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For many decades, violence that is perpetuated by parents and loved ones against children in the name of physical child discipline or corporal punishment, has been a major concern for various governments and church leaders among most nations of the world. This does not only take into account hitting or beating a child with a stick, belt, slapping, or choking, but also spanking; especially when it is aggressive or excessive (Bradshaw 2009; Straus 1994; Kanyandago in Waruta & Kinoti 2005, Wolfe 1991; Carl 1985). A very prominent and highly respected religious figure, here in South Africa, Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu, made the following notable assertion to show his support towards the elimination of the practice of corporal punishment in the home: I support the Global Initiative to eliminate all corporal punishment at home, at school, in institutions and community. … Progress towards abolishing corporal punishment is being made, but millions of the world’s children still suffer from humiliating acts of violence and these violations …can have serious lifelong effects. Violence begets violence and we shall reap whirlwind. Children can be disciplined without violence that instills fear and misery, and I look forward to church communities working with other organizations to… make progress towards ending all forms of violence against children. If we really want a peaceful and compassionate world, we need to build communities of trust where all children are respected, where home and school are safe places to be and where discipline is taught by example” (http://www.rapcan.org.za/wgpd/documents: Waterhouse 2012. Retrieved 23th February 2013). However, in spite of the various voices and movements against corporal punishment of children; especially the aggressive form of this practice (as will be analyzed later on in this study), the practice is still a common phenomenon in many African countries, including South Africa. Furthermore, as some research studies have shown, a literalistic view of certain texts of Scriptures in the OT (which are mostly from the Book of Proverbs) do not only seem to influence the widespread of corporal punishment of children, but also the abuse of this form of physical discipline (e.g., Prov. 13:24; 22:15; 23:13-14, 22:15) (Bradshaw 2009; Capps 1995; Straus 1994; Greven 1991). This assumption seems plausible, seeing that as Tripp T & Tripp M (2008:138) rightly allude to, as Christians, “God’s Word is our rule for faith and practice.” The authors, also expressed that, “the Biblical laws and standards sound oppressive and strict in our lawless, arrogant, twenty-first century culture.” However, it is important to also acknowledge that we, as Christians, can be wrong in our interpretation and application of certain Scriptures; thereby, leading to flawed practices (Pohlmann 2007; Pollard 1997). As Pollard (1997:91) has rightly observed, “Clearly, both personal experience and church history teach us that we can be wrong. It is vital, then, that we have a genuine humility as Christians. We must recognize our fallibility, and constantly reassess what we believe.” In other words, there are many well-meaning Christian parents who have put their children in harm’s way by frequently administering spanking to them in ways that are, evidently, excessive or aggressive: while claiming that they are obeying scriptural injunction on child discipline, and are also doing it for the moral and ethical good of their children (Bradshaw 2009; Greven 1991). The researcher, himself, was brought up in a Christian home; where the use and abuse of both high violence (e.g., beating a child with belt, stick, etc) and low violence (e.g., forcefully beating a child with bear hand) methods of physical child discipline were the order of the day (or a frequent occurrence). Furthermore, his well-meaning father often seemed to find justification for his actions based on scriptural grounds. Incidentally, the researcher noticed that this form of child discipline also seems to be widely used by many parents in his local church and many other Christian parents, whom he has come in contact with. And many of these parents seem not to be aware of the immediate and long term negative effects that aggressive corporeal punishment has on their children. The widespread of this phenomenon (corporeal punishment of children) and the traumatic impact it has on children, has led the researcher to do this research study in his local church context (a Pentecostal church), and to develop/propose a biblically sound or balanced model of pastoral care that can help pastors in rendering effective care, to those faced with this problem situation within the church. The theoretical frame work of this research study is based on Pollard’s model of positive deconstruction, as well as some contributions from Straus’ book Beating the Devil out of Them; Corporal Punishment in American Families. The purpose for choosing Pollard’s model of positive deconstruction was to help the researcher in: 1) Identifying the underlying worldview. 2) Analyzing the worldview. 3) Affirming the elements of truth in it (as every world view has some truth in it that needs to be recognizes and affirmed, which makes the process positive and 4) discovering the error in the worldview. These are the four elements in the process of positive deconstruction, as proposed by Pollard. Straus explores the phenomenon of corporal punishment and the traumatic effects of this method of child discipline both in term of its immediate and long term harm (later in life or in adulthood) psychological harm to children. The research methodology that was employed by the researcher in carrying out this research study is qualitative. Consequently, questionnaires were given out to 50 parents in the researcher’s church to fill. Also, one-on-one interviews were arranged with four parents, two children, and also with two pastoral caregivers in the church, on the issues of corporal punishment and child abuse within the Christian home. / Dissertation (MA Theol)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Practical Theology / unrestricted

This diploma thesis is comprised of a theoretical section and a practical section. The first theoretical subchapter introduces the CAN syndrome. The second theoretical subchapter focuses on the relevant international and national child protection legislation. The third subchapter "Child Interrogation" deals with the issue of the historical development of child interrogation techniques and methods, and the currently recommended interrogation techniques used to interrogate children in keeping with the Act on Criminal Judicial Procedure No. 141/1961 in the Czech Republic. The third subchapter also concerns with the character traits of the investigator, the qualification requirements of this profession and the fundamental methodology used to prevent a child's secondary victimisation. The fourth theoretical subchapter focuses on the specially designed interrogation room used, among others, for child interrogation. The theoretical part is based on reference literature and relevant legislation. The practical section includes the results of qualitative research. The first subchapter focuses on two case studies of child victims of abuse interrogation. The second subchapter analyses six interviews conducted with a methodological worker and with five investigators, who discuss their experience with the...

(in English): This diploma thesis focuses on domestic violence from its history to the definitions of both a person in need and a violent person. It also describes legal tools of protection against domestic violence in the Czech Republic and its possiblities of help endangered persons as well as violent persons from the point of view of social work. The main topic is trans-generational violence in families which deals with these groups: children (descendants) versus parents, grandchildren versus grand-parents and last but not least great-grand parents versus their families. Describing what consequences of the transgenerational violence might have on every single member of family, victims themselves, offenders and their closest relationships. The practical part is based on mixed-research, especifically on surveys questionnaires of professionals from helping professions, who are concerned with the issues of transgenerational violence. The semi-structured questionnaires concentrate on possibilities of help of social work to victims and offenders. Moreover, motives, factors, services, prevention of transgenerational violence and domestic violence are emphasis.

Les victimes d’actes criminels, dans notre système de justice pénale, vivent un sentiment d’injustice face à la façon dont elles sont traitées dans le cadre du procès. Nous sommes passés d’un système de droit pénal, où la victime était à la fois l’instigatrice et le point central, à un système où la victime s’est vue reléguer au seul plan de témoin. Notre système l’a évincé en devenant un système bi-partie ou le litige se situe entre l’État et l’accusé. Plusieurs raisons ont mené à ce changement, entre autre la présomption d’innocence et il n’est pas question de revenir en arrière à un système barbare. Toutefois, il est impossible de ne pas voir les conséquences néfastes que la situation actuelle engendre. Ce sentiment d’injustice mène assurément à une perte de confiance des victimes et par conséquent de la population en notre système. Il faut donc rééquilibrer la situation et redonner un certain sentiment de justice aux victimes. Certaines tentatives ont été faites par le gouvernement, mais ce n’est pas suffisant. Un simple énoncé de principes ne peut pas remédier à tout, il doit s’agir d’actions plus concrètes. Nous proposons que ces actions doivent être d’inclure la victime dans les protections constitutionnelles à l’instar de l’accusé et de lui octroyer un statut de participant lors du procès. / Victims in today’s criminal justice system are living with feelings of injustice because of the way they are treated during their trials. We have gone from a system where the victim was the instigator of the proceedings, to one where he is relegated to simply being the victim. Our system has ousted them by involving only two parties: the State and the accused. This change happened for many reasons, the main one being the presumption of innocence and, therefore, returning to a barbaric system is out of the question. However, it is impossible not to see the negative consequences of the current system. The injustice felt by the victims leads to a loss of confidence in our criminal justice system, not only by the victims themselves, but by the general population as well. Consequently, there is an important need to rebalance the system and help victims recover the sense of justice that they have lost. There have been attempts by the Government, however they have revealed themselves to be insufficient. A government policy statement cannot be the only solution, concrete action is required. We propose that these actions should be to constitutionally protect victims’ rights, similarly to those of the accused and make the victim an active participant during criminal trials.

Le 8 octobre 2014, M. Uhuru Kenyatta le président kényan comparaissait devant les juges de la Cour pénale internationale. Cette comparution était un évènement inédit ; car pour la première fois un chef d’État durant son mandat comparaissait devant cette juridiction ; inculpé depuis le 8 mars 2011, tout comme le vice-président, de crimes contre l’humanité pour son rôle présumé dans les violences qui ont émaillé l’élection présidentielle de 2007. S’il est le premier à se présenter devant les juges de la CPI, il n’est pourtant pas le premier chef d’État poursuivi par cette juridiction. Les présidents soudanais, Omar El-Béchir et le « Guide » libyen avaient reçu des notifications de mandats d’arrêt depuis 2009 pour le premier, et 2011 pour le second.Avant les poursuites de la CPI, seuls des anciens dirigeants avaient comparu devant les TMI de la seconde guerre et les TPI pour le Rwanda et pour l’ex-Yougoslavie qui l’ont précédé. Cette caractéristique commune aux premières poursuites qui n’ont pas épargné non plus les premières enquêtes du Procureur de la CPI ; posait une problématique majeure : celle de l’effectivité de la poursuite des dirigeants en exercice devant les juridictions pénales internationales ; de la Cour pénale internationale en particulier. Les actes de procédures de la CPI contre les dirigeants durant leur mandat viennent répondre en partie à ces préoccupations.Cependant, l’abandon des charges contre le président kenyan par le Procureur le 5 décembre 2014 et plus tard contre son vice-président et les motivations de ces décisions ; mais aussi l’impossibilité pour cette juridiction d’obtenir l’exécution des mandats d’arrêt émis depuis le 4 mars 2009 contre le président soudanais remettent en perspective la problématique de la justiciabilité des chefs d’État en exercice devant la CPI. / On October 8, 2014, Uhuru Kenyatta, the Kenyan President, appeared before the judges of the International Criminal Court. This appearance was an unprecedented event; for the first time a head of state in Office appeared before that jurisdiction; accused since March 8, 2011, like his vice-president, of crimes against humanity for his alleged role in the violence that swept the 2007 presidential election. While being the first to appear before the judges of the ICC, he is not the first head of state prosecuted by this court. Sudanese president Omar El-Bashir and the Libyan "Guide" had received arrest warrants since 2009 for the first, and 2011 for the second.Before these ICC prosecutions, only former leaders had appeared before the IMT of the Second World War and the TPIs for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. There is a characteristic common to these first prosecutions, which did not spare either the first investigations of the Prosecutor of the ICC; posed a major problem: that of the effectiveness of the prosecution of leaders in office before international Criminal jurisdictions; and particularly of the International Criminal Court. The ICC's proceedings against leaders during their term of office partially address these concerns.However, the dismissal of charges against the Kenyan President by the Prosecutor on 5 December 2014, and later against his Vice President and the motives for those decisions, but also the impossibility for this jurisdiction to obtain the execution of arrest warrants issued since March 4, 2009 against the Sudanese president put into perspective the issue of the justiciability of the heads of state in office before the ICC.

The transmission of Covid-19 has put Sweden in a new situation with unique challenges for the society and its population. Based on the restrictions and exhortation to stay at home during transmission of Covid-19, concern has been increased about the pandemics potential impact on domestic violence. Newspapers all around the world post warning signs for increased phone calls to social services and hotlines from women who are exposed to domestic violence. Focusing on the Swedish context, this thesis has inquired workers at social services and women's shelters who in particular support and help women, who are victims of domestic violence. The data collection has been focused on how they work with the women during the transmission of Covid-19 to get an understanding of how this might affect their day to day work. The data have been collected through semi-structured interviews and have been analysed through qualitative content analysis. The data has shown that the work has been affected in several ways: with social distance, physical distance in treatment, decreased preventive work, difficulties to reach the women who are controlled by their perpetrators, and the general work in the field with cooperation with other agencies.

Cambodia is a destination, transit, and source country for child sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) and has become particularly vulnerable due to growing tourism, increasing geographic accessibility, and widespread poverty. In the aftermath of SEA, repeated violations of children's rights and deprivation of their childhood occur. This Minor Field Study was conducted on-site in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, to examine the main factors that affect the general perception of child victims exposed to SEA, in the opinion of Action Pour Les Enfants (APLE) professionals. In addition, it highlights the main issue, raised by APLE staff, regarding the absence of legitimate status of victims of SEA in Cambodia. Finally, it assesses the ideal victim theory’s explanatory power when applied to child SEA victimisation in Cambodia. Eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with APLE employees, followed by a thematic analysis. Four main themes were identified: cultural aspects, lack of education, absence of intervention, and offender characteristics. The findings of this study suggest that the assignment of legitimate victim status is highly influenced by cultural aspects and lack of education. This study further identifies the absence of intervention as the key issue of not being assigned legitimate victim status. Finally, the findings suggest that the ideal victim theory overall offers great explanatory value to the absence of legitimate status of child victims of SEA in Cambodia. However, some theoretical limitations are evident. / Kambodja är ett destinations-, transit- och ursprungsland för sexuellt utnyttjande och övergrepp (SEA) av barn. Till följd av växande turism, ökad geografisk tillgänglighet och utbredd fattigdom har barnen i landet blivit särskilt sårbara för SEA. Utsattheten medför upprepade kränkningar av barns rättigheter och berövar dem på deras barndom. Den förevarande mindre fältstudien genomfördes på plats i Phnom Penh, Kambodja. Studien syftar dels till att undersöka vilka huvudsakliga faktorer som påverkar samhällets uppfattningar om barn som utsatts för SEA, enligt anställda på organisationen Actions Pour Les Enfants (APLE). Dessutom ämnar studien, baserat på APLE-anställdas upplevelser, undersöka vilka problem som uppstår till följd av en avsaknad legitim offerroll. Slutligen avser studien att undersöka förklaringsvärdet av den ideala offer-teorin då den appliceras på fenomenet SEA av barn i Kambodja. Åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med anställda vid organisationen APLE. Därefter tillämpades en tematisk analys på det insamlade materialet. Fyra huvudteman identifierades: kulturella aspekter, avsaknad utbildning, utebliven intervention och förövares egenskaper. Resultaten av studien tyder på att tilldelningen av den legitima offerrollen i hög grad påverkas av kulturella aspekter och en avsaknad utbildning. Studien fann vidare att utebliven intervention är det främsta problemet som uppstår till följd av en avsaknad legitim offerroll. Slutligen antyder studiens resultat att teorin om ideala offer innehar ett stort förklaringsvärde vid applicering på offer av SEA i Kambodja. Dock framkom vissa teoretiska begränsningar.

En Cinco horas con Mario, Delibes nos cuenta la historia de una Carmen que representa al sector conservador de la España de la época. Sin embargo, si profundizamos en el texto también nos vamos a encontrar a una Carmen que se rebela y que es víctima del franquismo. Esta tesina tiene como propósito demostrar que en el texto de Delibes va a aparecer una Carmen multifacética que hará que la novela consiga reflejar desde distintos puntos de vista la situación social en la que la mujer se vio envuelta durante el periodo franquista. / In Cinco horas con Mario, Delibes tells us the story of a Carmen who represents the conservative sector of Spain at the time. However, if we delve into the text we will also find a Carmen who rebels and is a victim of Francoism. The purpose of this thesis is to show that a multifaceted Carmen will appear in Delibes' text which will make the novel reflect the social situation in which women were involved during the Franco period from different points of view.