Varje elev i den svenska skolan har rätt att få kunskap om och insikt i demokratiska principer. Detta är stadgat i den svenska Skollagen och i läroplanen sedan 1946. Skolverket gav 2004 alla svenska skolor i uppdrag att arbeta på ett hälsofrämjande sätt. Elevinflytande och delaktighet i skolan är positiva hälsofrämjande faktorer, genom att eleverna ges möjligheter att själva få påverka sin situation och därmed skapa tillhörighet, sammanhang och meningsfullhet med skolarbete. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur åtta grundskoleelever från åk 9 förklarade och upplevde elevinflytande och delaktighet. Kvalitativ undersökningsmetod användes i form av intervjuer och resultatet från intervjuerna analyserades och relaterades till två huvudområden; det demokratiska och det hälsofrämjande perspektivet. Resultatet av intervjufrågorna visade att informanterna till viss del kunde förklara begreppen elevinflytande och delaktighet, och även relatera till demokratiskt arbete i skolans kontext. Upplevelserna av detta arbete beskrevs som positiva, trygga och meningsfulla. Kopplingen mellan elevinflytande/delaktighet och hälsa blev dock inte tydligt i undersökningen, därtill krävs ytterligare studier. / Every child in Swedish schools should have the right to gain knowledge about and insight in democratic principles related to school matters. This is stated in the Swedish Education Act and in the national curricula since 1946. In 2004 all Swedish schools were commissioned by the National Agency of Education to work in a health promoting way. Democracy, as in influence and autonomy, help young people to protect their health and give opportunities for connectedness and sense of belonging to adolescents own school situation in a positive healthy way. The aim of this study was to investigate how eight pupils from a comprehensive school class (9th degree) perceived and expressed influence and autonomy at school. A qualitative methodology through interviewing was used. The results of the interviews was analyzed and related to two perspectives; the democratic and the health promoting perspective. The findings showed that the informants to a certain extent were able to explain the meaning of, and also relate to some situations connected to influence and autonomy. They described the experiences as being positive, confident and meaningful for them. However, it became difficult to find a distinct connection between the informant´s experienced democracy work and health. Further studies about this coherence are needed.

Samhället och världen vi lever i är föränderlig, kanske mer än någonsin. Det finns en strävan efter tålighet och snabb återhämtning för att på ett så bra sätt som möjligt hantera händelser och förändringar som vi inte kunnat förutse. Robusta samhällen kan anses framstå som önskvärda i en föränderlig värld. Då samhällen består av människor kan det antas att robusta människor skapar goda förutsättningar för robusta samhällen. Syftet med denna studie är att få mer kännedom om hur en robust människa upplevs och om det finns likheter i beskrivningarna av ett robust samhälle och en robust människa. Studien genomfördes i form av tre semistrukturerade intervjuer med tolkande fenomenologisk analys. Tre stycken professionella, som i sin profession mött totalt ca 3000 människor som varit med om större händelser och/eller kriser, intervjuades. Studiens resultat visar att upplevelsen av en robust människa är kärleksfull, ansvarsfull i nuet och känslomedveten: Kärleksfull till sig själv, andra och livet. Ansvarsfull och i nuet, oavsett konsekvenserna Medveten om, och känner, sina känslor och gränser. Studien berör även likheter och skillnader mellan begreppen robust, resiliens, resilient och Känsla Av SAMmanhang (KASAM). Vidare visas att det finns likheter mellan hur robusta samhällen och hur robusta människor beskrivs. Robust samhälle          Robust människa Ekologisk robusthet        Strävar efter god hälsa. Social robusthet             Kan skilja på vad som är sina och andras känslor. Teknisk robusthet           Är kvar i sig själv vid yttre störningar. Studien kommer fram till att robusta människor troligen är en förutsättning för robusta samhällen. / The society and the world we live are in constant change, maybe more now than ever. There is an aim to be robust and to recover fast to be able meet unpredictable events and changes. Robust societies seem desirable in a changing world. Societies consist of individuals and robust individuals can be assumed to create good conditions for a robust society. The purpose of this study is to gain more knowledge regarding how a robust individual is perceived and if there are similarities in the way a robust society and a robust individual are described. The study was conducted using three semi-structured interviews and interpretive phenomenological analysis. Three professionals, who had meet in total about 3000 individuals who had experienced large events and/or crisis, were interviewed. The result of the study demonstrates the experience of a robust individual being loving, responsible in the present and aware of feelings. Loving to himself/herself, others and life. Responsible and in the present, disregarding the consequences Aware of, and feels, his/hers feelings and boundaries. Similarities and differences between robust, resilience, resilient and Sense Of Coherence (SOC) are briefly covered in the study. There are similarities between how a robust society and a robust individual are described. Robust society           Robust individual Ecological robustness    Aims at good health. Social robustness          Able to distinguish between his/her own feelings and others feelings. Technical robustness     Stays as himself/herself when disturbed. The result of the study shows that robust individuals are probably a prerequisite for a robust society.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien är att undersöka och jämföra vilka faktorer i lärares arbetsmiljö i storstad och mindre tätort, som samvarierar med lärares upplevda hälsa. För att uppfylla detta syfte har tre frågeställningar utformats: (1) Vad i arbetsmiljön upplever lärarna som stressorer vilka påverkar deras upplevda hälsa? (2) Vilken roll spelar skolledningen respektive kollegorna för lärarnas upplevda hälsa? (3) Hur korrelerar lärarnas upplevda hälsa med deras fysiska aktivitetsgrad? Metod En kvantitativ metod i form av enkäter har används för att kunna besvara och analysera syftet och frågeställningarna. I huvudsak har enkäten utformats med fasta svarsalternativ. Ett så kallat bekvämlighetsurval har gjorts i val av skolor, där lärare på respektive skola som velat delta i studien har legat till grund för resultatsammanställningen. Total 98 enkäter samlades in och sammanställdes iStatistical Package for the Social Sciences - SPSS- version 19,0. Teoretiska ramverk som användes för analys av resultatet var Antonovskys KASAM-teori samt Karaseks och Theorells Krav-kontroll-stöd-modell. Resultat Studiens resultat visar att det finns en stark korrelation mellan den mentala- och kroppsliga hälsan, både för lärare i storstad (p=0,01) och i mindre tätort (p=0,08). De undersökta lärarna i storstad och mindre tätort upplever att de har en bra mental hälsa och att det är meningsfullt att gå till jobbet. Över 40 % svarar att de ofta (3-5 dagar per veckan) känner att de har egenkontroll, hanterbarhet, meningsfullhet och upplever att de är en del av ett sammanhang. Faktorer som korrelerar med den mentala hälsan är krav från elever, skolledning och sig själv. När det gäller den fysiska miljön är faktorer som påverkar lärarna, i både storstad och i mindre tätort, ljudnivå och renlighet. Skolledningen spelar en stor roll för lärarnas upplevda hälsa, såväl i storstad (p=>0,000) som i mindre tätort (p=0,009). Dock upplever över 50 % av lärarna att de inte har stöd från skolledningen. Lärarna anger att administrativa uppgifter, tid, planering och arbetsklimat är betydelsefulla faktorer som påverkar deras hälsa. Resultatet visar även att den kroppsliga hälsan korrelerar med att vakna utvilad och kunna koppla av. Lärarna i såväl storstad som i mindre tätort upplever att det har en bra kroppslig hälsa. För lärarna i storstad finns det en korrelation mellan stöd från vänner och hur fysisk aktiv du är. Slutsats Slutsatser som kan dras från denna studie är att det inte föreligger stora skillnader mellan lärares upplevda arbetsmiljö och hälsa i storstad och i mindre tätort. Lärarna upplever att de mår bra, både mentalt och kroppsligt. En bidragande faktor till detta är enligt studien att lärarna upplever högt stöd från kollegor samt från vänner och anhöriga. Detta kan tolkas som att stödet utgör en form av copingstrategi, som hjälper lärarna att hantera sin stress – något som även ett flertal tidigare studier lyfter. Studiens resultat leder även fram till slutsatsen att lärare behöver finna balans mellan upplevda krav och finna resurser för att kunna uppleva en känsla av sammanhang. Utifrån krav-kontroll-stöd-modellen gör detta att lärarna upplever en balans i anspänningsgrad. / Aim and questions The study aims to examine and compare which factors in teachers’ work environment, in both metropolitan and small urban areas, correlate with teachers' perceived health. To meet this aim, three questions were designed: (1) What do teachers experience as stress factors in their work environment affecting their health? (2) What influence do the school management and colleagues have on their perceived health? (3) How does the teachers' perceived health correlate with their physical activity level? Method A quantitative method with a questionnaire has been used for the study. In essence, the questionnaire was designed with closed answers. A so-called comfort selection has been made for the choice of schools, where teachers at each school who wanted to participate in the study formed the basis for the collection of data. Overall 98 questionnaires were collected and the statistical analysis was done with help of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - SPSS version 19.0. Theoretical frameworks used were Antonovsky's SOC-theory (Sense of Coherence) and Karasek´s and Theorell´s Requirements-control-support model. Results Our results show that there is a strong correlation between mental and physical health, both for teachers in the metropolitan (p = 0.01) and smaller urban area (p = 0.08). The participants from both areas feel that they have a good mental health and that it makes sense to go to work. Over 40% answer that they often (3-5 days per week) feel that they experience self-monitoring, manageability, meaningfulness as teachers and that they are a part of a context. Factors that correlate with mental health are demands from students, school management and themselves. With regard to the physical environment, factors that affect teachers in both metropolitan and small urban areas are noise level and cleanliness. School management plays a large role in teachers' perceived health, both in metropolitan (p => 0.000) and in smaller urban areas (p = 0.009). However, over 50% of the teachers feel that they do not have support from school management. Teachers indicate that administrative tasks, time, planning and working environment are important factors in relation to their experienced health. The result also shows that experienced physical health among teachers correlates with the feeling of waking up refreshed and the ability to relax. The teachers in both metropolitan and less urban areas feel that they have a good physical health. For teachers in metropolitan areas, there is a correlation between support from friends and how physically active you are. Conclusions A conclusion to be drawn from this study is that there are small differences between teachers’ experienced health and work environment in metropolitan and less urban areas. The majority of the teachers feel they have a experienced health, both mentally and physically, and are doing well. A contributing factor to this could be that teachers experience strong support from colleagues, friends and relatives. This could suggest that social networks constitute a form of coping strategy, which help teachers manage their stress. A high percentage of the teachers seem to find a balance between perceived demands and finding resources to experience the sense of coherence. Based on the demands-control-support model, this means that teachers experience a feeling of balance.

Studiens syfte har varit att undersöka upplevelsen och betydelsen av att få en ADHD-diagnos hos unga kvinnor. Studien har haft en kvalitativ ansats och består av intervjuer med tre kvinnor i åldrarna 24 till 30 år som alla har fått sin diagnos efter tjugo års ålder. Utskrifterna från dessa intervjuer har meningskoncentrerats och har analyserats utifrån känsla av sammanhang, diagnossociologiska tankeströmningar och medikaliseringsbegreppet. De två forskningsfrågor som studien har ämnat besvara har varit dels hur de intervjuade kvinnorna har upplevt att få en ADHD-diagnos och dels vilken betydelse ADHD-diagnosen har haft för de intervjuade kvinnorna. Resultatet visar att kvinnorna i studien upplevde det som mestadels positivt att få en ADHD-diagnos och att diagnosen har ökat deras känsla av sammanhang avseende framför allt begriplighet och hanterbarhet men även avseende meningsfullhet. Att få en diagnos har enligt mina informanter inneburit att de förstår sig själva bättre och att de också har fått en större förståelse från andra. Diagnosen har också fungerat som en förklaringsmodell för ens eget beteende. Förutom att egna beteenden har omdefinierats till att förstås utifrån en medicinsk förklaringsmodell har diagnosen även inneburit att kvinnorna fått tillgång till hjälp och hjälpmedel som exempelvis receptbelagda läkemedel. Det har också underlättat utvecklingen av strategier för att klara av vardagen genom att antingen ”ADHD-säkra” eller använda diagnosen som en felsökningsmanual. Slutligen visar studien, som dess titel skvallrar om, på en alternativ bild av att ha en ADHD-diagnos än den som vanligtvis förmedlas i samhället, där kvinnorna ser på ADHD mer som en uppsättning personlighetsdrag som förvisso kan innebära vissa svårigheter i vardagen men som också för många goda saker med sig så som kreativitet, initiativrikedom och en förmåga att se möjligheter där andra ser problem. / The purpose of this study was to examine the experience and the meaning of being diagnosed with ADHD in young women. The study had a qualitative approach and consists of interviews with three women aged 24 to 30 whom all received their diagnosis after the age of 20. The transcripts from the interviews have been processed through meaning condensation and then content analysis, focusing on sense of coherence, sociology of diagnosis and medicalization. The study aims to answer two questions – how the interviewed women experienced being diagnosed with ADHD and what meaning the diagnosis had for the interviewed women. The results shows that the women in this study mainly had positive experiences of being diagnosed with ADHD and that the diagnosis increased their sense of coherence mainly in regards of comprehensibility and manageability but also regarding meaningfulness. Getting an ADHD-diagnosis has, according to the interviewed women, led to a greater understanding of themselves and also to a more understanding approach from others. The diagnosis has also been used as an explanation model for their own behavior. In addition to own behaviors being redefined to be understood in a medicinal explanation model, the diagnosis has also meant that the women has gained access to help and aids like, for instance, prescription drugs. It has also facilitated the development of strategies for managing everyday life through either “ADHD-securing” and using the diagnosis as a manual for troubleshooting.  Finally, this study shows an alternative picture of having an ADHD-diagnosis that differs from the picture that is usually conveyed in society, where the women in this study perceive ADHD more as a set of personality traits that indeed may cause difficulties in their everyday life but also brings a lot of good things with it, such as creativity, an ability to take initiatives and an ability to see possibilities where others see problems.

Vi har kommit fram till att chefernas reaktioner inte beror på omorganisationen i sig utan hur förändringsprocessen har gått till. Deras reaktioner speglar ett motstånd mot sättet som förändringsprocessen har genomförts på. Det är personerna i organisationen och inte organisationsformen som är det viktiga för cheferna. Vi tycker att de faktorer som påverkar en lyckad förändringsprocess är medarbetarnas delaktighet, möjlighet till en bra dialog innan beslutet är taget, kommunikation samt känsla av sammanhang. / In our thesis, we concluded that the managers' reactions are not due to reorganization in itself but how the change has happened. Their responses reflect a resistance to the manner in which the change has been implemented. There are people in the organization and not organizational form that is important for managers. We think that the factors that influence a successful change is employee involvement, the opportunity for a good dialogue before the decision is taken, communication and sense of coherence.

In the design of a multi-processor System-on-a-Chip (SoC), the bus architecture typically comes to the forefront because the system performance is not dependent only on the speed of the Processing Elements (PEs) but also on the bus architecture in the system. An efficient bus architecture with effective arbitration for reducing contention on the bus plays an important role in maximizing performance. Therefore, among many issues of multi-processor SoC research, we focus on two issues related to the bus architecture in this dissertation. One issue is how to quickly and easily design an efficient bus architecture for an SoC. The second issue is how to quickly explore the design space across performance influencing factors to achieve a high performance bus system. The objective of this research is to provide a Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tool with which the user can quickly explore System-on-a-Chip (SoC) bus design space in search of a high performance SoC bus system. From a straightforward description of the numbers and types of Processing Elements (PEs), non-PEs, memories and buses (including, for example, the address and data bus widths of the buses and memories), our Bus Synthesis tool, called BusSynth, generates a Register-Transfer Level (RTL) Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) description of the specified bus system. The user can utilize this RTL Verilog in bus-accurate simulations to more quickly arrive at an efficient bus architecture for a multi-processor SoC. The methodology we propose gives designers a great benefit in fast design space exploration of bus systems across a variety of performance influencing factors such as bus types, PE types and software programming styles (e.g., pipelined parallel fashion or functional parallel fashion). We also show that BusSynth can efficiently generate bus systems in a matter of seconds as opposed to weeks of design effort to integrate together each system component by hand. Moreover, unlike the previous related work, BusSynth can support a wide variety of PEs, memory types and bus architectures (including a hybrid bus architecture) in search of a high performance SoC.

In this dissertation, we implement efficient lock-based synchronization by a novel, high performance, simple and scalable hardware technique and associated software for a target shared-memory multiprocessor System-on-a-Chip (SoC). The custom hardware part of our solution is provided in the form of an intellectual property (IP) hardware unit which we call the SoC Lock Cache (SoCLC). SoCLC provides effective lock hand-off by reducing on-chip memory traffic and improving performance in terms of lock latency, lock delay and bandwidth consumption. The proposed solution is independent from the memory hierarchy, cache protocol and the processor architectures used in the SoC, which enables easily applicable implementations of the SoCLC (e.g., as a reconfigurable or partially/fully custom logic), and which distinguishes SoCLC from previous approaches. Furthermore, the SoCLC mechanism has been extended to support priority inheritance with an immediate priority ceiling protocol (IPCP) implemented in hardware, which enhances the hard real-time performance of the system. Our experimental results in a four-processor SoC indicate that SoCLC can achieve up to 37% overall speedup over spin-lock and up to 48% overall speedup over MCS for a microbenchmark with false sharing. The priority inheritance implemented as part of the SoCLC hardware, on the other hand, achieves 1.43X speedup in overall execution time of a robot application when compared to the priority inheritance implementation under the Atalanta real-time operating system. Furthermore, it has been shown that with the IPCP mechanism integrated into the SoCLC, all of the tasks of the robot application could meet their deadlines (e.g., a high priority task with 250us worst case response time could complete its execution in 93us with SoCLC, however the same task missed its deadline by completing its execution in 283us without SoCLC). Therefore, with IPCP support, our solution can provide better real-time guarantees for real-time systems. To automate SoCLC design, we have also developed an SoCLC-generator tool, PARLAK, that generates user specified configurations of a custom SoCLC. We used PARLAK to generate SoCLCs from a version for two processors with 32 lock variables occupying 2,520 gates up to a version for fourteen processors with 256 lock variables occupying 78,240 gates.

Bandgap reference circuits are used in a host of analog, digital, and mixed-signal systems to establish an accurate voltage standard for the entire IC. The accuracy of the bandgap reference voltage under steady-state (dc) and transient (ac) conditions is critical to obtain high system performance. In this work, the impact of process, power-supply, load, and temperature variations and package stresses on the dc and ac accuracy of bandgap reference circuits has been analyzed. Based on this analysis, the a bandgap reference that 1. has high dc accuracy despite process and temperature variations and package stresses, without resorting to expensive trimming or noisy switching schemes, 2. has high dc and ac accuracy despite power-supply variations, without using large off-chip capacitors that increase bill-of-material costs, 3. has high dc and ac accuracy despite load variations, without resorting to error-inducing buffers, 4. is capable of producing a sub-bandgap reference voltage with a low power-supply, to enable it to operate in modern, battery-operated portable applications, 5. utilizes a standard CMOS process, to lower manufacturing costs, and 6. is integrated, to consume less board space has been proposed. The functionality of critical components of the system has been verified through prototypes after which the performance of the complete system has been evaluated by integrating all the individual components on an IC. The proposed CMOS bandgap reference can withstand 5mA of load variations while generating a reference voltage of 890mV that is accurate with respect to temperature to the first order. It exhibits a trimless, dc 3-sigma accuracy performance of 0.84% over a temperature range of -40°C to 125°C and has a worst case ac power-supply ripple rejection (PSRR) performance of 30dB up to 50MHz using 60pF of on-chip capacitance. All the proposed techniques lead to the development of a CMOS bandgap reference that meets the low-cost, high-accuracy demands of state-of-the-art System-on-Chip environments.

<p>Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as a competitive and efficient communication infrastructure for the core based design of System on Chip. Resource (core), router and interface between router and core are the three main parts of a NoC. Each core communicates with the network through the interface, also called Resource Network Interface (RNI). One approach to speed up the design at NoC based systems is to develop standardized RNI. Design of RNI depends to some extent on the type of routing technique used in NoC. Control of route decision base the categorization of source and distributed routing algorithms. In source routing a complete path to the destination is provided in the packet header at the source, whereas in distributed routing, the path is dynamically computed in routers as the packet moves through the network. Buffering, flitization, deflitization and transfer of data from core to router and vice versa, are common responsibilities of RNI in both types of routing. In source routing, RNI has an extra functionality of storing complete paths to all destinations in tables, extracting path to reach a desired destination and adding it in the header flit. In this thesis, we have made an effort towards designing and prototyping a standardized and efficient RNI for both source and distributed routing. VHDL is used as a design language and prototyping of both types RNI has been carried out on Altera DE2 FPGA board. Testing of RNI was conducted by using Nios II soft core. Simulation results show that the best case flit latency, for both types RNI is 4 clock cycles. RNI design is also resource efficient because it consumes only 2% of the available resources on the target platform.</p>

Bei der Entwickelung von System-on-Chip (SoC) Debuggern ist es leider hinreichend oft erforderlich den Debugger selbst auf mögliche Fehler zu untersuchen. Da alle ernstzunehmenden Debugger konstruktionsbedingt selbst ein eingebettetes System darstellen, erwächst die Notwendigkeit eine einfache und sicher kontrollierbare Diagnose-Hardware zu entwerfen, welche den Zugang zur Funktionsweise des Debuggers über seine Ausgänge erschließt. Derzeitig ist der Test Access Port (TAP nach IEEE 1149.1-Standard) für viele Integratoren die Grundlage für den Zugriff auf ihre instanzierte Hardware. Selbst in forschungsorientierten Multi- Core System-on-Chip Architekturen wie dem ARM11MP der Firma ARM wird dieses Verfahren noch immer eingesetzt. In unserem Beitrag möchten wir ein Spezialwerkzeug zur Analyse des TAPKommunikationsprotokolles vorstellen, welches den Einsatz teurer Analysetechnik (Logik- Analysatoren) unnötig werden lässt und darüber hinaus eine komfortable, weitergehende Unterstützung für Multi-Core-Systeme bietet. Aufbauend auf der Problematik der Abtastung und Erfassung der Signalzustände am TAP mittels FPGA wird auf die verschiedenen Visualisierungs- und Analyseaspekte der TAPProtokollphasen in einer Multi-Core-Prozessor-Zielsystemumgebung eingegangen. Die hier vorgestellte Lösung ist im Rahmen eines FuE-Verbundprojektes enstanden. Das Vorhaben wird im Rahmen der Technologieförderung mit Mitteln des Europäischen Fonds für regionale Entwicklung (EFRE) 2000-2006 und mit Mitteln des Freistaates Sachsen gefördert.