Background: About 3% of new cancer cases affect young adults aged between 15 and 39 years. The young age, the increasing incidence and the relatively good prognosis of this population lead to the growing importance to investigate the psychosocial long-term and late effects. The aims of the AYA-LE long-term effects study are: first, to assess the temporal course and related factors of life satisfaction and psychological distress of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors; and second, to examine a specific topic in each of the yearly surveys in a more differentiated way. Methods: This study represents a continuation of the longitudinal AYA-LE study. The existing sample of AYA cancer patients (t1: N = 577; t2: N = 514; aged between 18 and 39 years at diagnosis; all major tumor entities) was extended by four further survey points (t3: 2018, t4: 2019, t5: 2020, t6: 2021). In addition, a comparison sample of young adults without cancer was collected. We measured longitudinal data for outcomes such as quality of life, psychological distress, and fatigue with standardized questionnaires. Furthermore, each survey point included a different cross-sectional topic (e.g., health behavior, occupational situation, and compliance). Discussion: The AYA-LE long-termeffects study will show the long-termconsequences of cancer in young adulthood. We expect at least complete data of 320 participants to be available after the sixth survey, which will be completed in 2021. This will provide a comprehensive and differentiated understanding of the life situation of young adults with cancer in Germany. The findings of our study enable a continuous improvement of the psychosocial care and specific survivorship programs for young cancer patients.

This thesis investigates the concept of honour and why this is a relevant concept in the teaching of literature in the school subject of Swedish. In order to investigate this I have analyzed two Young Adult books; Heder (2002) and Fallen flicka (2009) by the author Christina Wahldén. These books show how young women of today are systematically subordinated and how their lives are controlled by male relatives. This culturally specific oppression of young women is constituted by ancient concepts of honour, which in turn are interlinked with women’s sexuality and the male control of it. The oppression has its roots in patriarchal and traditional thinking which is specifically characteristic for an honour culture. Both the male as well as the female characters are modeled by the author in order to make a didactic point. She wants to put the oppressive males on display in order to make us (the readers) aware of the horrific situation that many young women of today suffer from. In order to problematize this I apply postcolonial theory. This theoretical approach allows me to question the way in which the characters are constructed in the books. The standpoint which Christina Wahldén takes in writing her books is disputed, and in this thesis I discuss different viewpoints on this matter. On the one hand there are those intellectuals who agree with the above stated. On the other hand there are others who disagree and instead of a clear-cut cultural pattern, view the concept of honour and how it is used in societal debate with great suspicion. For them the finger pointing only cements prejudices and construct clear-cut difference-markers between Us: the good and modern, and Them: the evil and barbaric. Postcolonial theory lends its support to this latter way of thinking. In this thesis I therefore discuss postcolonial theory at lengths. In this discussion I rely on three theorists’ viewpoints in particular: Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak and Homi Bhabha. My own understanding of postcolonial theory is founded on the central thoughts which these theorists advocate. Besides lending its theoretical viewpoints to my readings of Christina Wahldén’s books, Postcolonial theory also influences my didactic discussions. In these discussions I try to explore why, and in what way, Postcolonial theory is applicable to the school subject of Swedish. My own view is that it can be used as a pedagogic tool to enable critical readings. I find this theoretical approach valuable in order for the school subject of Swedish to become a democratic one which engages the students to practice critical thinking and together read, write and discuss texts dealing with the conflicts that surrounds them in today’s multicultural society. In this thesis I argue strongly for this kind of awareness, an awareness which results in an understanding for the purpose of teaching Literature as a way of dealing with topics of significance for the students as members of a democratic society.

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In order to experience unconditional love, prejudices must be exposed and overcome. People often meet others with a disability or handicap and unknowingly treat these individuals negatively. As a middle school teacher, I have often witnessed students behaving cruelly towards those that are different. When my dog became a paraplegic I was inspired to develop a project to assist young readers in the development of conscientious actions towards individuals with disabilities. This document chronicles the development, procedures, and outcomes of the process behind that artistic endeavor. The artistic elements of this thesis project are a written children's storybook and an educational interactive Web site to further teach inclusiveness to young readers. The images are real photos that have been manipulated to look like illustrations that enhance elements that are visually appealing to children in order to increase the images' communication value. The site has been designed to integrate the look and feel of the book, complementing and referencing it

Bakgrund: Globalt sett är psykisk ohälsa som högst bland unga vuxna kvinnor. Kvinnorna vänder sig till primärvården där de får träffa en distriktssköterska. Personer med psykisk ohälsa upplevs vara utmanande att möta. I samhället finns stigmatisering kring psykisk ohälsa som kan ge ett ogynnsamt liv. Forskning visar att resurs- och kunskapsbrist kring ämnet finns. Syfte: Syftet är att belysa faktorer för återhämtning hos unga vuxna kvinnor med psykisk ohälsa. Metod: Studien baserades på självbiografier framtagna från bibliotekskatalogen Libris. En kvalitativ design med en induktiv ansats användes. Resultatet analyserades med en narrativ tematisk analysmetod med ett manifest förhållningssätt. Resultat: Nio självbiografier med utgångspunkt både nationellt och internationellt representerar resultatet. Faktorer framkom genom sju kategorier; behov av en stödjande person, bemötandets betydelse, samtalets betydelse, känslor som stärker, personlig drivkraft, det egna tankemönstret och att hantera tankar och känslor. Faktorerna för återhämtning ansågs vara individuella. Resultatet speglar behov av hjälp från omgivningen vilket skapar förutsättningar för att kunna genomföra resan mot återhämtning. Slutsats: Unga vuxna kvinnor med psykisk ohälsa är i behov av stöd från omgivningen, ett gott bemötande, samtal med andra, bekräftelse av känslor, att förändra sitt tankemönster och hitta sitt sätt att hantera tankar och känslor. Alla behöver hitta sin egen drivkraft. Distriktssköterskan kan med kännedom om dessa faktorer tillsammans med Tidal Modellens synsätt främja en personcentrerad vård i mötet. / Background: In Sweden one of three suffer from cancer only two of three survive. More women than men suffer from cancer because of genetic and unhealthy determinations. Worry, fear and anxiety are common reactions notified of a cancer diagnosis and during the treatment of cancer. It can affect the persons suffering from the disease and their life. Primary care has a coordinating role and will have more responsibility in the future reagarding cancer care. Due to this, that the district nurse must have increased knowledge about patients with cancer in terms of worry, fear and anxiety.  Aim: The aim was to illuminate women's experiences under treatment of cancer. Method: The study has a qualitative design and the data collection was based on eight autobiographical written by women. The study has been analyzed using a narrative thematic analysis. The analysis was performed on a manifest and a latent level. Results: The eight women's experiences of worry, fear and anxiety under treatment of cancer was described in three themes and nine categories. The themes that emerged were: The constant oscillation between safety and rough distress, The importance of making the most of the time and The changes on personal levels. It appears that the feelings oscillated between loneliness under the treatment of cancer and safeness from loved ones. The women found strategies to handle the side effects under the treatment of cancer that affected their personal levels. The women could find vitality despite suffering from the disease and suffering from life.  Conclusion: Women who were under treatment of cancer experienced anxiety over the treatment's long term effects and the risk of relapses. Loneliness, worrying, anxiety and identity crises were common in the result. District nurses, therefore, need to be conscious about the patients' experiences when interacting and treating cancer patients. Through an ethical approach, equal care can be applied and strengthen the dignity for women suffering from cancer.

Background: Diabetes type 1 is a chronic autoimmune disease where insulin manually regulates the glucose level. This is time consuming and demands responsibility. To manage the disease in parallel with current changes in life can be challenging. Aim: The aim was to explore how quality of life is experienced by young adults living with diabetes type 1. Method: A qualitative literature study where 14 articles were founded in the databases PubMed and CINAHL. The articles were reviewed using SBU (2022). The results analysis was made after Popenoe et al., (2021).  Result: It was shown that living with diabetes type 1 caused worry in everyday life and for the future. Adapting created obstacles in everyday life and affected future choices. When the focus was on the disease and the human behind it became secondary it contributed to emotions of frustration. Multiple participants expressed their dissatisfaction when they were associated with the disease and expressed their wish to be “normal”. Living with the disease contributed to both physical and psychological consequences. The constant work was shown to be hard and support from relatives and understanding from others were a crucial part for well-being. Accepting the situation and looking at the positive side increased the quality of life. Conclusion: Young adults have both positive and negative experiences of living with diabetes type 1. If the disease gets accepted by the person or not is the main reason that affects quality of life. By letting the nurse take part of the experience young adults have of the disease, the support can be adjusted to fit the young adults better. / Bakgrund: Diabetes typ 1 är en kronisk autoimmun sjukdom där glukosnivån behöver manuellt regleras med insulin. Detta är tidskrävande och kräver stort ansvar. Att som ung vuxen hantera sjukdomen parallellt med aktuella förändringar i livet kan vara en utmaning. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka unga vuxnas upplevelse av hur diabetes typ 1 påverkar deras livskvalitet.  Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturöversikt där 14 artiklar hittades i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Artiklarna granskades via SBU (2022). Resultatanalysen utgick efter Popenoe et al., (2021).  Resultat: Att leva med diabetes typ 1 visade sig orsaka oro i vardagen och för framtiden. Anpassning till sjukdomen skapade hinder i vardagen och påverkade framtida val. Det bidrog till känslor av frustration då sjukdomen hamnade i fokus och människan bakom blev sekundär. Flera deltagare uttryckte missnöje över att förknippas med sjukdomen och uttryckte önskan av att vara "normal". Konsekvenserna av att leva med sjukdomen var både psykiska och fysiska påfrestningar. Det konstanta arbetet för att kunna hantera sjukdomen visade sig vara tufft och många upplevde att stöd från anhöriga samt förståelse från utomstående var en viktig del för välmåendet. Att acceptera situationen och att se det positiva med diabetes typ 1 ökade de unga vuxnas livskvalitet.  Slutsats: Unga vuxna har både positiva och negativa upplevelser av att leva med diabetes typ 1. Det som främst påverkar livskvaliteten är huruvida personen med diabetes typ 1 accepterar sjukdomen eller inte. Genom att sjuksköterskan får ta del av unga vuxnas upplevelse av sjukdomen kommer anpassat stöd kunna ges.

Bakgrund: Transition kan beskrivas som övergången från en fas, tillstånd eller status i livet till ett annat. Transition mellan barn- och ungdomspsykiatrisk och vuxenpsykiatrisk vård är en viktig hälsofråga, där patienters upplevelser är sparsamt belysta. Tidigare studier har framhållit behovet av att utveckla övergångsprocessen och att då utgå från ett personcentrerat perspektiv med förståelse för ungdomarnas förutsättningar. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att utforska unga vuxnas upplevelser av transitionsprocessen från barn- och ungdomspsykiatrisk vård till specialiserad psykiatrisk vård för vuxna. Metod: Åtta unga vuxna som gjort övergången till vuxenpsykiatrisk vård för mellan ett och fem år sedan intervjuades genom en semistrukturerad intervju. Insamlad data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen genererade tre huvudkategorier: Att bli sedd och bekräftad är grund för delaktighet och att känna sig värdefull, att övergången kan visa sig vara en ny möjlighet och att sammanhållet stöd behövs för tillgång till god och jämlik vård. Studien bekräftar tidigare forskning, som beskriver transitionen som en period där behov av stöd från vården och närstående kan vara avgörande. Samtidigt framkommer upplevelsen av övergången som en möjlighet att växa som människa. Kritiska punkter som kan associeras med positiva och negativa utfall i transitionsprocessen går att urskilja, vilket ligger i linje med studiens utgångspunkt i transition som omvårdnadsteori. Slutsats: Transitionen från barnpsykiatrisk vård till specialiserad psykiatrisk vård för vuxna är ett område där samskapande perspektiv och personcentrerad vård har potential att minska hälsorisker och främja personlig utveckling och återhämtning. Genom att utforska upplevelsen för unga vuxna som genomgått denna transition inom den psykiatriska vården kan studien bidra till ökad kunskap om processens möjligheter och hinder. / Background: Transition can be described as a change from a phase, state or status in life to another. Transition between child and adolescent psychiatric care and adult psychiatric care is an important health issue, where patients' experiences are sparsely highlighted. Previous studies have emphasized the needs of developing the transition process, starting from a person-centered perspective with an understanding of young people's conditions. Aim: The aim was to explore young adults' experiences of the transition process from child and youth psychiatric care to specialist psychiatric care for adults. Method: Eight young adults who made the transition to adult psychiatric care one to five years ago were interviewed using a semi-structured interview. Collected data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis generated three categories: that being seen and validated is the basis for participation and feeling valuable, that the transition may turn out to be a new opportunity and that cohesive support is needed to gain access to good and equitable care. The study confirms previous research that describes the transition as a period where support from care providers and relatives can be crucial. At the same time, the experience of the transition emerges as an opportunity for personal growth. Critical points that can be associated with positive and negative outcomes in the transition process can be distinguished, which is in line with the study's starting point in transition as a nursing theory. Conclusion: The transition to specialized psychiatric care for adults is an area where co-creative perspectives and person-centered care have the potential to reduce health risks and promote personal development and recovery. By exploring the experience of young adults who has undergone this transition, the study can contribute to increased knowledge of opportunities and obstacles during the process.

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In the literature, the experience of ‘care’ and ‘caregiving’ has been well documented and widely researched. Caregivers are recognized as people (family and friends) who provide unpaid substantial care for family members. Over time, research has increased awareness of caregivers as a distinct social group and has also contributed to caregiving being a widely recognized social issue. However, despite this increased awareness and continued concern for caregivers, much of the literature focuses on adult caregivers. As a result, the experiences of other caregiving populations, such as the youth and young adults, continues to be overlooked and underrepresented. Therefore, there is a need to explore and understand the unique experience of this population and how they give meaning to their experiences. Young caregivers (YCs) are children (5-18) and young adults (18-25) who provide substantial (unpaid) care for a family member who has an illness or disability (Stamatopoulos, 2016). Research on this population is scant and there exists many notable gaps in the literature in terms of diversity, age-based differences, programming and best practices for intervention. More specifically, there is a gap in understanding the experiences of young caregivers who are affected by progressive and incurable chronic brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease or a Related Dementia. As such, this dissertation explores the experiences of YACs affected by ADRD, in terms of their personal experiences with ADRD (knowledge, dementia care and care practices), perceptions of their caregiving role and how they navigate the caregiving role. It builds on scholarship on young caregivers to broaden existing knowledge by using a phenomenological approach, known as Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis, to explore their caregiving experiences and the meaning they give to these experiences in-depth (n=12). It also aims to challenge the dominant assumptions about young caregivers by giving voice to this population by situating the young caregivers as the experts in their own lives. Findings indicate that the caregiving experience for YACs is complex, and situated within a larger socio-political context, which impacts the overall experience of care. Overall, the findings contribute to knowledge on the experiences of care among YACs and highlight the need for more inclusive research and practices on addressing caregiving among this group. / Dissertation / Candidate in Philosophy / This dissertation explores the lived experiences of young adult caregivers (YACs) caring for an older adult with Alzheimer’s Disease or a Related Dementia. Research on this group of caregivers is limited, particularly YACs (ages 18-25) who provide substantial (unpaid) caregiving for an older adult affected by Alzheimer’s or a Related Dementia. Therefore, a key aim of this research is to generate awareness and shed light on the nature of caregiving as experienced by this overlooked population of caregivers. As such, this dissertation aims to understand how young caregivers give meaning to, interpret and make sense of their caregiving experience. To understand the caregiving experience of YACs, I conducted interviews with 12 YACs from Canada and the United States and analyzed their perspectives in detail. The findings shed light on the many factors that shape the caregiving experiences. In addition, the findings show that more research is needed to understand the differences amongst young caregivers to better support their needs. In general, the research can contribute to existing knowledge on young adult caregivers, as well as relevant programs and policies.