiques d'emploi, politique migratoire, réseaux, etc.), et de la mise en récit, par les jeunes, de leur parcours, afin de mettre en évidence les mécanismes de production des inégalités et la construction d’identités sociales derrière les changements observés en Chine. Notre étude poursuit trois objectifs. Le premier consisterait à saisir objectivement les différentes positions et statuts occupés et d'autre part, à saisir la manière dont les jeunes interprètent leur parcours selon la perspective dans laquelle ils se trouvent, les positions qu'ils occupent et les stratégies qu'ils mettent en place. Le deuxième objectif serait de démontrer d'une part, comment les identités objectives et subjectives interagissent et se redéfinissent et d'autre part, comment le rapport au travail des jeunes se construit. En troisième lieu, le but consiste à articuler la question de l’insertion professionnelle et du rapport à l’espace, alors que la mobilité tend à devenir une norme sociale tant dans le monde du travail que dans la gestion migratoire (Hélène Pellerin, 2011). / This thesis is part of the broader issue of the transformation of the labor market in China over the past two decades and the place of young migrant workers in this process. In the context of economic transition, Chine has witnessed many important changes such as the phenomenon of urban labor market segmentation, the rise in unemployment and the massive creation of informal jobs, all leading to increased mobility in the working world, as seen particularly in the phenomenon of mass domestic migration. Migrant working youth – especially university graduates from a rural background (or smaller cities) who move to large cities - are being increasingly relegated to the urban areas of vulnerability (Robert Castel,1995) where different forms of precariousness (especially in terms of employment and housing) overlap and accumulate. China’s strong economic growth has given rise to inequalities that are multiplying and deepening at a dizzying rate. Upward mobility seems broken as feeling of injustice is rising. This migration phenomenon, a simultaneous transformation of the labor market and urban restructuring, is the focus of our study. We shall examine the case of young skilled migrants living in urban villages in Beijing, analytical figures of metamorphosis in progress. This research was conducted between 2011 and 2012 in an urban village in Beijing. The subjects had between 2 and 8 years of professional experience and lived in urban villages in Beijing at the time of the survey. This research is based on empirical data collected and analyzed using various methods. Our fieldwork in China enabled us to distribute180 questionnaires (quantitative data), 60 biographical interviews (qualitative material) as well as an ethnographic observation in an urban village. This study aims to investigate, in terms of careers, the process of professional integration and the experience of migration of graduates by looking at structural factors (employment policy, migration policy, networks, etc.), and the narrative pattern used by young people to relate their journey, in order to highlight the mechanisms that produce inequalities and construct social identities underlying the changes being observed in China. Our study has three objectives. The first is to understand both the different positions and statuses held and the way in which young people interpret their journey from their perspective, the positions they hold and the strategies they adapt. The second objective is to demonstrate how their objective and subjective identities interact and are redefined, as well as how their relationships toward work are formed. Thirdly, the goal is to articulate the issue of professional integration and its relationship to physical space, in a context where mobility is becoming a social norm in both the working world and the management of migration (Hélène Pellerin 2011).

[pt] Este projeto de pesquisa investiga como a população negra, moradora do município de São Paulo, SP, mobilizou-se em torno dos chamados Bailes Blacks. Sobretudo na sua relação periferia-centro, esta conjuntura social produziu estratégias de supervivência em um território demarcado por tentativas de apagamento, segregação racial e deslocamentos dentro deste tecido urbano. Tais movimentos — de saída de regiões localizadas nas bordas da cidade, se dirigindo a pontos de encontro estratégicos na região central — se reconhecem como geradores de territorialidades em transformação, se constituindo em um campo de constantes disputas socioeconômicas, simbólicas e, especialmente, políticas. Tendo como pano de fundo uma dinâmica de encontro e convívio de pares, este tipo de apropriação na urbe paulistana — sobretudo através da dança e da música —, permitiu a formação do que é caracterizado no trabalho como um tipo de saber-festivo. A pesquisa foi conduzida por uma metodologia que analisou a história das relações da população negra com os bailes no Brasil: desde o período pós-abolição, com os clubes; passando pelas associações, como a Imprensa Negra e a Frente Negra Brasileira; e culminando com os Bailes Blacks, que recebem destaque em um recorte temporal iniciado no final dos anos 1950 até meados dos anos 1980. Como técnicas de pesquisa elaboradas para esta dissertação, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura — que considerou o estudo aprofundado de artigos científicos, jornais, documentários e demais registros da época —, assim como entrevistas com protagonistas-chave, participantes dos Bailes Blacks. / [en] This research project investigates how the black population living in the municipality of São Paulo, SP, mobilized around the so-called Bailes Blacks. Especially in its periphery-center relationship, this social conjuncture produced strategies for survival in a territory demarcated by attempts at erasure, racial segregation and displacement within this urban fabric. These movements — from regions located on the edges of the city to strategic meeting points in the central region — are recognized as generating territorialities in transformation, constituting a field of constant socio-economic, symbolic and, especially, political disputes. Against the backdrop of a dynamic of meeting and socializing of peers, this type of appropriation in the city of São Paulo — especially through dance and music — has allowed for the formation of what is characterized in the work as a type of festive knowledge. The research was conducted using a methodology that analyzed the history of the black population s relationship with dances in Brazil: from the post-abolition period, with clubs; through associations, such as the Black Press and the Brazilian Black Front; and culminating with the Black Dances, which are highlighted in a time frame that began in the late 1950s until the mid-1980s. As research techniques for this dissertation, a literature review was carried out - which considered the in-depth study of articles on the subject.

Les métropoles contemporaines sont marquées par des regroupements et des séparations des citadins, connus sous le terme de ségrégation. Ce phénomène est généralement appréhendé sur la base des localisations résidentielles. L’importance de la mobilité quotidienne dans les reconfigurations spatiales métropolitaines et dans les modes de vie individuels nous incite alors à l’étude et la caractérisation de la relation entretenue par les citadins avec les espaces urbains. Cela permet de passer de la ségrégation résidentielle (immobile) vers la ségrégation dans les espaces de la vie quotidienne (mobile). Parallèlement, c’est l’individu, et non le ménage, qui est au cœur des dynamiques ségrégatives telles que nous les abordons. Quatre métropoles contemporaines ont été analysées avec une visée comparative. Ce choix a imposé la mise au point d’une méthodologie originale, commune aux quatre cas et basée sur des données d’enquêtes-ménages transports. Les résultats obtenus permettent de souligner l’interprétation économique des comportements individuels de proximité (immobilité et vie locale) et des accès aux pôles d’attraction (parmi lesquels le centre). La proximité, avant d’être un objectif des politiques de villes durables, est une réalité pour les populations défavorisées. Ces comportements de replis dépendent plus de caractéristiques individuelles que d’effets liés au quartier de résidence. Ces tendances fortes, communes aux quatre cas, sont complétées par diverses spécificités. Des dynamiques spatiales et sociales différentes se révèlent dans les villes du Nord et du Sud, et les effets des formes urbaines héritées de l’histoire s’affirment (en particulier à Niamey). Notre analyse permet finalement d’enrichir la perspective usuelle de la ségrégation urbaine dans plusieurs contextes urbains contrastés. / Both divisions and concentrations of population characterize contemporary metropolitan areas. Known as segregation processes, these dynamics are usually studied through the analysis of residential locations. Our thesis, however, proposes another lens to uncover urban change. It focuses on daily mobility that shape urban spaces and individual ways of life. This leads us to organize the reflexion from residential segregations to daily urban spaces segregation (from immobile to mobile segregation). Furthermore, we put the individual, and not the household, at the heart of segregative dynamics. Four contemporary metropolitan areas are considered, in a comparative framework. These examples were analyzed through the same specific methodology, based on transport households surveys data. The study highlights the economic understanding of proximity individual behaviors (immobility and local life) and of attraction areas accesses. Proximity, once a measure for sustainable urban policies, indeed becomes a reality for poor citizens. Spatial isolation nowadays relates to individual characteristics rather than residential locations. Some specificities are added further to these strong tendencies. Different social and spatial dynamics clearly appear in Southern and Northern cities and effects of urban forms inherited from History are asserted (especially in Niamey). Our work finally complete the usual perspective of urban segregation in several contrasted urban contexts.

La métropolisation que connait le monde depuis quelques décennies a créé une hypertrophie urbaine, faisant de la sécurité urbaine un enjeu primordial pour les Etats. Après avoir démontré l’existence d’un lien fort entre urbanisation et criminalité, nous avons examiné l’influence des politiques urbaines sur la criminalité urbaine. Les études criminologiques et sociologiques menées par de nombreux chercheurs dont Durkheim, Szabo, Shaw et McKay, nous ont servi de base scientifique afin de mener des travaux de recherche sur le terrain. De Lyon à Oran, notre analyse compare l’évolution et l’efficience des politiques urbaines françaises et algériennes. Les résultats de nos recherches démontrent l’influence des politiques urbaines de constructions massives sur le développement de zones urbaines anomiques et socio-économiquement ségréguées, mais également l’impact de l’hyper sécurisation sur le sentiment de sécurité et la cohésion urbaine. / The metropolisation that the world has known for a few decades has created an urban hypertrophy, making urban security a major issue for the Nations. After highlighting a strong connection between urbanization and crime, we’ve studied the influence of urban policies on urban crime. The criminological and sociological studies conducted by many researchers, including Durkheim, Szabo, Shaw and McKay, have served as a scientific basis for conducting field research. From Lyon to Oran, our analysis compares the evolution and effectiveness of French and Algerian urban policies. The results of our research works illustrate the influence of massive urban construction policies on the development of urban anomic and socio-economically segregated areas, but also the impact of hyper-security on the sense of security and urban cohesion.

International migration to Chile and to the Santiago Metropolitan Area (SMA), its major point of attraction, is a rather recent phenomenon which is gaining more and more attention. According to the latest population census the number of foreigners who were born abroad and permanently live in Chile, has increased by 75% between 1992 and 2002. Parallel to this, the national policy debate about immigration is becoming more intensive. However, until now there is only little evidence concerning the patterns of international migration and the characterization of the immigrants’ social space. This study is oriented towards reducing this deficit. Based on a thorough theoretical discussion, recent research publications and international reports, the study pursues mainly four objectives: The first objective is to identify major patterns of international migration as a context for the immigration to Chile and the SMA. The second objective is to understand the main features of international migration to the SMA. The third objective is to analyze the immigrants’ social space and its contribution to the overall urban development patterns in the SMA. And finally, the research results are linked with the national policy debate about immigration, and a number of policy recommendations are made. The study applies a mix of – mainly quantitative – methods, such as descriptive and analytical statistics including factor and cluster analyses using Chilean census data and visa records. The current immigration situation in Chile is characterized by a notable increase in the number of South American migrants, being attracted by better job opportunities. Moreover, there are growing numbers of young migrants for educational reasons. Chile appears to present an “intervening opportunity” in the migrants’ decision-making process, where a number of factors, such as new policy regulations in industrialized countries, the time/cost distance, as well as the economic development and political stability in the country, increasingly seem to turn into competitive advantages as compared to countries like the US, Spain or Italy. The qualification profiles of migrants in the SMA sharply contrast with the situation in most industrialized countries. In general, the educational level of immigrants is rather high. In general, immigrants strongly contribute to the educational level of the population in the SMA. Like in most global cities, two major streams of international migrants can be found in the SMA, on the one hand those who belong to the upper levels of the occupational hierarchy and on the other hand marginalized low-skill employees. The related data can be taken as an indication for the fact that a large group of immigrants is employed below their qualification levels. In the SMA, professionals and technicians play a very important role, and, except for some of the Peruvian and Ecuadorian migrants, there is little evidence of labour market segmentation. Skilled migrants contribute to reducing gaps of labour market supply in some sectors of the economy, such as public health and private education. Low-skilled migrants contribute to the labour market supply in fields where there is a growing demand, e.g. in the domestic services. Almost 50% of the international migrants live in five of the 34 communes of the SMA. This seems to be largely determined by two main factors: Migrants are found where job opportunities are, and they follow similar patterns like the Chilean population regarding their socio-spatial differentiation. Furthermore, despite the relatively high spatial concentration of migrants, the SMA shows less evidence of residential segregation than many European and US cities. The highest segregation indexes are associated with European and US immigrants with a high socioeconomic status (“voluntary ghettos”). Factor and cluster analyses show major patterns of the socio-spatial distribution of migrants in the SMA: a rather large zone of low attraction for migrants, the downtown area concentrating recent flows, and a series of semi-concentric zones around the centre where the migrants’ socio-economic and residential status increases with distance from the city centre. This is consistent with models of urban dynamics of Latin American cities. Based on the results of this study, four major recommendations for the policy debate about immigration can be derived. There is a need for (1) strengthening the diagnosis regarding immigration, (2) the improvement of the institutional framework and the participation of stakeholders, (3) fostering international cooperation regarding issues of immigration, as well as (4) shaping public opinion and strengthening the integration of immigrants. / Zuwanderung nach Chile und in den Großraum Santiago, dem wichtigsten Attraktionspol des Landes, ist ein relativ junges Phänomen, gewinnt aber zunehmend an Bedeutung. Laut dem letzten Bevölkerungszensus des Landes hat sich die Zahl der Zuwanderer, d.h. nach chilenischer Definition der Personen, die im Ausland geboren wurden und permanent in Chile leben, zwischen 1992 und 2002 um 75% erhöht. Parallel zu dieser Entwicklung, hat eine nationale Politikdebatte eingesetzt, die derzeit an Fahrt gewinnt. Allerdings gibt es bis heute nur wenig gesichertes Wissen über die Zuwanderung in Chile und deren sozialräumliche Charakteristika. Diese Arbeit soll einen Beitrag zur Verringerung dieses Defizits leisten. Auf der Grundlage einer Diskussion theoretischer Ansätze sowie von Studien und internationalen Berichten jüngeren Datums zu Fragen der Zuwanderung verfolgt die vorliegende Arbeit im Wesentlichen vier Ziele: Erstens sollen die Grundlinien internationaler Wanderungsprozesse als Rahmen für die Diskussion der Entwicklungstrends in Chile und im Großraum Santiago nachgezeichnet werden. Zweitens sollen Charakteristika der Zuwanderung im Großraum Santiago herausgearbeitet werden. Drittens geht es um die Identifizierung sozialräumlicher Strukturen der Zuwanderung und ihren Beitrag zur Stadtentwicklung im Großraum Santiago. Und schließlich werden aus den Ergebnissen der Studie Empfehlungen an die Politik als Beitrag zur Zuwanderungsdebatte in Chile abgeleitet. In der Arbeit werden unterschiedliche – überwiegend quantitative – Methoden verwendet, so zum Beispiel der deskriptiven und analytischen Statistik einschließlich einer Faktoren- und Clusteranalyse. Der Autorin standen hierfür umfangreiche chilenische Zensus- und Visadaten zur Verfügung. Die Zuwanderung nach Chile ist gegenwärtig insbesondere von einem starken Anstieg des Anteils von Migranten aus Lateinamerika gekennzeichnet. Dabei spielen vor allem die vergleichsweise großen Arbeitsmarktpotenziale des Landes eine Rolle. Zudem steigt die Zahl jüngerer Zuwanderer, für die Chile attraktive Ausbildungs- und Studienmöglichkeiten bietet. Im Entscheidungsprozess von Migranten kommt Chile zunehmend die Rolle einer „intervening opportunity“ zu, wobei eine Reihe von Faktoren dem Land komparative Vorteile gegenüber traditionellen Zuwanderungsländern für Migranten aus Lateinamerika wie den USA, Spanien oder Italien verschafft. Hierzu gehören u.a. die verschärften Zuwanderungsbeschränkungen in vielen Industrieländern, die günstigen Voraussetzungen hinsichtlich Zeit-/ Kosten-Distanzen sowie das anhaltende Wirtschaftswachstum und die politische Stabilität in Chile. Das allgemeine Qualifikationsprofil der Zuwanderer im Großraum Santiago unterscheidet sich deutlich von dem der Migranten in den meisten Industriestaaten. Im Allgemeinen ist das Bildungsniveau der Zuwanderer hoch. Wie in den meisten Weltstädten wird das Gros der Zuwanderer im Großraum Santiago insbesondere von zwei Gruppen gestellt, zum einen von Hochqualifizierten in Führungspositionen und zum anderen von gering qualifizierten und häufig marginalisierten Zuwanderern. Die entsprechenden Daten können im Übrigen auch als ein Indiz dafür angesehen werden, dass im Großraum Santiago viele Zuwanderer unterhalb ihres Qualifikationsniveaus beschäftigt zu sein scheinen. Akademiker und Fachkräfte spielen unter den Zuwanderern im Großraum Santiago eine große Rolle und –mit Ausnahme von Zuwanderern aus Peru und Ecuador – gibt es kaum Anzeichen für eine Segmentierung des Arbeitsmarktes. Qualifizierte Zuwanderer tragen in einigen Bereichen wie zum Beispiel bei der öffentlichen Gesundheitsvorsorge oder in Privatschulen zum Abbau von Arbeitsmarktengpässen bei. Geringer Qualifizierte erhöhen das Arbeitskräftepotenzial in Bereichen, in denen es u.a. aufgrund des Wirtschaftsaufschwungs in Chile eine steigende Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften gibt, zum Beispiel im Bereich der Haushaltshilfen. Fast 50% aller Zuwanderer wohnen in fünf der 34 Kommunen des Großraums Santiago. Dies ist im Wesentlichen auf zwei Faktoren zurückzuführen: Migranten lassen sich dort nieder, wo es Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten gibt und sie entwickeln ähnliche sozialräumliche Verteilungsmuster wie die chilenische Bevölkerung. Weiterhin ist festzustellen, dass die Zuwanderung trotz der relativ starken räumlichen Konzentration von Migranten im Großraum Santiago im Vergleich zu Großstädten in den USA oder in Europa kaum zu Segregation führt. Quer über verschiedene Segregationsindices sind jeweils die höchsten Werte bei Zuwanderern aus Europa und aus den USA mit hohem sozioökonomischem Status festzustellen („volontary ghettos“). Mit Hilfe von Faktoren- und Clusteranalysen lassen sich räumliche Verteilungsmuster von Zuwanderern im Großraum Santiago nachweisen: Ein weiter Bereich des Großraums Santiago (insbesondere im Westen und Süden) bietet offensichtlich nur wenig Attraktivität für Migranten; das Zentrum des Großraums bildet einen kernstädtischen Bereich mit relativ junger Zuwanderung; daran schließen mehrere halbkreisförmige Gebieten um das Zentrum an, in denen der Sozialstatus und die Wohnverhältnisse der Migranten nach außen hin zunehmen. Diese Struktur ist weitgehend vergleichbar mit lateinamerikanischen Stadtentwicklungsmodellen. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit legen im Hinblick auf die Zuwanderungsdebatte in Chile eine Reihe von Empfehlungen nahe. Dabei geht es im Wesentlichen um die folgenden Aspekte: (1) die Verbesserung der Informationsgrundlagen über Zuwanderung, (2) die Verbesserung der institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen und die Einbeziehung aller Beteiligten, (3) die Stärkung der internationalen Zusammenarbeit im Hinblick auf Migrationsfragen und (4) die Versachlichung der öffentlichen Debatte über Migration und die effizientere Integration von Zuwanderern.