Nesta etnografia, as práticas de graffiti de São Paulo, ao mesmo tempo em que ocuparam um lugar central enquanto foco de análise e reflexões, foram tomadas como uma janela para pensar e produzir conhecimento sobre a cidade. Partiu-se de dois objetivos centrais: investigar os usos da rua destas práticas e as possibilidades de cidades que emergem nesta interação. O trabalho de campo voltou-se, principalmente, aos processos de pintura na rua, o que colocou a pesquisa em movimento pelo espaço urbano e configurou uma etnografia multi-sited. Na escrita da dissertação, os dados etnográficos e as análises foram organizados em duas partes complementares. Na primeira, a trajetória das práticas de graffiti na cidade de São Paulo conduz as reflexões, mas sem perder de vista a relação estabelecida com outros contextos, as trocas com outras práticas de pintura na rua, as narrativas que elaboram representações distintas deste fazer e a interação complexa estabelecida com diferentes agentes e esferas do poder público. Na segunda parte, a partir da análise situacional de três processos de pintura, são apresentados modos de ler, usar e se apropriar da cidade, que são ao mesmo tempo condição e consequência de fazer graffiti, bem como produzem efeitos nos sujeitos e nos espaços urbanos. A partir desta aproximação é possível apreender as práticas de graffiti enquanto um fazer que não apenas modifica esteticamente as superfícies construídas, como também coloca em questão a eficácia de certos postulados urbanísticos e jurídicos. Esta investigação identificou uma forma de citadinidade, constituída pelas experiências de pintar na rua, que nos lembra da condição de possibilidade de fazer e praticar a cidade. / In this ethnography, the graffiti practices of São Paulo were at the same time the focus of analysis and reflection and a window to think and produce knowledge about the city. The research was based on two initial objectives: to investigate the street uses of these practices and the possibilities of cities that emerge in this interaction. The fieldwork focused mainly on the street painting processes, which put the research in motion through the urban space and set up a multi-sited ethnography. In the thesis, the ethnographic data and analyzes were organized in two complementary parts. In the first, the trajectory of graffiti practices in the city of São Paulo leads to reflections, but without losing sight of the established relationship with other contexts, the exchanges and collaboration with other practices of street painting, the narratives that elaborate different representations of this doing and the complex interaction established with different agents and spheres of public administration. In the second part, from the situational analysis of three painting processes, were presented ways of reading, using and appropriating the city, which are at the same time the condition and consequence of doing graffiti, as well as producing effects in subjects and in urban spaces. From this approach it is possible to apprehend graffiti practices as a practice that not only aesthetically modifies the surfaces but also calls into question the effectiveness of certain urban and legal postulates. This research identified a way of being and living in the city, constituted by the experiences of painting on the street, which reminds us of the condition of possibility of making and practicing the city.

La construction d'immeubles de grande hauteur reste, malgré les débats qu'elle génère, un projet d'actualité dans de nombreuses villes en France. Fort des expériences passées, nombreux sont les projets se tournant aujourd'hui vers le concept de ville verticale. Ces tours multifonctionnelles, mieux ancrées territorialement et ouvertes au public ont alors pour objectif de mieux s'intégrer dans la ville et de permettre une forme d'urbanité. La mise en œuvre de la mixité à l'échelle du bâtiment, la grande hauteur, ainsi que la recherche de qualité urbaine génèrent de nouvelles contraintes techniques, socio-institutionnelles et territoriales peu étudiées à ce jour. En particulier, la complexification des montages de projet, l'enjeu territorial élargi ainsi que le statut particulier des espaces ouverts au public de la tour provoquent de nouveaux questionnements et enjeux public-privé à la fois spatiaux et organisationnels. Dans ce contexte, comment les tours peuvent-elles contribuer à l'urbanité de la ville contemporaine ? En s'appuyant sur une étude comparative de trois projets de tours mixtes franciliens (Phare, Triangle et Duo), ainsi que sur un état de l'art sur la grande hauteur et le concept d'urbanité, nous proposons une typologie des tours au regard de leur contribution à la ville. En développant une approche dynamique de la dimension urbaine des projets de tours au cours de leur fabrication, nous proposons ensuite un outil d'analyse des «trajectoires de projet» dans le temps. Une corrélation apparaît finalement entre ces trajectoires urbaines et les étapes de leur fabrique, et permet une montée en généralité sur les processus de production des différents idéaux-types de tours et de leur urbanité / Despite a controversial scientific and societal debate, building skyward is experiencing a new rise in French cities. This is reflected in the emergence of new high-rise forms: mixed-use towers and even “vertical cities“. Both are usually conceived as more accessible to the public, more linked to the ground, and more “urban». The implementation of mixed-use, height and urban quality in skyscrapers generates a system of specific technical, social and territorial constraints which are little studied so far. New public-private issues concerning both spatial and organisational considerations are caused by the very complexity of the project, the significant impact of the building on its surroundings, as well as the special status of its privately-owned spaces that are open to the public. In this context how can high-rises be produced and contribute to the urbanity of contemporary cities ? First based on a comparative study of three mixed-use tower projects within the Paris region (Phare, Triangle and Duo), then on a literature review of high-rise buildings and the concept of urbanity, we establish a typology of “urban towers“. These are classified according to their relation and their impact on the city. By developing a new dynamic approach of the urban issue of tower projects during their fabrication, we create an analytical tool which can identify temporal “project trajectories“.Finally, we find a correlation between these project trajectories and the stages of their implementation. This allows us to analyse the production process of each class of tower and their urbanity

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-09-11T16:39:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jessica de Almeida Polito.pdf: 22916945 bytes, checksum: 075ea6b276974f858c0a08ce4c1e580d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T16:39:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jessica de Almeida Polito.pdf: 22916945 bytes, checksum: 075ea6b276974f858c0a08ce4c1e580d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-15 / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas) / This dissertation aims to demonstrate that S?o Paulo State?s urban history was surrounded, from the beginning, by the imprecision between the urban and rural environments, especially in the mogiana region, which spawned a rural urbanity apart from the administrative limits and strongly related to Minas Gerais. This way, it relativizes the civilization?s approaches, presenting shards of a road network and spread preexistent neighborhoods, deeply related to the natural landscape, structured according the way of life and imagination of their inhabitants and where ideas and goods that supplied the internal market traveled. At the same time, they worked as communication channels with areas already considered urbanized, from where came diluted influences built from the diversity of beings and ways. This culturally diverse landscape shaped a perception of the urban environment compatible to the existing rural way of life and adapted to the reality and possibilities of the rural population. Therefore, the cultural landscape was the base for the insertion of the administrative network then consolidated the modern regional territoriality. Like stacked layers, intersection and detachment moments are observed, influenced by the encounters, conflicts, dialogs, resistances and redeterminations of the landscape itself and the network. The failure in immediately complying with an external urbanizing model, makes this process peculiar, consistent with the local culture and detached from the belle ?poque concept. This regionalist urbanity kept rustic cultural aspects that justified its spatial features and the organization method of the society around communities, where the production and genealogy defined them as groups. Under this scenario, urban cores presented themselves as places of political representativeness, linking the region to the capital of S?o Paulo, while converting it in a metropolis. This administratively fragmented cultural landscape between S?o Paulo and Minas Gerais territories was kept until late 19th century and the industrialization process, that began during the 20th century, was a milestone on the frontier definitions. / Esta tese se apoia na leitura da paisagem como estrutura de an?lise, e retoma a discuss?o sobre o processo de urbaniza??o brasileiro, buscando demonstrar que na din?mica existente entre o territ?rio administrativo e o territ?rio das viv?ncias existiram momentos de intersec??es demarcados pela pr?pria rede urbana. Se por um lado a vivencias, os v?nculos e os la?os afetivos entre indiv?duos e a terra fomentaram a consolida??o de estruturas de organiza??o pertinentes ao meio no qual estava inserido, por outro, o processo de funda??o de novas vilas e freguesias correspondeu ? logica dos dom?nios territoriais administrativos que avan?ava sobre o sert?o. Entre estas duas l?gicas de compreens?o territorial verificava-se a imprecis?o entre seus contornos, aproxima??es e distanciamento que dinamizaram a Paisagem Mogiana. Dela participaram fragmentos de uma rede de caminhos e bairros dispersos preexistentes, por onde circulavam diferentes entes e influ?ncias dilu?das. Esta paisagem culturalmente multifacetada fomentou o forjar de uma no??o de urbano compat?vel ao modus operandi existente no sert?o. Como camadas sobrepostas, verificam-se momentos de intersec??es e distanciamentos marcados pelos encontros, conflitos, di?logos, resist?ncias e ressignifica??es da pr?pria paisagem e da rede. A n?o compatibiliza??o imediata com um modelo urbanizador externo converte este processo em algo peculiar, condizente com a cultura local e distanciado do conceito de belle ?poque. Esta urbanidade regionalista guardava consigo tra?os culturais r?sticos, que justificavam a sua espacialidade e a forma de organiza??o da sociedade em torno de comunidades, onde a produ??o e a genealogia os definiam enquanto grupo. Neste cen?rio, os n?cleos urbanos se mostravam como locais da representatividade pol?tica, interligando a regi?o ? capital paulista, ao passo que a convertia em metr?pole. A paisagem cultural que ao mesmo tempo era fragmentada administrativamente entre territ?rio paulista e territ?rio mineiro se manteve assim at? finais do s?culo XIX, sendo o processo de industrializa??o iniciado no s?culo XX um marco na defini??o das fronteiras.

Tendo como referência uma concepção de Geografia que assume que o espaço geográfico é componente constituinte da sociedade, uma instância da sociedade (Milton Santos) ou uma dimensão transversal da sociedade (Jacques Lévy), o trabalho procura qualificar a reestruturação da cidade de São Paulo (que se inicia nos anos 1980) a partir da imensa disseminação do uso do automóvel particular. O trabalho investe na caracterização da natureza dos novos espaços produzidos como resultado da relação cidade automóvel, do mesmo modo que avalia como a cidade é inflexionada pelos espaços do automóvel. A referência específica para essa caracterização é a definição de cidade como espaço principal de convivialidade humana, processo esse apreendido pelo conceito de urbanidade e como a forma mais eficiente de administração da distância espacial (Jacques Lévy), cujos espaços se estruturam de dois modos principais: a forma territorial (predomínio da contigüidade) e a forma reticular (redes, predomínio lacunar). A difusão do automóvel favorece, em São Paulo, a formação de redes geográficas que fragmentam a cidade e criam um horizonte de separações e segregações. Nessa reconfiguração da cidade a estrutura espacial mais característica é o que denominamos de núcleos de baixa territorialização associados ao uso do automóvel. São núcleos de rede que negam a cidade, assim como os subúrbios americanos negavam os centros das cidades americanas. Funcionam como se fossem subúrbios encravados no interior do núcleo denso da cidade. Por essa razão esses núcleos de baixa territorialização (mantém um baixo nível de relações com os espaços contíguos) também são denominados por nós como subúrbios internos. Essa reestruturação rebaixa a urbanidade da cidade, deteriorando os espaços públicos e abrindo caminho para o domínio das soluções privadas frente às dificuldades das cidades. / Taking as reference a concept of Geography that views geographical space as a building block of society, as an instance of society (Milton Santos) or a transversal dimension of society (Jacques Lévy), this paper seeks to qualify the restructuring of the city of São Paulo, begun in the 1980s, which resulted from the vast dissemination of private automobile usage. This paper addresses itself to characterize the nature of the new spaces arising from the city automobile relationship, and to assess how the city is modulated by the spaces of the automobile. Our specific reference will be the definition of city as the key space for human sociability, a process apprehended by the concept of urbanity and seen as the most efficient form of managing spatial distance (Jacques Lévy), wherein spaces are structured in two main modes: the territorial form (predominance of contiguity) and the reticular form (networks, predominance of lacunae). In São Paulo, the dissemination of the automobile contributes to establish geographical networks that fragment the city and create an urban horizon of separations and segregations. In such a framework, the most typical spatial structure comprises what we call nuclei of low territorialization, which are associated with the use of the automobile. These network nuclei deny the city, much as the U.S. suburbs negated the city centers of American towns, and function as if they were suburbs grafted into the dense nucleus of the city. For this reason, they can also be called internal suburbs, inasmuch as they maintain minimal relationships with contiguous spaces. This type of restructuring degrades the urbanity of a city, deteriorates public spaces and opens the way for the predominance of private solutions to the predicaments of cities.

O trabalho aborda a trajetória da produção de habitação coletiva econômica em altura, nas cidades de Porto Alegre, no Rio Grande do Sul, e Montevidéu, no Uruguai, no período de 1985 a 2010. Procura identificar os principais eventos que reverberavam em um movimento de intenso debate sobre o papel da arquitetura para o cenário de abertura política para muitos países latino-americanos. Demonstra a importância desse período, ao mesmo tempo rico de possibilidades, mas também repleto de fortes impactos econômicos, políticos e sociais, que resultaram do enfraquecimento do Estado Providência, do desmantelamento da União Soviética e da hegemonia do neoliberalismo. Aponta as experiências para a recomposição da arquitetura como disciplina que constrói a cidade, especialmente pelas propostas que, emanadas dos principais polos de difusão da arquitetura no Brasil e no Uruguai, expuseram em projetos e obras inspiradas nos aportes teóricos e nas experimentações críticas ao Movimento Moderno advindas da Europa, como aquelas realizadas pela IBA-87, em Berlim. Busca, nas raízes das transformações morfológicas por que passaram essas cidades, entender como cada uma assimilou os pressupostos da modernidade, de forma breve em relação aos aspectos econômicos, sociais e políticos e, de forma mais detida, com relação às influências do Movimento Moderno sobre a arquitetura e a cidade, especialmente sobre suas normativas institucionais e a produção de habitação. A partir dos resultados obtidos da análise dos parâmetros de urbanidade e de habitabilidade, aplicados sobre os quatro exemplares dos conjuntos de habitação coletiva econômica em altura, selecionados em cada cidade, procura- se avaliar as contribuições das políticas públicas e dos agentes envolvidos, incluindo-se o protagonismo dos arquitetos, especialmente no momento em que as cooperativas habitacionais passam a ser reintegradas nas políticas de financiamento e de ordenamento territorial, no caso de Montevidéu, e da implantação do programa Minha Casa Minha Vida, no caso do Brasil, rebatido à especificidade da cidade de Porto Alegre. Por último, procura-se ressaltar a importância dos parâmetros de urbanidade e de habitabilidade como indicativos de qualidade projetual, especialmente para o ensino de projeto de habitação de interesse social. / This work approaches the trajectory of the production of collective economic housing in height, in the cities of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, and Montevideo, Uruguay, between 1985 and 2010. It looks forward to identify the major events which reverberated in a intense movement of discussion about the role of architecture for the political opening for many latin- american countries. It proves us the importance of this period of time, at the same time full of possibilities, but also with lots of rough economic, political and social impacts, which resulted from the weakening of Providence State, the Soviet Union dismantling and the neoliberalism hegemony. It points out the experiences for the recomposition of architecture as a city builder discipline, notably by the purposes which poured from the main poles of architecture diffusion on Brazil and Uruguay, exposed in projects and jobs inspired by the theoretical contribution and critical experiments to the Modern Movement coming from Europe, such as the ones realized by the IBA-87, in Berlin. It searches, in the roots of morphological transformations which happened in those cities, to understand how each one of these assimilated the assumptions of modern times, in a detained way, in a relation with the Modern Movement influences about architecture and the city, specially about its institutional regulations and the housing production. By the results obtained from the housing and urbanity parameter analysis, applied upon those four examples of housing aggregation buildings, pointed on each belonging city, it tries to evaluate the public policy and involved agents contribution, including the architects protagonism, specially in the moment when habitational cooperatives turn to be reintegrated into the financial and territorial order policies, on Montevideo's case, and the program "Minha Casa Minha Vida" , on Brazil's case, specifically in the city of Porto Alegre. At last, it looks forward to emphasize the urbanity and habitability parameters' importance as project quality indicatives, especially for the project of social interest habitation teaching.

L’accélération de la globalisation des échanges et le constat d’une certaine banalisation des formes urbaines depuis une trentaine d’années ont fait émerger un questionnement sur le devenir patrimonial et l’urbanité des métropoles portuaires.Qu’il s’agisse d’un héritage industriel ou technique lié à leur activité, de bâtiments historiques protégés ou d’édifices réalisés sur des sites libérés par la délocalisation des activités portuaires sous l’effet de la massification des marchandises, la morphologie des métropoles portuaires interroge les configurations résultant de cette phase intense de mondialisation urbaine. Elle constitue de ce fait un « laboratoire » permettant d’observer à quel point, en réalité, cette évolution est protéiforme et contrastée. Les villes portuaires de Gênes, du Havre et de New York – choisies pour les décalages qu’elles proposent, tant en termes d’échelle que les formes urbaines – permettent d’approcher de façon critique l’évolution de l’urbanité de ces métropoles depuis près d’un demi-siècle, au-delà des formules convenues de la production d’une architecture standardisée et de la mise en œuvre de « grands récits » homogénéisateurs sur ces territoires urbains en mutation. / The acceleration of the exchanges at a worldwide scale and the observation of a kind of globalization of urban forms over the past three decades have raised issues about the future of heritage and the urbanity of the port cities. Whether it concerns the industrial or technical heritage linked to their initial activity, protected historic buildings or buildings erected on urban sites liberated by the relocation of port activities due to the massive containerization of goods, the morphology of port metropolises questions the configurations resulting from this phase of urban globalization. It constitutes a true "laboratory", allowing to observe to what extent this evolution is quite protean and contrasted. The port cities of Genoa, Le Havre andNew York - chosen for the discrepancies they offer, both in terms of scales and urban forms - make it possible a critical approach of the evolution of the urbanity of these metropolises for half a century, so far from the agreed formulas of banalization, production of a standardized architecture and implementation of "great stories" homogenizing on these metropolitan areasin mutation.

O trabalho analisa a cidade de Araguari, localizada na região do Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, a partir do processo de configuração do seu sistema de espaços livres de edificação. Apresenta-se o processo socioespacial de sua constituição, baseado em um resgate da evolução de sua forma urbana e dos determinantes físicos, políticos e econômicos que a moldaram. Avalia-se a gestão da paisagem urbana, seus atuais agentes de produção, e a urbanidade do sistema de espaços livres em duas escalas, da mancha urbana e das unidades de paisagem, orientada por quatro aspectos: adequação, centralidade, densidade e conectividade. Observou-se que a qualidade dos espaços livres em muito se difere nas diferentes unidades de paisagem da cidade, seja nos aspectos qualitativos, seja na distribuição, evidenciando uma clara disparidade centro-periferia. No entanto, é possível conferir à cidade um incremento de sua urbanidade a partir do reconhecimento e valorização de seu sistema de espaços livres, tanto na cidade consolidada, quanto nas novas áreas de urbanização. / The research analyzes the city of Araguari, located in the region of Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, from the process of your open spaces system configuration. It presents the socio-spatial process constitution, based on a bailout of the urban form evolution and the physical and economic determinants that have shaped. Assesses the management of the urban landscape, its current agents of production, and the open spaces system urbanity in two scales, the urban sprawl and the landscape units, guided by four aspects: adequacy, density, centrality and connectivity. It was observed that the open spaces quality much differs in different landscape units, either in qualitative aspects or distribution, showing a clear center-periphery disparity. However, it\'s possible give the city a urbanity increased from the recognition and appreciation of your open spaces system, both in the consolidated city, as the new developments.

Angesichts zunehmender globaler Städtekonkurrenzen haben politische Wiedererfindungen des Städtischen Konjunktur – mit immer kürzeren Zyklen und wechselnden Dynamiken der Inszenierung der jeweiligen Programmatiken. Berlin als junge Metropole liefert für die Implementation exogener Konzepte vielfältige Ansatzpunkte, zeigt jedoch auch umgehend ihre Grenzen auf. Die Beiträge dieses Bandes setzen sich mit Imaginationen, Diskursbeiträgen und Positionierungen auseinander, die den „großen“ politischen Konzepten jeweils „von unten“ entgegenwachsen und teilweise in Gegenbewegungen münden. Anschauungsmaterial liefern die Europäische Metropolregion Berlin-Brandenburg und das Projekt Mediaspree.

Syfte med den här avhandlingen är att empiriskt kartlägga framväxten och utvecklingen av varietéunderhållningen i Stockholm 1870-1920, för att kunna förstå både förhållandet till dess transnationella förebilder, ekonomiska dynamik, kulturella dragningskraft, samt förklara hur genren kom att uppfattas i den offentliga debatten. Med teorier hämtade från Antonio Gramsci och Pierre Bourdieu diskuteras varietéerna som ett uttryck för det sena 1800-talets samhällsförändringar och marknadskapitalistiska dynamik, som bl.a. synliggjordes i nya urbana livsstilar och mönster. Resultatet av dessa undersökningar visar hur den tyska, brittiska, amerikanska och franska varietéunderhållningen influerade den svenska motsvarigheten. Samtidigt var faktorer som de nationella och lokala ekonomiska, politiska och sociala förhållandena avgörande i skapandet av de specifika uttrycksformer varietéunderhållning fick i Stockholm. Avhandlingen visar också hur varietésalongernas sociala praktiker, genom en medveten disciplineringssträvan från såväl entreprenörer som politiker, kom att genomgå en förändringsprocess där den sociala samvaron minskade till förmån för en allt starkare fokus på föreställningarnas innehåll. Genom sina samhällsutmanande drag kom varietéunderhållningen även att fungera som plattform varifrån viktiga värden och normer förhandlades och medierades. Detta bidrog till att underhållningsformen blev en måltavla för sedlighets- och nykterhetsrörelsen. Moulin Rouge på svenska är, genom att sätta fokus på hur entreprenörer, artister, skribenter, musikkompositörer och kritiker tänkte och agerade i den framväxande offentliga urbaniteten, ett viktigt bidrag i förståelsen av hur den tidiga svenska massproducerade populärkulturen tog form i slutet av 1800-talet. / The purpose of this dissertation is to chart and analyze the growth and development of variety entertainment in Stockholm 1870-1920 in order to reach an understanding of its transnational models, economic dynamics, and cultural attraction, as well as to explain how this genre was understood in the public debate. With the help of theories derived from Antonio Gramsci and Pierre Bourdieu variety entertainment is discussed as an expression of the social changes and the dynamics of market capitalism that became visible in new urban life styles and patterns at the end of the 19th century. The results of this investigation show how German, British, American and French variety entertainment influenced their Swedish counterparts. At the same time factors such as national and local economics and existing political and social conditions were determinants in the creation of the specific forms of expression that variety entertainment assumed in Stockholm. The dissertation also shows how social practice in the variety halls went through a process of change due to a conscious attempt on the part of both the entrepreneurs and politicians to discipline behaviour. In this process social interaction declined and a sharper focus came to be placed on the content of the performances. Because many of its characteristics challenged social values, variety entertainment came to function as a platform for the mediation of important norms and values. This was a contributing factor in making this form of entertainment a target for the temperance and morality movements. By focussing on how the entrepreneurs, actors, writers, composers and critics thought and acted in the growing public urbanity, Moulin Rouge in Swedish makes an important contribution to understanding how early mass produced Swedish culture took shape in the end of the 19th century.

This article addresses the question how Bongo Fleva (or Flava, from the word ‘flavour’) - also defined as muziki wa kizazi kipya (‘music of a new generation’) - and Hip-Hop in Swa-hili, reflect Tanzanian urban youth culture, with its changing identities, life-styles, aspirations, constraints, and language. As far as young people residing in small centres and semi-rural ar-eas are concerned, I had the impression that they have the same aspirations as their urban counterparts, especially those in Dar es Salaam. They keep well up to date on urban practices through performances, radio and local tabloids, even if they lack the same job and leisure op-portunities as their city brothers. Although I do not take ‘youth’ as a fixed and homogeneous category, the ‘young generation’ has been assuming a central, though frequently ambiguous, position in many places in Africa (for this issue, see Burgess 2005). Here, however, I have chosen to focus on two urban contexts, namely Dar es Salaam and Mwanza, the sites of my one-and- -half-year fieldwork between 2004 and the end of 2005.