Entre as cinco provas da existência de Deus que Tomás de Aquino apresentou na Summa Theologiae, sobressai a chamada “primeira via”, considerada pelo autor como a “mais manifesta”. Esta dissertação formaliza-a em lógica quantificacional, explicitando cada uma das inferências a fim de julgar sua validade e correção. Depois de explicadas as teses metafísicas que constituem o cenário da discussão — como a doutrina aristotélica das quatro causas e as distinções entre substância e acidente, ato e potência —, são examinadas as objeções de Anthony Kenny (1969) e as sugestões interpretativas de John Wippel (2000) em defesa do raciocínio de Tomás. Mostra-se que a primeira parte, que procura demonstrar a irreflexividade do movimento, é um argumento válido, mas incorreto, por conter uma premissa falsa: aquela que afirma sem restrições a atualidade do movente. Já a segunda parte, o argumento contra o regresso infinito, contém uma ambiguidade que o deixa diante de duas alternativas: ou se trata de uma petição de princípio ou de uma falácia de equivocidade. Dado o fracasso material e formal da prova, é proposta finalmente uma abordagem não-dedutiva do problema. / Among the five proofs of God’s existence presented by Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologiae, the so-called "first way" stands out, for being considered by the author as the "most obvious" one. This dissertation formalizes it in quantificational logic, explaining each of the inferences in order to assess its validity and soundness. After explaining the metaphysical theses that provide the backdrop for the discussion — as the doctrine of the four Aristotelian causes and the distinctions between substance and accident, act and potency — it considers the objections of Anthony Kenny (1969) and interpretive suggestions of John Wippel (2000) in defense of Thomas’ reasoning. It is shown that the first part, which seeks to demonstrate the non-reflexivity of movement, is a valid argument, but unsound, because it contains a false premise: the one that states the mover’s actuality without restrictions. The second part, the argument against the infinite regress, contains an ambiguity that leaves you faced with two alternatives: either it begs the question or it is a fallacy of equivocation. Given the material and formal failure of the proof, a non-deductive approach to the problem is finally proposed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Altieres Edemar Frei.pdf: 966537 bytes, checksum: c6290cc3df33b7dabeafa1f1c68a23e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research which has as its final stop the present essay-dissertation had as its point of departure an investigation concerning the means and the ways of subjectivity crossed, involved, forged and reinforced by the daily movements displayed by the citizens in São Paulo´s underground (considered the most crowded underground system in the world in its peak hours). We understand that in the current stage of sophistication in the control society, in a time defined by some as late capitalism or economic globalization, the politics concerned with accommodating, conditioning and piling up the citizens-users of the underground transportation system demand more emphasis and aesthetical elegance than the semiotic strategies have provided up to now. In our research, we state that biopower politics are being applied in the underground transportation system, and those politics seem to be of high relevance not only to its own operations, as well as to the urban configuration. In this sense, we consider the underground transportation system as a state-device. The underground is a fold of São Paulo metropolis in state of metastasis. Our investigative method was anchored by the theoretical references able to provide lights and follow our hypothesis, and also by the ethnographic incursions done in order to gather samples of the life gapsdisplayed over the electric tracks: stereotypes, boredom, lines of escape, dialogues biopolitical samples, in a wider sense. As results of this investigation, we also present single propositions of intervention on the daily life of underground users, with the suggestion of occupying its sonic territory through a project of audio compositions specially produced to be accessed during the underground trips / A pesquisa que desembarca neste formato de ensaio-dissertação partiu do objetivo de investigar os Modos e Modelos de Subjetivação atravessados, envolvidos, forjados e reforçados em meio aos deslocamentos diários de cidadãos no Metrô de São Paulo neste que já é considerado o mais superlotado do mundo, com mais de dez passageiros por metro quadrado em horários de pico. Entendemos que no atual estágio de refinamento da chamada sociedade de controle, em tempos definidos por alguns de capitalismo tardio ou mundialização da economia, as estratégias para acomodação, condicionamento, empilhamento dos cidadãos-usuários do Metrô exigem mais do que pode alcançar o regime de signos ou as estratégias semióticas até então utilizadas com ênfase e certa elegância estética. Justificamos que são aplicadas estratégias do chamado biopoder de relevância ímpar para a operação do Metrô e, em nossa hipótese, de relevância para a própria configuração urbana. Consideramos, desta forma, o Metrô como um dispositivo-Estado. O Metrô é dobra de São Paulo megalópole em metástase. Nosso método investigativo pautou-se no levantamento ou cartografia de referenciais teóricos que pudessem ilustrar e acompanhar a hipótese levantada, bem como de incursões etnográficas em que foi possível colher amostras das chamadas frestas de vida sobre trilhos eléctricos: clichês, tédio, linhas de fuga, diálogos. Enfim: amostras biopolíticas, em seu amplo sentido. Apresentamos também, entre os resultados obtidos, singelas propostas de intervenção no cotidiano dos usuários do Metrô, com a sugestão da ocupação do seu Território Sonoro, por meio de um projeto-piloto de confecção de conteúdos de áudio para serem acessados durante as viagens de Metrô

This study has adopted the metaphor of �mind-forged manacles� to explore adolescent transformation within an educational context. It does this by examining the experiences of two groups of people who participated in an intensive, one-off personal development program for adolescents, known as Discovery. The first study involves secondary school students for whom the program was part of the school curriculum. The second study consists of an older group of people who did the program during their adolescence and outside the formal education system. The third study is a contemplation of transformation derived from my experience as researcher during the course of completing this thesis. In an attempt to reflect the perspectival worldview from within which the study is created I have drawn on a range of theorists. To integrate their ideas I created three different �lenses� or ways of viewing the data. The first lens is developed from consciousness theory, the second from process philosophy and complex self-organising systems theory, and the third from individual humanistic psychology. The educational pedagogy is holistic and embraces developmental models of thinking and learning. The study uses participant reflection to argue that a program of intentionally focussed challenges, combined with the support that enables these challenges to be successfully met, can be transformational for many young people. It suggests that the complex postmodern world requires teachers to be aware of their own and their students� consciousness, and demands learning experiences that are deliberately focussed on helping the process of consciousness transformation rather than only on achieving predetermined outcomes. Transformation is understood as a shift to a different order of consciousness in which it is how one sees rather than what one sees that changes. With each shift towards a new order of consciousness the mind-forged manacles are loosed and individuals accept increasing responsibility for their lives and how they live them. Educational programs can be developed to assist this process.

<p>In this essay, I will look at three different Compulsory comprehensive schools in one community and I will compare final grades from students who graduated in spring 2006. I will also examine how the three schools work with students, and in what way they approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties, so that they could reach goals set by The Swedish National Agency for Education. The aim with this essay is to show differences between schools in the same community and my question is if it is the way you approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties that affects the student’s grades and results.</p><p>The study is concentrating on three schools in one community and students with dyslexia and reading- and writing difficulties that went to those schools. I have spoken to remedial teacher at each school about how they approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties, what kind of methods the use, how they investigate if a student is in need of special help and how they grade their students who are in need of special teaching because of their learning disabilities. This essay will also present different ways of defining dyslexia and how to approach the pedagogic difficulties that will appear in situations where students with reading- and writing difficulties gets exposed and are in need of special education or help.</p><p>The results of this study can only be connected to those schools that have been studied for this exam. The results can not in any way be generalising for all schools in Sweden. However did the study results show that students that went to school 2 reached higher goals than students that went to school 1 or 3. The study also shows that these schools use different ways to work with students with dyslexia and reading- and writing difficulties. But to compare numbers and grades can’t give a fair picture of how each school work with each student so that they develop those skills and knowledge that is seen as necessary to become a democratic member of the society. Because numbers and grades cant tell anything about the student’s disabilities or what kind of knowledge or skills the student is in possession of. Nevertheless can this study when comparing grades, in the most general way, say that students that go to school 2 are more likely to reach goals that are set by The Swedish National Agency for Education.</p>

In this thesis, the relationship between technological innovation and the development of language and thought is analysed. For this purpose, three different fields of technology are investigated: 1) the steam engine, 2) electricity, and 3) motor vehicles, roads and ways. They have all either played an extremely important part in people’s lives, or they are still essential to us. The overall aim is to find out in what ways these inventions and discoveries have helped people to develop abstract thinking and given speakers of English new possibilities to express themselves. Questions being asked are a) if the correlations in experience between the inventions and other domains have motivated new conceptual mappings? b) if the experiences that they provide people with may be used to re-experience certain conceptual mappings, and hence make them more deeply entrenched in people’s minds? and c) if the uses of them as cognitive tools have resulted in meaning extension in the English lexicon? The study is based on metaphoric and metonymic phrases collected from a number of different dictionaries. In the material a large number of metaphorical and metonymic expressions including terms connected to the inventions and discoveries that are part of this thesis are found. As is clear from the expressions, the steam engine, electricity, motor vehicles, roads and ways have all provided us with ample tools for structuring our thoughts, and for conveying our thoughts to others. Primarily, it seems to be the different functions of the discoveries and inventions, or the effects that they have on other objects that have motivated the mappings. In addition to analysing the cognitive role of the inventions that are part of this thesis, some general conclusions concerning the relationship between language, thought and world are suggested.

In this essay, I will look at three different Compulsory comprehensive schools in one community and I will compare final grades from students who graduated in spring 2006. I will also examine how the three schools work with students, and in what way they approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties, so that they could reach goals set by The Swedish National Agency for Education. The aim with this essay is to show differences between schools in the same community and my question is if it is the way you approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties that affects the student’s grades and results. The study is concentrating on three schools in one community and students with dyslexia and reading- and writing difficulties that went to those schools. I have spoken to remedial teacher at each school about how they approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties, what kind of methods the use, how they investigate if a student is in need of special help and how they grade their students who are in need of special teaching because of their learning disabilities. This essay will also present different ways of defining dyslexia and how to approach the pedagogic difficulties that will appear in situations where students with reading- and writing difficulties gets exposed and are in need of special education or help. The results of this study can only be connected to those schools that have been studied for this exam. The results can not in any way be generalising for all schools in Sweden. However did the study results show that students that went to school 2 reached higher goals than students that went to school 1 or 3. The study also shows that these schools use different ways to work with students with dyslexia and reading- and writing difficulties. But to compare numbers and grades can’t give a fair picture of how each school work with each student so that they develop those skills and knowledge that is seen as necessary to become a democratic member of the society. Because numbers and grades cant tell anything about the student’s disabilities or what kind of knowledge or skills the student is in possession of. Nevertheless can this study when comparing grades, in the most general way, say that students that go to school 2 are more likely to reach goals that are set by The Swedish National Agency for Education.

This thesis will explore how the Supreme Court of Canada understands and frames the religious ways of the Gitksan and Wet’suwet’en First Nations peoples, in the case Delgamuukw v. British Columbia (1997). The case started as a land claims case but at the Supreme Court level it became about whether Aboriginal oral knowledge could be used as historical evidence in a Canadian court of law, in particular for this dispute, as an aid for First Nations peoples to establish title to their traditional territories. The Court decided that Aboriginal oral knowledge could be used as evidence. This thesis does five things: 1. It examines some of the tools that can be used to examine and evaluate how the religious ways of Aboriginal peoples are discussed in law in Canada. Here it focuses on using a broad understanding of religion as “lived” to understand religion. It also establishes a social-scientific method of discourse analysis, drawn from a number of sources, to evaluate legal documents. 2. This thesis explores the socio-legal context in Canada in which Aboriginal peoples and their claims need to be understood. Here the presence of European and Christian views that are still present in society and social institutions in Canada and the way they affect how Aboriginal religious ways are understood is determined. The characteristics of law that make it difficult for Aboriginal claims to be understood and handled adequately in court in Canada are also investigated. 3. The third aspect that this thesis focuses on the markers of the religious ways of Aboriginal peoples in the Delgamuukw case and how are they understood in the Canadian socio-legal context. Here there is discussion of oral knowledge, land, crests, feasting and totem poles and what each might mean for the Gitksan and Wet’suwet’en peoples and how the legal system might have trouble handling them. 4. Analysis of the Delgamuukw case is the fourth part of this thesis. How the law understands and frames the religious ways of the Gitksan and Wet’suwet’en peoples in the Delgamuukw case are investigated. It is determined that the Court downplayed the religious ways of Aboriginal peoples (by “writing out”, by using vague language to refer to it or by not mentioning it at all); it did not do justice to Aboriginal beliefs by labeling oral knowledge as “sacred”; the Delgamuukw decision fell short of really treating oral knowledge as equal to other forms of historical evidence by excluding oral knowledge with religious content; legal adjudicators made pronouncements on the religious uses of land for the Gitksan and Wet’suwet’en and finally; land was quantified, regulated and title was diminished by the ability for the court to infringe on it. What these actions by the Court suggested about how it understands religion and the religious ways of Aboriginal peoples where also contemplated. It was noted that the law characterized issues and used language in particular ways to avoid discussing religion, to discount it as evidence, and used a Christian understanding of religion to comprehend Aboriginal religious ways, which did not do justice to their beliefs. 5. The last part of this thesis questions whether there other ways in which the law, and the majority of non-Aboriginal peoples in Canada, could come to better understand and handle the religious ways of Aboriginal peoples than they did in the Delgamuukw case. It determines that there are a number of indications that suggest that this is possible including, the unique historical situation of Canada, the teaching and communication skills present in many Aboriginal communities, the space opened surrounding the inclusion of oral knowledge as evidence in law, increasing dialogue with Aboriginal communities, and the current revaluation of history. Nevertheless, there is also an ambivalence on behalf of the law regarding whether or not it will go in the direction that could view Aboriginal religious ways in alternative ways which could result in a better understanding these ways on their own terms. The thesis concludes that according to analysis of the Delgamuukw case, law has difficulty understanding and handling the religious ways of Aboriginal peoples in Canada.

Se ha abordado el análisis e investigación en los protocolos notariales de datos sobre movimientos portuarios acaecidos en Santander durante el siglo XVIII. Se analizaron las múltiples interdependencias originadas como nacionalidades, intervinientes, tipología de embarcaciones, cargas transportadas y rutas adscritas

Abstract This paper studies the audience¡¦s motivation in watching ¡§shopping channels¡¨ in cable television (TV) program, the relationship between watching and shopping behaviors, and investigate factors influence motivation and behaviors. The subjects are cable TV audience. The method is by telephone to find audiences¡¦ response to the questionnaire. Through data collection and statistic analysis the results show that the major motivations for audiences to watch ¡§shopping channels¡¨ are ¡§needs to information¡¨, ¡§entertainments¡¨ and ¡§social activity¡¨. Among these three, ¡§ needs to information¡¨ has the most correspondent. For watching behavior¡¦s aspect, the frequency of receiving ¡§shopping channels¡¨ is low. There are only 4.1% of responding rate in ¡§often watch¡¨ and ¡§daily watch¡¨. The most frequent watching hour is between 19~23 o¡¦clock as the rest of the local people in receiving other programs. However, the watching time is within 30 minutes every time (89.8%). In respect of shopping behavior, there are 57.6% shares of respondent express they will ¡§compare with other stores¡¨ or ¡§to listen to other¡¦s opinion¡¨ before decisions of shopping. This category belongs to reasonable type of shoppers. For shopping frequency, there are about 70% respondents express ¡§never buy¡¨, and around 30% expresses having shopping experiences in cable TV ¡§shopping channel¡¨. Concerning the shopping products, there are mainly 6 categories in sequential. The kitchen utensils share the most (32.4%), followed by ¡§cleaning products¡¨, ¡§fitness products¡¨, ¡§weight lost, weight control or on diet products¡¨, ¡§cosmetics¡¦, and ¡§electronic products¡¨. The study also finds personal traits will influence the audiences¡¦ ¡§watching motivation¡¨ ¡§watching behavior¡¨ and ¡§shopping behavior¡¨. For educational background consideration, the study shows respondents with higher educational level have less watching time and shopping frequencies in ¡§shopping channel¡¨. Hence, this is not the major consuming group for ¡§shopping channel¡¨, in stead they tends to be looking for ¡§entertainments¡¨ purposes. For junior high school level of education have highest shopping frequency (47.5%). Hence ¡§needs to information¡¨ has most of the watching motivation (63.9%). In behaviors wise, students have the least watching frequency and time, belongs to the group of ¡§ listen to other¡¦s opinion, then make decisions¡¨ category. Housewives are the major consuming group for ¡§shopping channel¡¨. The research also finds the ¡§watch time¡¨ will influence the ¡§shopping motivation¡¨. The longer the watching hour is, the stronger the shopping motivation. Shoppers being ¡¨reasonable¡¦ has less watching hour. This means the ¡§watching frequency¡¨ and ¡§watching time¡¨ have positive relationship to shopping behaviors. ¡§Shopping channel¡¨ is one the most popular channels in USA. It is also developing in promising direction with market potential in Mainland China. In Taiwan, as individual system develops, there are many more ¡§shopping channels¡¨ available. This reflects the competing situation. However, while the writer looks for broad casting, or management institutions, there has no study at all focusing on this type of channel yet. This research takes initials of ¡§quantitize¡¨ consideration to provide some contributions in mediating behavior for audiences, system operators, and channel operators.

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