Bakgrund: Att vara patient innebär att befinna sig i en utsatt situation. Inom omvårdnad är därför de etiska frågorna av stor betydelse och rätten till värdighet är en grundläggande princip. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll för att bevara och främja patientens upplevelse att bli bemött med värdighet. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka hur sjuksköterskor tänker kring värdighet inom omvårdnad och hur de arbetar för att bevara patienters värdighet i det dagliga omvårdnadsarbetet. Metodbeskrivning: Kvalitativ studie med individuella intervjuer som analyserats genom innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet visar att bemötande, respekt för autonomi, integritet och delaktighet lyftes fram som grundläggande aspekter inom värdighet. Att utgå från individen, skydda kroppen och främja autonomi, genom att utforska vad patienten själv kan göra och därefter främja självständigheten, beskrevs som betydelsefulla faktorer i omvårdnadsarbetet. Slutsats: Intervjupersonerna var samstämmiga kring vad värdighet innebär och hur det kan främjas. Tidspress och stress lyftes som den främsta orsaken som försvårade deras främjande av patientens värdighet. / Background: Being a patient puts you in an exposed position. Therefore the ethical questions within nursing have a significant role, and the right to dignity is a basic principle. The nurse holds a key role to preserve and promote the patient's experience of being met with dignity.   Purpose: The aim was to explore nurses’ thoughts about dignity within nursing and how they work to preserve the patients’ dignity in the daily routine.  Method: Qualitative study with individual interviews that are analyzed through content analysis.  Result: The result shows that personal treatment, respecting autonomy, integrity, and patient participation were highlighted as key aspects within preserving dignity. To emanate from the individual, protect the body, and promote autonomy by exploring what the patient is capable of doing independently and support this, were described as key aspects in nursing.  Conclusion: All the interviewed subjects were consistent in what dignity means and how it can be preserved. Time pressure and stress were flagged as the main reasons of making the promotion of patient dignity more difficult.

Bakgrund: Patientnära rond är ett teamarbete mellan framförallt patient, sjuksköterska och läkare. Ett bra samarbete förbättrar relationen dem emellan. Dessutom har en framgångsrik rond mellan patient och sjukvårdspersonal stor betydelse för att patienten ska kunna få en säker och personcentrerad vård. Därför är det viktigt att få en djupare förståelse för hur patienter och sjukvårdpersonal upplever patientnära rond samt för betydelsen av teamarbetet vid patientnära rond. Syfte: Att belysa vilka effekter patientnära rond har på vårdteam samt att undersöka upplevelsen av patientnära rond utifrån perspektiven från både patienter och sjukvårdspersonal (sjuksköterskor, läkare och medicinstudenter). Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på 14 vetenskapliga originalartiklar. Databaser som användes i studien var PubMed, Cochrane Library, Cinahl, SBU och SveMed. Resultat: Resultatet av denna studie indikerar att både patienter och sjukvårdspersonal upplever en ökad tillfredsställelse vid patientnära rond. Vidare visar resultatet att patientnära rond bidrar till att sjukvårdpersonal kan ge patienter en proaktiv omvårdnad, att samarbetet sjukvårdpersonal emellan blir mer effektivt och att patientnära rond gynnar medicinstudenters utveckling samt ökar studenters tillfredsställelse med sin utbildning. En utmaning som sjuksköterskor upplever i samband med patientnära rond är tidsbegränsning – framför allt upplever de att det tar tid för sjuksköterskor och läkare att synkronisera och koordinera mötet mellan patient och vårdpersonal samt att tid för dokumentation är bristande. Läkare upplever dessutom att deras autonomi minskas i samband med patientnära rond. Slutsats: Överlag kan patientnära rond vara ett effektivt sätt att främja personcentrerad vård. Patientnära rond har en positiv inverkan på teamarbete sjukvårdpersonal emellan samt bidrar till ökad tillfredsställelse hos både patienter och sjukvårdspersonal. Det finns dock behov av ytterligare forskning om patienters upplevelse av patientnära rond och vilka specifika åtgärder som kan vidtas för att sjukvårdpersonalen ska kunna samarbeta på ett mer effektivt sätt. / Background: The ward round is a team collaboration mainly between patient, nurse and physician. A good collaboration enhances the relationship between them. In addition, a successful round between the patient and the medical personnel is of great significance for the patient to have a safe and person-centered care. Therefore it is important to gain a deeper understanding of how patients and medical staff experience ward rounds, as well as of the importance of team work during the ward rounds. Aim: To shed light upon the effects of ward rounding on healthcare teams and to explore the experience of ward rounds from the perspectives of both patients and medical staff (nurses, physicians and medical students). Method: A literature study based on 14 scientific articles. Databases used in the study were PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, SBU and SveMed. Results: The results of this study indicate that both patients and medical personnel experience an increased satisfaction during ward rounds. Furthermore, the results show that ward rounds contribute in making medical personnel provide a proactive care to their patients, that cooperation between medical staff becomes more efficient, and that ward rounding benefits medical students’ development and increases students’ satisfaction with their education. A challenge that nurses experience during ward rounds is time limitation – mainly they experience that it takes time for nurses and physicians to synchronize and coordinate the meeting between patient and medical personnel, and also that the time for documentation is inadequate. Physicians also experience that their autonomy is reduced in relation to ward rounds. Conclusion: Overall, ward rounding can be an effective way to promote person-centered care. Ward rounds have a positive impact on teamwork between medical personnel and contribute to increased satisfaction among both patients and medical staff. However, there is need for further research on patients' perception of ward rounding and which specific measures that can be taken for the medical staff to be able to collaborate more efficiently.

The purpose of this paper is to determine why Mrs. Radcliffe's gothic novels were popular with contemporary readers. Sources include reviews from eighteenth century periodicals, essays of early nineteenth century critics such as William Hazlitt and studies of her work by twentieth century critics. The thesis is organized in four chapters each of which discusses one aspect of her work which particularly pleased her contemporary reviewers and critics: her invention, her attitude toward superstition, her use of poetic justice, and her outlook on nature. These aspects of her work alone did not secure for her the popularity she enjoyed, but, when combined with her ability to create suspense, helped her become one of the most popular writers of her era.

Ward environment as assessed by the Ward Atmosphere Scale was the focus of this exploratory study. The Ward Atmosphere scores of 110 patients hospitalized on two units for acute psychiatric care in a state hospital were analyzed for determining differences along the dimensions of population factors, sex and program change. Significant differences in attitude were obtained on certain of the ten scales for each of the three comparisons. The premise of ward atmosphere being a global entity as implied in the literature was not upheld in this population. Sex differences were noted and introduction of an individualized patient management program evoked significant changes in opinions concerning ward atmosphere. A number of interpretations for these results were offered and implication for future research was suggested.

In this project I explore the environment that surrounds and frames my life experiences. Interests in form, architecture, vernacular typographyand community blend into a photographic documentation—communicating my perceptual experience of Richmond barbershops through public exhibition.

Bakgrund: Patienter som har genomgått kirurgi i tarmen har ofta svårt att komma igång att äta den första postoperativa tiden, trots att tarmfunktionen har återkommit. Ett malnutritionstillstånd med negativ påverkan för kroppen att motstå sjukdom och komplikationer kan uppstå och leda till fördröjd återhämtning och förlängd vårdtid. Det finns sparsamt med studier av patienters perspektiv på sin egen nutrition vid inneliggande vård på sjukhus och här har en kunskapslucka uppmärksammats. Syfte: Syftet var att utforska hur måltidssituationen genomfördes på två kirurgiska vårdavdelningar för patienter som genomgått ett tarmkirurgiskt ingrepp, med specifikt fokus på patientens perspektiv, samt att belysa de hinder och möjligheter som fanns för patienterna till att påverka sitt näringsintag. Metod: Fokuserad etnografisk observationsstudie med efterföljande intervjuer. Etnografisk dataanalys med öppen kodning av handlingsmönster som växte fram till kategorier. Resultat: Patienterna hade en god medvetenhet om sitt sjukdomstillstånd och vad som krävdes för deras tillfrisknande. De hade förståelse för betydelsen av ett gott näringsintag och därmed utfördes också egenvårdshandlingar för att tillgodose dessa behov. De hinder som resultatet visade har indelats i kategorierna kunskapsbrist, fysiska hinder, yttre omständigheter samt personliga förutsättningar. Slutsats: Patienternas personliga förutsättningar behöver tas till vara mer genom en fördjupad dialog mellan patient och sjuksköterska. Utökad patientinformation och patientdelaktighet ses som möjligheter till att förbättra patienternas näringsintag under vårdtiden. Däremot finns yttre omständigheter som inte kan påverkas av sjuksköterskan, som de täta måltiderna, och dessa behöver lyftas i verksamheterna. Den övergripande miljön och rutiner vid måltider kan förbättras med fokus på estetik och platsen för måltiden. / Background: Patients who have undergone intestinal surgery often have difficulties starting to eat during the first postoperative days, despite the fact that the bowel function has returned. As a result, the threat of malnutrition, and its negative effect on the body to resist illness can create complications which may result in delayed recovery and consequently longer stay in hospital. There are sparse studies of patients’ perspectives on their own nutrition in hospital care and a knowledge gap has been noted. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore how mealtime situations were performed in two surgical wards for patients having intestinal surgery, with a specific focus on the patient's perspective, and to identify barriers and opportunities affecting the patients nutritional intake. Method: A focused ethnography observation study with following interviews. Ethnographic data analysis with open coding of patterns of action which developed into categories was used. Result: The patients showed a high awareness about their state of illness and what was needed for their recovery. They understood the importance of a good nutritional intake and therefore self-care actions were performed to satisfy those needs. The obstacles that were shown in the results have been divided into the categories lack of knowledge, physical obstacles, external circumstances and personal conditions. Conclusion: The patients´personal conditions needs to be taken into consideration through a deepened dialogue between the patient and the nurse. Extended patient information and patient participation are seen as opportunities to improve the patients´ nutritional intake during the hospital stay. There are external circumstances that can not be influenced by the nurse, for example the close mealtimes, which needs to be lifted in the hospital organization. The overall environment and hospital routines concerning mealtimes can be improved, focusing on esthetics and the place for the meal intake.

The purpose of this qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual study was to explore and describe nurses’ experiences of hostile behaviour from mentally ill patients in the psychiatric ward of a general hospital and to propose recommendations to the hospital management to support nurses who experienced hostile behaviour from mentally ill patients. Purposive sampling was used to identify the twelve nurses who participated in this study. Data were collected through in-depth face-to-face interviews, drawings and field notes. The data were analysed using Tesch’s descriptive method of open coding and the findings revealed that nurses experienced verbal abuse, physical abuse and sexual harassment from mentally ill patients, and had varied negative and positive responses to these forms of hostile behaviour. Main challenges were identified and recommendations were made to the hospital management to support nurses who experience hostile behaviour from mentally ill patients. / Health Studies / M. A. (Public Health)

Background: The psychiatric care has changed from an institutionalized care towards a more patient-centered care, were ideas such as autonomy and patient participation are raised. The model of Patient-controlled admission has been developed in line with the development. With a focus on a shift of power in the relations between caregiver and patient, with a patient taking more responsibility. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the central components of the care-model of patient-controlled admission through the experiences of patients and caregivers in psychiatry. Method: A scoping study based on the review of seven scientific articles and three empirical qualitative student essays (master-level). Result: Our research of the data was synthesized into three main themes: Responsibility, Trust and Empowerment. Each theme had three subthemes. These themes show how the acquired and lost responsibility affects the patient and health professionals and the importance of a safe and trusting ward. Most importantly for the patient was that control and knowledge about one’s health raises confidence and resulted in empowering. Conclusion: By turning the traditional paradigm around of the caregiver deciding admission in favor of the patient this strengthens autonomy and feelings of empowerment. The availability of a safe space is positive. / Bakgrund: Den psykiatriska vården har ändrats genom åren från ett varaktigt omhändertagande mot en mer personcentrerad vård där tankar kring autonomi och patientdelaktighet lyfts. I linje med utvecklingen så har modellen Självvald inläggning utformats där en maktförskjutning sker i vårdrelationen då patienterna tar mer ansvar i sin vård. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva de centrala komponenterna i vårdformen Självvald inläggning genom patienter och vårdpersonalens upplevelser inom den psykiatriska vården. Metod: En scoping study där sju stycken vetenskapliga artiklar och tre empiriska examensarbeten med kvalitativ ansats på D-nivå har granskats Resultat: Datan sammanställdes i tre teman: Ansvar, Tillit och Egenmakt. Respektive tema hade tre stycken subteman. Dessa teman visar vikten av en trygg och förtroendeingivande avdelning och hur det givna och förlorade ansvaret påverkar patienten och vårdpersonal. Mest återkommande var att kontroll och kunskap kring sin egen hälsa ökade patientens självförtroende och skapade egenmakt. Slutsats: Genom att vända på det traditionella dörrväktar-perspektivet så stärks patientens autonomi, känsla av egenmakt och trygghet i tillgången till ett andrum.

Thesis advisor: Peter Weiler / Between 1866 and 1918, suffragists in Britain campaigned to acquire the vote for women. Opposition to women's suffrage derived mainly from separate spheres ideology – the belief that the genders are inherently different and must fulfill different roles in society. Many scholars claim that the suffragists challenged separate spheres ideology. By comparing the writings of Millicent Fawcett and Frances Cobbe, two prominent suffragists, with the writings of Mary Ward and Violet Markham, two prominent anti-suffragists, this work demonstrates similar themes within the opposing campaigns. More importantly, the similarities indicate that suffragists argued within the context of separate spheres ideology and did not seek to significantly alter traditional gender roles. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2005. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

A batata é uma das culturas de maior importância na produção agrícola da Venezuela. As condições climáticas de baixa temperatura e alta umidade, existentes na região onde normalmente se cultiva a batata, são favoráveis para a ocorrência da Requeima, sendo esta a doença que mais limita a produção de batata em quase todas as regiões produtoras do país. A batata é semeada na Venezuela em variadas condições de altitudes, desde os 400 até 3000 manm, sendo a região Andina (Táchira, Mérida e Trujillo) uma das mais produtoras, portanto, a existência de bases de dados meteorológicas de qualidade é de extrema importância. Nessa região, a densidade de estações meteorológicas que registram a temperatura do ar é muito irregular e pequena, sendo que outro problema é a ocorrência de falhas nas séries históricas diárias de precipitação, o que dificulta os estudos agrometeorológicos associados à determinação do risco climático devido à ocorrência de doenças nas culturas agrícolas. Em decorrência disso e da importância da cultura para o país, propôs-se à realização do presente trabalho, cujos objetivos foram: gerar modelos diários de estimativa da temperatura mínima, máxima e média do ar, empregando-se a regressão linear múltipla, considerando como variáveis independentes às coordenadas geográficas (longitude e latitude) e a altitude, preencher os dados faltantes em séries diárias de precipitação, mediante uma proposta do método do vizinho mais próximo, sendo este aquele determinado a partir da análise de agrupamento (método de Ward, com distância euclidiana); e caracterizar e espacializar o risco de ocorrência da Requeima da batata na região andina da Venezuela, mediante o modelo de previsão proposto por Hyre (1954), cujos dados de entrada são precipitação e temperatura média e mínima diárias. Estes dados foram obtidos de 106 estações meteorológicas pertencentes ao Ministério do Ambiente e Recursos Naturais da Venezuela, para um período de 31 anos (1967-1997). Os modelos obtidos para a estimativa das temperaturas mínima, máxima e média do ar apresentaram em média coeficientes de determinação superiores a 0,90, quando testados com dados independentes, com estimativas livres de erro significativos: índice de concordância d variando de 0,98 a 1,0 e RMSE médio menor que 2 °C. Para a precipitação, empregou-se uma base de dados que inicialmente apresentava um 17% de dados faltantes, o que foi reduzido para 2,5% com o uso do método proposto. Os erros (ME, MAE e RMSE) obtidos foram moderados (MAE 1,7 a 4,0 mm/dia) e o índice de concordância variou de 0,57, para dados diários, a 0,83, quando os dados foram agrupados em valores mensais. A interpolação do risco potencial máximo de ocorrência da Requeima se realizou mediante técnicas de Geoestatística, (Krigagem ordinária) gerando mapas de risco de cada data de semeadura (20), de 1° de janeiro a 15 de outubro. Foram definidos os índices de risco máximo e provável. Esses índices mostraram que a época de maior risco acontece durante o período chuvoso, principalmente nos estados de Táchira e Trujillo. / Potato is one of the most importance crops for Venezuela´s agriculture. However, low temperature and high humidity in the region where potatoes are growed are favorable to Late Blight (Phytophtora infestans) occurrence. Such disease limits the potato production in almost all regions of the country. Potato crop is growed in Venezuela at different altitudes, between 400 and 3000 msnm, being the Andes Region, which include the states of Táchira, Mérida, and Trujillo, the biggest producer. In this region, the existence of a weather database is of extreme importance, but the density of weather stations which measure air temperature is very low and the stations are not very well distributed. Another problem related to weather data is that daily rainfall measurements is not very reliable due to failures and missing data, which causes difficulties for agrometeorological studies associated to climatic risks of diseases occurrence. In function of what was mentioned above and taking into account the importance of potato crop to Venezuela, the objectives of the present study are: to generate models to estimate daily air temperature (average, maximum, and minimum) based on the multiple linear regression and geographical coordinates (latitude, longitude, and longitude); to fill in missing daily rainfall data through a proposed method of the nearest neighboor, which is determined by the cluster analysis (Ward Method, with Euclidean distance); and to characterize and spatialize the climatic risk of potato Late Blight occurrence in the Andes region of Venezuela, based on the forecast model proposed by Hyre (1954), which uses as input daily rainfall and daily average and minimum air temperature. Data used in this study were obtained from 106 weather stations, from the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Venezuela, for a period of 31 years (1967-1997). The obtained models for estimating average, maximum, and minimum air temperatures showed on average determination coefficients (R2) higher than 0.90 when tested with independent data and estimated values free of significant errors: d (agreement index) from 0.98 to 1.00 and average RMSE smaller than 2oC. After to be organized, rainfall data presented a database with 17% of the missing data. Using the proposed method (the nearest neighboor) this percentage fell down to 2.5%. The statistical test of this method showed moderate errors, with MAE between 1.7 and 4.0 mmday-1 and d from 0.57 (daily basis) to 0.83 (monthly basis). The interpolation of the potential maximum climatic risk for Late Blight occurrence was done by Geostatistics, (ordinary Kriging method), generating the map of risks for each sowing date.(20) of January 1st to October 15th. The maximum and most likely risks were then defined. These indexes showed that the period with the highest risk for potato Late Blight occurrence is during the rainy season, mainly in the states of Táchira and Trujillo.