Cette thèse s’intéresse aux parcours de femmes ouest-africaines à Rouen issues de plusieurs pays (Côte d’Ivoire, Guinée Conakry, Mali, Mauritanie, Nigéria, Sénégal). Elle vise à comprendre leurs vécus, leurs histoires, leurs conditions d’immigration et d’intégration dans la société d’accueil. Elle se propose de déconstruire les stéréotypes produits sur les migrantes dans l’histoire, longtemps considérées comme victimes aux droits bafoués. Cette thèse donne à voir les situations d’oppressions multiples et croisées (genre, ethnie, classe) vécues par ces femmes dans le temps et l’espace, à partir de leurs expériences concrètes. Le contexte migratoire leur permet de modifier et réorganiser les rapports sociaux de sexes et de sélectionner les pratiques culturelles de leurs communautés d’origine. Cette recherche se propose d’analyser le processus d’autonomisation et d’émancipation des femmes ouest-africaines à partir de leurs stratégies d’acquisition de pouvoir (travail, associations, réseaux professionnels, technologie, transports). Dans le contexte de mondialisation, les migrantes se positionnent comme actrices du développement économique, parties prenantes du changement social de leur continent. Le choix d’une méthode qualitative, de l’observation prolongée dans le temps du quotidien des femmes et de leurs interactions avec les hommes favorise une immersion dans leur espace personnel. / This dissertation addresses the experiences of West African women in Rouen hailing fromseveral countries of the sub-region (Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea Conakry, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeriaand Senegal). It is aimed at facilitating a better understanding of their lives, their histories, their conditions of immigration and integration in the host society. It seeks to deconstruct thehistorical stereotypes regarding female migrants that have long been viewed as victims ofviolated rights. This dissertation casts light on the situations of multiple and crossed oppressions (gender, ethnicity, class) endured by these women in time and space, based on a series of concrete experiences. The migratory context enables them to modify and reorganize the social gender relations and select cultural practices of their native communities. This research seeks to analyze the process of West African women’s empowerment and emancipation from their power acquisition strategies (work, associations, professional networks, technology, and transports). Against the backdrop of globalization, female migrants position themselves as key stakeholders of economic development and social change in their continent. The option for a qualitative method, and a protracted observation of women’s daily life and their interactions with men required an immersion in their personal space.

Introduction La traite transatlantique, du 15ième au 19ième siècle, a changé radicalement la démographie des Amériques. Des milliers d'esclaves africains ont réussi à échapper aux plantations des colonisateurs européens, et ont formé des colonies indépendantes de peuples libres (ou 'Marron'). Dans notre travail, nous étudions quatre communautés Noir Marron de la Guyane française et du Surinam, ainsi que d'autres populations ayant un héritage africain : Brésil et Colombie, ainsi que des populations d'Afrique de l'Ouest : Bénin, Côte-d'Ivoire et Mali. Afin de définir les différentes histoires démographiques, ces populations ont été caractérisées à l'aide de plusieurs marqueurs génétiques des lignées uniparentales: chromosome Y (17 Y-STR et 96 Y-SNP), ADN mitochondrial (génomes complet), et de données pan-génomiques (4,5 millions de SNP). Résultats Les ADN paternels et maternels ont mis en évidence différents modèles de biais sexuels dans les populations afro-brésiliennes et afro-colombiennes, ce qui suggère des comportements de mariages préférentiels. À l'opposé, les communautés Noir Marron présentent l'origine africaine la plus élevée pour tous les systèmes génétiques analysés (supérieure à 98%). Dans ces communautés, on note l'absence de flux génique avec les groupes non-africains, et également des coefficients de consanguinité très élevés. En accord avec les études linguistiques, les communautés Noir Marron montrent une origine géographique africaine associée aux royaumes historiques de l'Afrique de l'Ouest qui existaient au Bénin durant la traite des esclaves. En accord avec les études historiques, l'origine des afro-colombiens montre des liens génétiques avec la région de la Côte de l'Or, et celle des afro-brésiliens avec la région de l'Afrique centrale. Conclusions Cette étude fournit une importante information génétique sur les afro-américains et nous permet de reconstruire les liens brisés avec leur passé africain. Les communautés Noir Marron montrent une identité africaine très élevée, reliée au Golfe du Bénin. Les populations afro-brésiliennes et afro-colombiennes font apparaitre différentes histoires démographiques en raison de leur passé colonial différent. Confronté avec les études historiques, la génétique permet de mieux appréhender l'identité ethnique africaine sur les deux rives de l'Atlantique. / Background The transatlantic slave trade, from the 15th to the 19th centuries, changed dramatically the demography of the Americas. Thousands of enslaved Africans managed to escape from the plantations of European colonizers, and formed independent African settlements of free people (or 'Marron'). Here, we study four Noir Marron communities from French Guiana and Surinam, as well as other populations with noteworthy African heritage in Brazil and Colombia, and West African populations in Benin, Ivory Coast, and Mali. To uncover different population histories, these populations were specifically characterized using different genetic markers based on 17 Y-STRs, 96 Y-SNPs, whole mtDNA genome, and genome-wide SNP data (4.5 million autosomal SNP). Results Paternally and maternally inherited DNA highlighted different patterns of sex-biased gene flow in both Afro-Brazilian and Afro-Colombian populations that suggest different preferential marriage behaviours. In sharp contrast, the Noir Marron communities presented the highest African ancestry in all genetic systems analysed (above 98%). These communities have apparently a null gene flow with non-African groups, and also present elevated inbreeding coefficients. In good agreement with linguistic studies, the Noir Marron communities showed a biogeographical ancestry associated with historical West African Kingdoms that existed in modern Benin during the slave trade. Afro-Colombians indicated genetic ancestry linked with the Gold Coast region. While Afro-Brazilian genetic ancestry was linked with the West Central African region, also supported by historical research. Conclusions This study provides specific genetic information in African Americans and thereby helps us to reconstruct broken links with their African past. The Noir Marron communities revealed a remarkably high African identity, which is still linked to Bight of Benin region. The Afro-Brazilian and Afro-Colombian populations present different demographic histories because of their different colonial pasts. Within an appropriate historical framework, genetic ancestry can add further understanding of ethnicity in African populations throughout the Atlantic world.

<p>Abstract</p><p>During the last decade many female writers of British decent have focused on identity construction and coming of age. These writers have been especially interested in exploring how people living in the diaspora are trying to cope with their ambivalent feelings towards their mixed cultural heritage. Helen Oyeyemi's <em>The Icarus Girl</em> is one of these novels. The novel depicts a young girl's struggle with the dualism within her, being both British and Nigerian, that threatens to dissolve her self-identity. This essay will explore how <em>The Icarus Girl</em> deals with the theme “double consciousness” (imposed binaries) and how the narrative's structure and stylistic devices enable the story to be read (interpreted) from two different perspectives, thus the narrative's structure offers an ambiguous double reading that corresponds to Jessamy's unresolved doubleness. The first reading suggests that the traumatic experience of “double consciousness“ is left in a status quo, or even being fatal, which in the essay is called the Western reading. The second reading suggests a recovery, i.e. that the young protagonist comes to terms with her mixed cultural heritage, the so-called West-African reading. In pursuing this aim I discuss how “double consciousness” in this novel is a traumatic state of mind transferred from mother to daughter, but also how stylistic devices, belonging to the genre of the fantastic, are used to emphasize the theme and make possible the two different readings.</p>

Abstract During the last decade many female writers of British decent have focused on identity construction and coming of age. These writers have been especially interested in exploring how people living in the diaspora are trying to cope with their ambivalent feelings towards their mixed cultural heritage. Helen Oyeyemi's The Icarus Girl is one of these novels. The novel depicts a young girl's struggle with the dualism within her, being both British and Nigerian, that threatens to dissolve her self-identity. This essay will explore how The Icarus Girl deals with the theme “double consciousness” (imposed binaries) and how the narrative's structure and stylistic devices enable the story to be read (interpreted) from two different perspectives, thus the narrative's structure offers an ambiguous double reading that corresponds to Jessamy's unresolved doubleness. The first reading suggests that the traumatic experience of “double consciousness“ is left in a status quo, or even being fatal, which in the essay is called the Western reading. The second reading suggests a recovery, i.e. that the young protagonist comes to terms with her mixed cultural heritage, the so-called West-African reading. In pursuing this aim I discuss how “double consciousness” in this novel is a traumatic state of mind transferred from mother to daughter, but also how stylistic devices, belonging to the genre of the fantastic, are used to emphasize the theme and make possible the two different readings.

Ce travail présente une analyse de la dynamique sédimentaire du système turbiditique actuel de l’Ogooué (Golfe de Guinée), secteur encore très peu exploré à l’heure actuelle. Il se base sur l’interprétation de données géo-acoustiques (sondeur multifaisceaux et sismique chirp), sédimentologiques (carottes küllenberg et interface) et courantométriques issues de campagnes océanographiques réalisées par le SHOM. L’analyse morpho-bathymétrique détaillée a révélé la diversité des structures morphologiques le long de la marge. Ces observations, associées aux données sédimentaires et courantométriques ont permis de préciser les différents processus de dépôt. La configuration du plateau continental, dont la largeur se réduit fortement vers le Nord va entraîner une variabilité des transferts sédimentaires en profondeur le long du système turbiditique de l’Ogooué. La très faible extension du plateau continental à l’extrémité de l’île Mandji et l’action de la dérive littorale favorisent une sédimentation gravitaire active sous la forme d’écoulements turbiditiques dans le canyon du Cap Lopez ou de glissements sous-marins. Grâce à la comparaison de données bathymétriques à différentes échelles de temps, il a été possible de documenter à très haute résolution les mécanismes d’initiation et de développement d’instabilités ainsi que les processus sédimentaires à l’origine du développement des méandres. En plus des apports détritiques, les écoulements gravitaires initiés dans ce secteur vont également transporter de grandes quantités de matière organique. / This work presents an analysis of the sedimentary dynamic in the Ogooué turbidite system (Gulf of Guinea), previously poorly studied. It is based upon the interpretation of geo-acoustic (multibeam bathymetry and imagery, seismic chirp), sedimentological (Küllenberg and interface cores) and current-meter data recovered during oceanographic cruises conducted by the SHOM. The detailed morpho-bathymetric analysis reveals the diversity of morphological structures along the margin. These observations, combined with current meter and sedimentological data allowed us to determine various depositional processes. The decreasing width of the continental shelf toward the North involves a variability of sediment transfer along the Ogooué turbidite system. The very small extension of the continental shelf at the extremity of the Mandji Island and the action of longshore drift promote active gravitary sedimentation dominated by turbiditic flows in the Cap Lopez canyon or submarine slides.By comparing bathymetric data at different time scales, we document the mechanisms responsible for the initiation and development of instabilities and the sedimentary processes related to meander growth. In addition to detrital fraction, the gravity flows initiated in this area also carry large amounts of organic matter.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This thesis is an appraisal of curriculum development at the Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College and the Dakawa Development Centre established by the ANC in exile, in Tanzania in 1978 and 1982 respectively. In 1960 the ANC went into exile when it was banned under the Unlawful Organisations Act in the wake of the Sharpeville crisis. The ANC's record in the educational arena from 1912 to 1960 was characterized by reactive responses to state policy as it did not have a structured educational programme that it could offer as an alternative to education for blacks. In the post-1960 period it was faced with a new set of priorities, that is, the huge and complex task of re-organising itself both within South Africa and in exile. In 1978 the ANC established its educational institution, the SOMAFCO High School, in Mazimbu, Tanzania, in the wake of the 1976 uprisings in Soweto and elsewhere in South Africa. In 1980 the project was extended by the establishment of the SOMAFCO Primary School, followed by the Dakawa Development Centre in 1982. Three broad emphases came to the fore when the ANC Education Policy was being formulated in the late 1970s: emphasis on Academic Education; emphasis on Political Education and an emphasis on Polytechnic Education. The ANC Education Department claimed to have formulated a clear and concise education policy in 1978 but sharp debates over the appropriate curriculum for ANC education in exile persisted up to 1992, when the institutions were closed and repatriation to South Africa began The main problem being investigated is why there were such divergent views on the appropriate curriculum for ANC education-in-exile from within the ANC, and in the light of this contestation, what happened in reality to curriculum practice at the institutions. The arguments for Academic, Political and Polytechnic Education are contextualized in the curriculum debates of the times, that is, the zo" century international policy discourse, the African curriculum debates and Apartheid Education in South Africa. This study examines how Academic Education, despite the sharp debates, was institutionalised at the SOMAFCO High School. It also analyses the arguments for and various notions of Political and Polytechnic Education as well as what happened to these in practice at the school. The SOMAFCO Primary School went through three phases of curriculum development. The school opened in 1980 under a 'caretaker' staff and without a structured curriculum. During the second phase 1980-1982 a progressive curriculum was developed by Barbara and Terry Bell. After the Bells resigned in 1982, a conventional academic curriculum was implemented by Dennis September, the new principal. There is debate over why the Dakawa Development Centre was initially opened in 1982. lts objectives were identified at the First Dakawa Seminar in 1982. This study examines curriculum development within its structures: the Vocational Training Centre, the Ruth First Education Orientation Centre and the Raymond Mahlaba Rehabilitation Centre. This study analyses whether the Vocational Training Centre was intended to train students in skills required for the construction of Dakawa or whether it would provide Vocational Education which would lead to the attainment of recognized certification for future employment. It examines whether the Ruth First Education Orientation Centre was an educational facility or a security centre. It also examines the nature of rehabilitation at the Raymond Mahlaba Rehabilitation Centre. The other structures like the farm, small industries and other social facilities are also examined. The study finally traces the relocation of the Dakawa Development Centre to Grahamstown in South Africa.

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[pt] Utilizando as contribuições de Karen Barad como quadro ontológico, esta dissertação trata das consequências éticas e políticas da adoção de teorias liberais, construtivistas e novo-materialistas para o estudo do papel da Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) na crise do Mali entre 2020 e 2021. / [en] Using Karen Barad s contributions as an ontological framework, this dissertation inquires about the ethical and political consequences of adopting liberal, constructivist and new-materialist theories in the study of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) role during Mali s crisis between 2020 and 2021.

This paper sheds light on a West African technological landscape of the early twentieth century that transcended the boundaries of various West African population groups and natural environments. The conceptual framework of technological landscape employed in this study serves to explore the everyday spaces and details of trade and transport activities of merchants from Northern Nigeria, as well as the engagement of forest dwellers in Côte d’Ivoire in the trade of gold and other natural resources they cultivated, harvested and produced in the forest. Building on archival materials from Nigeria and Côte d’Ivoire, the paper considers various historical actors who have often been neglected in history of technology narratives but who are certainly relevant in West African (transport) history.

Les États ouest-africains ont fait de l’intégration économique la voie privilégiée pour relever le défi du développement économique dans un contexte international de plus en plus concurrentiel. Ainsi, par le biais d’organisations régionale et sous régionale, la protection du libre jeu de la concurrence est devenue un enjeu communautaire. L’intégration économique régionale ouest-africaine a donc été saisie par le droit de la concurrence. De ce fait, on assiste à l’émergence de droits régionaux de la concurrence au sein de l’Union économique et monétaire ouest africaine (UEMOA) et de la Communauté économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO). Chacune de ces organisations a donc mis en place un droit de la concurrence dans son espace économique. Il en résulte, vu la composition de l’UEMOA et de la CEDEAO, que ces droits communautaires ont vocation à s’appliquer aux États membres de l’Union qui font également partie de la Communauté. Cette particularité de la coexistence de ces règles communautaires de la concurrence en Afrique de l’Ouest méritait qu’on s’y attarde afin d’évaluer leur application, d’analyser l’effectivité et l’efficacité de ces droits. Cette étude comparative s’est attachée à mettre en exergue ce que renferment ces droits, à relever leurs spécificités, tout en mettant en lumière leurs insuffisances. Il apparaît nécessaire de repenser, voire de réformer certains aspects de ces droits afin d’améliorer leurs applications, gage d’une meilleure protection de la libre concurrence en Afrique de l’Ouest. / West African states have made economic integration the preferred way to deal with the challenge of economic development in an increasingly competitive international context. Thus, through regional and subregional organizations, the protection of the free movement of competition has become a community issue.West African regional economic integration has therefore been seized by competition law. From this, we note emerging competition rights in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Each of these organizations has therefore put in place a competition law in its economic area. As a result, given the composition of UEMOA and ECOWAS, these Community rights are intended to be applied to the Member States of the Union which are also part of the Community. The features of the coexistence of these Community competition law in West Africa deserved to be examined in order to evaluate their application, to analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of these rights. This comparative study intends to highlight the contain of these rights, reveal their specificities, while showing their lacks. It’s necessary to rethink or even reform some aspects of these rights to improve their applications, basis for a better protection of free competition in West Africa.