Abstract  Even though there have been enormous efforts towards the inclusive practices of young children with special educational needs (SEN) globally. Young children with SEN might still have different experiences related to their integration in mainstream environments depending on each school, municipality, country, and country. The study is aimed at exploring the teacher’s accounts of how children with SEN are integrated socially into practice in a mainstream school environment. It also investigates the main challenges faced by special needs children inside their classrooms, as reported by teachers working at one of the mainstream primary schools. The study was based on qualitative semi-structured interviews with five primary school teachers and teaching assistants. Thematic structural analysis was used to identify the study's main themes. These themes were focused on; a) the teachers’ accounts in relation to the social integration among primary school children (with and without) SEN, b) the participation of children with SEN in the social activities of the primary mainstream school, and c) the communication challenges encountered in the teacher/student interactions.  The teachers’ accounts in relation to the social integration among primary school children showed different benefits for children with and without SEN, as well as challenges which act as barriers to the children’s social integration in a mainstream school. The results further showed that the children's participation in the social activities of mainstream school was not as presumed within a mainstream school environment, one of the reasons was the restrictions of Covid 19. Finally, the main challenge encountered in the teachers- students' relations was related to the communication difficulties of children with SEN. In a mainstream school, the social integration of young children with SEN is challenged by several factors that act as barriers to their fullest social involvement.

[pt] Este estudo apresenta uma pesquisa sobre a valorização do trabalho das(os) assistentes sociais inseridas no campo da saúde, no Rio de Janeiro. Objetiva desvelar os aspectos limitantes e potentes presentes no cotidiano do trabalho profissional de assistentes sociais que estiveram atuando na pandemia (2020-2021) e que participam da comissão de saúde do CRESS-RJ. Os esforços teóricos dedicaram-se à análise das categorias Trabalho, Saúde, Serviço Social, Gênero e Raça. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa qualitativa, tendo como instrumental o questionário semiestruturado por meio do google forms, e cuja amostragem compreende 22 (vinte e dois) respondentes. Os resultados demonstram perfil feminino, autodeclarado negro e cisgênero, com experiência de tempo de serviço e tempo de graduação por mais de cinco anos, vínculos estáveis e atuação ativa em outros espaços. Mesmo observado alguns profissionais inseridos em um contexto de precarização, os resultados da pesquisa sinalizam um quantitativo relevante de profissionais que se encontram muito mais em condições estáveis e com atuação ativa. Realidade essa que, embora não apague as dificuldades fruto das disparidades sociais, desvela uma população de classe média. A pesquisa revela a realidade social a que esses profissionais de saúde enfrentam no cotidiano dos serviços e as estratégias de enfrentamento para se manterem ativos em consonância com o projeto profissional. Deste modo, elucida o papel do cuidado na reprodução social como um fator preponderante para a manutenção de realidades de exploração e da manutenção das trabalhadoras em face das Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação. / [en] This study presents research on the appreciation of the work of social workers in the health field in Rio de Janeiro. It aims to reveal the limiting and powerful aspects present in the daily professional work of social workers who were working during the pandemic (2020-2021) and who participate in the CRESS-RJ health committee. Theoretical efforts were dedicated to analyzing the categories of Work, Health, Social Service, Gender and Race. The methodology used was qualitative research, using a semi-structured questionnaire using Google Forms as an instrument, with a sample comprising 22 respondents. The results demonstrate a female profile, selfdeclared black and cisgender, with experience of service and graduation time for more than 5 years, stable relationships and active work in other spaces. Even though we observed some professionals inserted in a precarious context, the research results indicate a relevant number of professionals who are much more in stable conditions and actively working. This reality, although it does not erase the difficulties resulting from social disparities, reveals a middle class population. The research reveals the social reality that these health professionals face in their daily services and the coping strategies to remain active in line with their professional project. In this way, it elucidates the role of care in social reproduction as a preponderant factor in maintaining realities of exploitation and the maintenance of workers in the face of Information and Communication Technologies.

Thesis (MSocialWork)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was the formulation of guidelines for the organising of developmental partnerships, of which the key components may be seen as: • the corporate sector; • the State; and • the non-profit or non-Governmental sector. A literature study was completed, focusing on the partnership strategy within the context of the social developmental approach. In-depth focus was placed on the elements of an effective developmental partnership, as well as the manner in which such a partnership should be organised. An empirical study was completed in order to investigate the nature of the developmental partnership strategy; the characteristics of an effective strategy; and the nature of the various and distinctive organisational components. Data was gathered from a study sample determined by means of purposive selection of developmental partnerships in the Western Cape. This sample comprised four (4) representatives each of the corporate sector, the State and the non-Governmental sector. Three (3) different self-administered questionnaires were used for data-gathering - one type of questionnaire for each of the sectors mentioned. The questionnaires were distributed amongst the twelve (12) respondents - thus, in total comprising four (4) distinctive developmental partnerships. The findings primarily relate to the following three aspects: • the nature of the developmental partnership strategy within the current social developmental context; • the requisite elements necessary for effective developmental partnerships; and • the organisation of these partnerships. Of the various findings, the following may be considered to be of primary significance. A developmental partnership is possible between all the parties, irrespective of the sector where they are involved. The partnerships are, however, increasingly being regulated by means of policy and are thus consequently becoming increasingly formal and institutionalized. All parties are active participants in the developmental partnerships, and contributions by each of the parties are usually made in the form of service provisions or service-producing activities. The parties, however, do attach value or importance to certain specific elements of the partnership - which in tum have a significant influence on determining the effectiveness of that partnership. It is on these principles that the organising of the developmental partnership is based. There are diverse reasons for the concluding of a developmental partnership which generally differ from one partner to the next. The partners in such a developmental partnership are selected according to specific criteria. Certain criteria are of greater significance for certain partners than for others. However, a key element does appear to be a sufficient degree of "cultural fit" between the partners. Certain mechanisms are utilized in order to promote this "fit". Despite the structure of the developmental partnership being adaptable and flexible, there appears to be a strong indication that the partnership is control-assured. The nature of this control is facilitative. The control varies amongst the partners, depending on the current nature of the partnership activities; the competencies of the partners; and the need for growth within the partnership in order to realise its objectives. A further finding concerns the need for clarity regarding the division of tasks or functions and for co-ordination within the partnership in order to ensure its effectiveness. Resources are contributed by the various partners, and thereby any resources, risks and benefits inherent to the partnership are shared amongst its members. The principle of exchange is an integral factor for the success of the partnership. It is this idea of exchange that provides the general framework within which it is determined what each of the partners contribute to the partnership, and what benefits they derive from the partnership. On the basis of these conclusions, as well as the findings made in the literature study, recommendations have been made focusing on the elements that will give rise to effective developmental partnerships and how they should be organised in order to promote the desired success. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om riglyne op te stel vir die organisering van ontwikkelingsvennootskappe. Die korporatiewe sektor, die Staat en die nie-winsgewende of nie-staatsektor is by hierdie unieke vennootskappe betrokke. Ten einde hierdie riglyne op te stel is 'n literatuurstudie gedoen oor die vennootskapstrategie binne die konteks van die maatskaplike ontwikkelingsbenadering. In die literatuurstudie is elemente van 'n effektiewe vennootskap, asook die wyse om so 'n vennootskap te organiseer, indringend ondersoek. 'n Empiriese ondersoek is ook gedoen om die aard van die vennootskapstrategie, die kenmerke van 'n effektiewe vennootskap en die aard van organiseringskomponente te bepaal. Die steekproef vir die ondersoek is bekom deur 'n doelbewuste seleksie van ontwikkelingsvennootskappe in die Wes-Kaap provinsie. Hiervolgens is vier (4) verteenwoordigers van die korporatiewe sektor, die Staat en die nie-staatsektor onderskeidelik by die studie betrek. Daar is gebruik gemaak van drie verskillende selfgeadministreerde vraelyste, een vir elke sektor onderskeidelik. Hierdie vraelyste is versprei na die twaalf respondente. Die twaalf respondente het bestaan uit vier verteenwoordigers van elk van die drie partye betrokke en het dus vier (4) verskillende ontwikkelingsvennootskappe behels. Die bevindings wat gemaak is, hou hoofsaaklik verband met die volgende drie aspekte: • die aard van die vennootskapstrategie binne die huidige maatskaplike ontwikkelingskonteks; • elemente noodsaaklik vir 'n effektiewe vennootskap; en • die organisering van 'n vennootskap. Die belangrikste bevindings was die volgende. 'n Vennootskap is moontlik tussen al die partye, ongeag die sektor waarby hulle betrokke is. Hierdie vennootskappe word toenemend deur beleid gerig, en gevolglik is dit toenemend formeel en geïnstitusionaliseerd. Al die partye is aktief betrokke by die vennootskappe. Bydraes word deur die vennote gelewer in die vorm van diensvoorsienings- of diensproduseringsaktiwiteite. Die vennote heg waarde aan sekere spesifieke elemente in die vennootskap. Hierdie elemente het 'n beduidende invloed op die bevordering van effektiwiteit. Die organisering van die vennootskap wentel om hierdie beginsels. Daar is verskillende redes vir die aangaan van die vennootskap. Hierdie redes kan verskil van vennoot tot vennoot. Vennote vir die vennootskap word volgens spesifieke kriteria geselekteer. Sekere kriteria is meer belangrik vir sommige vennote as vir ander. Wat veral belangrik is, is 'n bevredigende kulturele passing ("cultural fit") tussen die vennote. Sekere meganismes word benut om hierdie passing of verenigbaarheid te bevorder. Alhoewel die struktuur van die vennootskap aanpasbaar en buigsaam is, is daar egter 'n sterk aanduiding dat die vennootskapsbeheer verseker is. Die aard van die vennootskapsbeheer is fasiliterend. Die beheer wissel van vennoot tot vennoot, afhangende van die aard van die aktiwiteite, die bevoeghede van die vennote en die behoefte binne die vennootskap om te groei en sy doelwitte te bereik. 'n Verdere bevinding wat gemaak is, is dat duidelike werkverdeling en -koördinering in die vennootskap noodsaaklik is vir effektiewe samewerking. Die hulpbronne word bygedra deur die onderskeie vennote. Sodoende word hulpbronne, risiko's en voordele wat verbonde is aan die vennootskap tussen die vennote verdeel. Die beginsel van uitruiling is 'n sleutelfaktor vir die sukses van 'n vennootskap. Die idee van uitruiling verskaf die algehele raamwerk vir die analisering van wat partye bydra en voordele wat die vennote uit die vennootskap kry. Op grond van hierdie afleidings en gevolgtrekkings asook die bevindings gemaak in die literatuurondersoek is sekere aanbevelings gemaak. Die aanbevelings fokus op die elemente wat aanleiding sal gee tot 'n effektiewe vennootskap en hoe hierdie ontwikkelingsvennootskappe georganiseer moet word om effektief te wees.

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

人口快速老化與平均餘命的延長，使我們越來越重視老年退休生活，加上高齡者健康、經濟資源的提升，與家庭支持系統轉弱等現代社會特性，鼓勵高齡者從事社會參與乃成為老人福利中的重要課題。台灣地區高齡者從事社會參與的情形為何？影響高齡者從事社會參與的因素有哪些？從事社會參與是否能提升生活滿意度？究竟哪種社會參與面向才是主要影響生活滿意度的因素？均是本研究關注的焦點。首先根據文獻探討高齡者生活滿意度及社會參與的意涵、相關因素與相關研究，並以社會老年學觀點作為本研究的理論基礎。 本研究乃是使用行政院衛生署國民健康局人口與健康調查研究中心執行之「臺灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查系列」1999年調查資料進行次級資料分析，研究樣本為年滿六十五歲以上之高齡者，有效樣本數為2890人，針對所得的資料，以描述統計、單因子變異數分析、卡方檢定、獨立樣本t檢定、點二系列相關、皮爾森積差相關、邏輯迴歸、多元迴歸分析及階層迴歸分析等統計方法進行分析。綜合本研究主要發現，獲致下列結論： 一、高齡者具有社會參與的需求。 二、參加「老人團體」是高齡者社會參與的最愛。 三、意向障礙是阻礙高齡者社會參與的主因。 四、高齡者的社會參與與生活滿意度有關。 五、社會參與面向中，影響生活滿意度最關鍵的因素為「參與程度」。 六、影響高齡者社會參與的因素為，性別、年齡、教育程度、經濟狀況、健康狀況、居住地。 七、影響高齡者生活滿意度的因素為，教育程度、經濟狀況、健康狀況、婚姻狀況、居住安排及有無社會參與。 八、影響有社會參與的高齡者生活滿意度的因素為，教育程度、經濟狀況、健康狀況、居住安排及參與程度。 根據上述研究結論，本研究分別就政府機關、辦理老人社會參與相關機構及高齡者本身提供以下建議：一、對政府機關之建議：(一)健全老人經濟及健康之福利服務；(二)透過社會教育的方式，向老人宣導社會參與對老化調適的好處；(三)廣設老人活動中心，鼓勵並協助老人組成社團；(四)營造高齡者社會參與的無障礙環境。二、對辦理老人社會參與相關機構之建議：(一)排除機構障礙，增加高齡者社會參與的機會；(二)提供多元的社會參與類型，並注重活動進行的品質。三、對高齡者本身之建議：(一)破除意向障礙，積極從事社會參與；(二)從事退休準備，以擁有健康、滿意的老年生活。 / Due to the rapid aging of population and the prolongation of life expectancy, people pay more and more attention on elders’ retirement life. According to the characteristics of modern society, such as elders’ health, increase of economic resources and the obsolescence family support system, encouraging elders to have social participation becomes an important issue of elderly welfare. How is elders’ social participations in Taiwan? What are the key factors of elders’ social participations? Could social participation increase their life satisfactions? Which of the social participation is the main factor that influences life satisfactions? Above are the targets of this study. At first, we probe into life satisfactions, social participation meanings, related factors, and research from bibliography, and we take social gerontology as the theoretical base of this study. This study conducted a secondary data analysis based on the data from 1999 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Middle Aged and the Elderly in Taiwan, provided by the Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health, R.O.C. (Taiwan). The study subjects were elders over 65 years old, and the number of valid samples was 2890. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Chi-square test(X2), Independent-Samples t-test, point biserial correlation, the Pearson product-moment correlation, logistic regression analysis, multiple regression analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. Based on the main findings of this study, we have the following conclusions: 1.Elders have needs of social participation. 2.“The elderly group” is elders’ favorite social participation target. 3.Intention obstacle is the main reason hindering elders’ social participation. 4.Elders’ social participation is related to life satisfaction. 5.The most critical factor in social participation which influences life satisfaction is “participation degree”. 6.The factors influencing elders’ social participation are gender, age, educational level, economic status, health status and residential locations. 7.The factors affecting elders’ life satisfaction are educational level, economic status, health status, marital status, residential arrangement and social participation. 8.The factors affecting the life satisfaction of the elderly who has social participation are educational level, economic status, health status, residential arrangement and participation degree. According to the above conclusions, this study proposes the following suggestions for the governments, institutions dealing with elders’ social participation and elders: 1. Suggestions for the governments: (1) Complete elderly economic and healthy welfare services. (2) Promoting the advantage of social participation on aging accommodation to elders by social education. (3) Constructing elderly community centers, encouraging and helping elders to establish the associations. (4) Constructing the barrier-free environment for elders’ social participation. 2. Suggestions for the institutions dealing with elders’ social participation: (1) Eliminating the obstacles of the institutions to increase probability of elders’ social participation. (2) Providing diverse types of social participation and focusing more on the quality of the activities. 3. Suggestions for elders: (1) Overcoming the intention obstacles to have more social participation. (2) Being prepared for the retirement to have healthy and satisfying elderly life.

Using action research within a critical paradigm framework the author investigated young people’s ability to develop a programme of work that raises awareness of bullying in schools. The research group was made up of six young people, to whom the author and other specialists offered anti-bullying and participatory training techniques. The group eventually designed their own anti-bullying activity programme, which they delivered in creative workshop style sessions to other young people in schools. The author located this research in critical enquiry, engaging the group in a self-reflective process that aimed to be democratic, equitable, liberating and life enhancing. This report is written in the form of a narrative and evaluates the author’s practice as an educative theatre practitioner. Central themes to this research are bullying, power, creative activity and youth participation. Schools, teachers and adults are often described as sucking out the creativity of young people and thus not allowing many of them achieve their full potential. In this context young people are often powerless to deal with some of the difficult issues in their lives such as bullying. The author suggests that peer support is a key strategy to deal with bullying in schools. The author introduces a new concept of peer support called external peer support, which he has evaluated against the current literature. The definition of bullying is explored in depth, as is its relationship to power. The author suggests peer support to be a key strategy in youth participation and ultimately helping youth empowerment.

<p>Multipla skleroza (MS) je hronična, inflamatorna, demijelinizaciona i degenerativna bolest centralnog nervnog sistema koja rezultuje &scaron;irokim spektrom invaliditeta. U sklopu bolesti mogu da se pojave brojni simptomi koji se ispoljavaju kroz poremećaje kognitivnih i motoričkih sposobnosti. Efekti kognitivne i motoričke disfunkcije su veliki i ne utiču samo na obolelog već i na člano e porodice i udruženi su sa socijalnom participacijom osoba sa MS. Ciljevi istraživanja su: utvrditi stepen socijalne participaci je, prisutnost poremećaja kognitivnih sposobnosti (pamćenja, verbalne fluentnosti, vizuo prostorne funkcije, govora i pažnje) i poremećaja motoričkih sposobnosti (manuelnih sposobnosti i hoda) kod obolelih od MS. Istraživanje je sprovedeno tokom 2013. i 2014. godine na Klinici za neurologi ju, Kliničkog centra Vojvodi ne. Uzorak je činilo 108 ispitanika obolelih od MS (relapsno-remitentna forma) starosti od 20 do 53 godine (AS 39,86 godina; SD 8,20 godina). Metode primenjene u istraživanju su: Op&scaron;ti upitnik, Kognitivni skrining audio zapisom (Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen &ndash; ARCS), Tempom uslovljen auditivni test serijskog sabiranja (Paced Auditory Serial Additional Test &ndash; PASAT), Test 9 rupa (9 Hole Peg Test), Test 25 koraka (25 Foot Walk Test), Skala za procenu neurolo&scaron;kog deficita (Expanded Disability Status Scale &ndash; EDSS), Upitnik za procenu socijalne participacije i Skala za procenu invaliditeta 2.0 Svetske zdravstvene organizacije (World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule &ndash; WHO DAS 2.0). Prema na&scaron;im rezultatima, niži stepen neurolo&scaron;kog deficita praćen je vi&scaron;om participacijom i vi&scaron;im nivoom aktuelnog funkcionisanja i obrnuto (r=0,43, p=0,00). Ispitanici sa blagim neurolo&scaron;kim deficitom imaju bolju participaciju (niži skor na WHO DAS 2.0 skali) od osoba sa izraženim neurolo&scaron;kim deficitom. Pozitivna korelacija postoji između stepena poremećaja kognitivnih sposobnosti i stepena neurolo&scaron;kog deficita kod obolelih od MS, odnosno veći neurolo&scaron;ki deficit je praćen pri sutno&scaron;ću kognitivnih deficita (r=-0,27, p=0,00). Osobe bez neurolo&scaron;kog deficita i osobe sa blagim neurolo&scaron;kim deficitom imaju značajno niže skorove odnosno bo lje motoričke sposobnosti i gornjih i donjih ekstremiteta od osoba sa izraženim neurolo&scaron;kim deficitom (p=0,00). Korelacije izme đu kognitivnog funkcionisanja merenog ARCS i aktuelnog nivoa funkcionisanja (invaliditeta) su negativne. Vi&scaron;i stepen invalidnosti praćen je i lo&scaron;ijim kognitivnim statusom. Hijerarhijskom regresionom analizom se proveravao zajednički doprinos svih prediktorskih varijabli u obja&scaron;njavanju ukupne participacije osoba sa MS. Najveći doprinos imaju starost ispitanika, kognitivne sposobnosti i motoričke sposobnosti gornjih ekstremiteta. Rezultati omogućavaju uvid u motoričke i kognitivne sposobnosti obolelih od MS kao i saznanja o faktorima koji utiču na stepen socijalne participacije. Na osnovu ovih rezultata moguće je planiranje programa rehabilitacije i psiho socijalne podr&scaron;ke obolelima od MS. ARCS može da se primenju je kao nova, jednostavna, efikasna i jeftina metoda u skriningu kognitivnih sposobnosti kod obolelih od MS.</p> / <p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating degenerative disease of the central nervous system that results in a vast spectrum of disabilities. As part of the disease, many symptoms can occur that manifest as impairments of cognitive and motor abilities. The effects of cognitive and motor dysfunctions are significant and affect not only the patient but also his/her family, and are associated with the social participation of people with MS. The research objectives were to determine the degree of social participation, the presence of cognitive abilities (memory, verbal fluency, visuo spatial functions, speech and attention) and disorders of motor skills (manual skills and gait) in patients with MS. The study was conducted in 2013 and 2014 at the Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Vojvodina. The sample consisted of 108 patients suffering from the relapsing-remitting form of MS, aged 20-53 years (AS 39,86 years; SD 20,8 years). The methods applied in the study were the General Questionnaire, the Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen (ARCS), the Paced Auditory Serial Additional Test (PASAT), the 9 Hole Peg Test, the 25 Foot Walk Test, the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO DAS 2.0). According to our results, a lower degree of neurological deficit was associated with a higher degree of participation and a higher level of current functioning, and vice versa (r= 0,43, p= 0,00). Subjects with mild neurological deficits had better social participation (a lower score on the WHO DAS 2.0 scale) compared with subjects with severe neurological deficits. A positive correlation was found between the degree of cognitive ability and the degree of neurological deficit in patients with MS, i.e. a greater neurological deficit was accompanied by the presence of cognitive deficits (r = -0,27, p= 0,00). Subjects with no neurological deficits and those with mild neurological deficits had significantly lower scores and better motor skills of both upper and lower extremities, compared with those with severe neurological deficits (p = 0,00). Correlations between cognitive functioning as measured by the ARCS and the current level of functioning (disability) were negative. A higher degree of disability was associated by a worse cognitive status. The hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the joint contribution of all predictor variables to the overall participation of people with MS. The highest contribution was found forage and cognitive and motor skills of upper extremities. The results provide insights in to the motor and cognitive abilities of patients with MS, as well as in formation about the factors influencing the level of their social participation. Based on these results it is possible to plan a program of rehabilitation and psychosocial support to patients with MS. The ARCS may be utilized as a new, simple, efficient and inexpensive method in the screening of cognitive abilities of people with MS.</p>

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

O Sistema Único de Saúde, por meio da Lei Orgânica da Saúde e da lei 8.142/90, destaca a importância do Conselho Gestor de Saúde como instância participativa e representativa dos membros da sociedade, para o exercício do controle social das políticas públicas de saúde. A participação social, nos vários espaços da sociedade, apresenta contradições, podendo se apresentar tanto de maneira legítima como manipulada, ainda que por dentro das instituições do Estado. A dimensão política da participação é compreendida pela Saúde Coletiva, como mecanismo de aprendizado e de organização para o enfrentamento das desigualdades em saúde. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar cartilhas educativas sobre conselho gestor, elaboradas pelas instâncias governamentais, nos âmbitos federal, estadual e municipal e sugerir os elementos essenciais referentes à dimensão política da participação, que devem constituir caderno educativo sobre conselhos gestores, a partir da Saúde Coletiva. Trata-se de análise documental qualitativa, cujas fontes foram o site da prefeitura do município de São Paulo, da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, e do Ministério da Saúde. Selecionou-se três materiais educativos: 1. Cartilha Estadual de Saúde de São Paulo, (2013); 2. Cartilha do Conselho Nacional de Saúde/Ministério da Saúde (2013) e 3. Informe eletrônico do Conselho Municipal de Saúde da Cidade de São Paulo. A análise dos textos das cartilhas foi realizada através de categorias de participação social, definidas a partir do contexto de atuação dentro do Estado. A análise dos conteúdos das cartilhas mostrou inconsistência. A participação social foi considerada democrática-radical e coletiva em diversos temas abordados pelas cartilhas, mostrando-se, no entanto, autoritária e de cooptação no que se refere à escolha dos representantes vinculados à organização governamental, que acontece diretamente relacionada à indicação dos governantes e dos prestadores de serviço. O incentivo à mobilização social, à luta política, à participação dos indivíduos e grupos mostraram-se os grandes conteúdos ausentes quando comparados ao que está normatizado como a sociedade civil organizada em grupos de interesse. Ausentaram-se também os ensinamentos sobre a política no sentido amplo, capazes de expor as contradições sociais fundamentais da sociedade de classes. Ausentou-se ainda a perspectiva de participação que contesta a ordem instituída e que denuncia as contradições na destinação de recursos. Como produto final foi elaborado um caderno educativo para os conselhos de saúde, sobre temas que não são abordados por cartilhas desenvolvidas pelas instâncias governamentais. Sua finalidade é apoiar os usuários, a desenvolverem a participação crítica necessária ao enfrentamento coletivo das contradições sociais e da área da saúde. Os temas são: Estado, Democracia, Participação social e Conselho Gestor. Espera-se que este caderno possa instrumentalizar participantes dos conselhos gestores de saúde a compreender os limites da participação por dentro do Estado e a promover superações nessas formas de participação. / The Lei Orgânica da Saúde (Law 8.080 / 90) and Law 8.142 / 90, that legitimates the Unified Health System, highlight the importance of the Consumer Participation as a participatory and representative body of the members of the society, for the exercise of social control of public health policies. Social participation, in the various spaces of society, presents contradictions, being able to present itself in a legitimate way as well as manipulated, although within the statement´s institutions. The political dimension of participation is understood by Public Health as the mechanism of learning and organization to copying health inequalities. The aim of this study was to analyze educational guides on consumer participation, elaborated by the governmental instances, at the federal, state and municipal levels, and to suggest the essential elements regarding the political dimension of participation, which should be an educational book on consumer participation, based on Public Health. It is a documentary qualitative analisis, whose source were whose sources of search were disposable at the website of São Paulo city, the Health´s Department of the State of São Paulo, and the National Health Department. Three educational materials were selected: 1. State of São Paulo Health Book, (2013); 2. Book of the National Health Council / National Health Department (2013) and 3. Electronic report of the Municipal Health Council of São Paulo´s City. The analysis of the texts from the booklets was done through categories of social participation, defined from the context of acting within the State, showed an inconsistency. Social participation was considered democratic-radical and collective in several themes approached by the booklets, however, it was authoritarian and co-optative in the choice of representatives linked to the governmental organization, which happens directly related to the nomination of the rulers and of service providers. The great absentees were the contents of incentive to the social mobilization, to the political fight, to the participation of the individuals and groups outside the one that is normalized, like the organized civil society in groups of interest. There were also perceived the absence of the political knowledge´s in the broad sense being able to expose the fundamental social contradictions of class society. The final product of this work was an educative material to the Consumer, including themes not pointed out by the government. Its purpose is to support the users, to develop the necessary critical participation in the collective challenge of social and health contradictions. The themes are: State, Democracy, Social Participation and Management Council. It is hoped that this booklet may afford these actors in the consumer participation to understand the limits of participation within the State and to promote overcomings in these forms of participation.

INTRODUÇÃO: A discriminação e a violência de gênero são problemas reconhecidos nas últimas décadas e alvo de políticas públicas, porém seguem presentes de forma muito relevante na nossa sociedade. Como uma das formas de efetivar as políticas públicas voltadas à equidade de gênero, a Secretaria de Políticas para as Mulheres de São Paulo (SMPM) criou os Centros de Cidadania da Mulher (CCM). Nestes espaços são desenvolvidas atividades como a dança do ventre, além de outras práticas corporais, cursos de formação e oficinas de geração de renda. O uso de recursos artísticos e culturais para promover o empoderamento e a redução da vulnerabilidade de gênero é recente e pouco estudado. OBJETIVO: Analisar como vem sendo utilizada a atividade de dança do ventre como recurso para o empoderamento das mulheres, a partir das representações dos profissionais e das usuárias do Centro da Cidadania da Mulher Santo Amaro (CCM-SA) em São Paulo. METODOLOGIA: Investigação qualitativa de caráter etnográfico com triangulação de técnicas. Observação de um grupo de 48 participantes entre iniciantes e avançadas na prática de dança do ventre durante 8 meses. Acompanhamento das apresentações em diferentes lugares públicos de São Paulo, com registro fotográfico, de vídeo e de caderno de campo. Foram realizadas 16 entrevistas semi estruturadas (11 com as dançarinas e 5 com as profissionais do serviço). Foi executada análise de conteúdo do tipo temática acerca das representações sociais das participantes sobre corpo, dança, promoção da saúde e relações de gênero. RESULTADOS: Identificamos dois elementos fundamentais relacionados ao corpo, no processo de transformação na vida das mulheres participantes deste estudo: a ressignificação e a aceitação do corpo. A interação com outras mulheres na prática de dança do ventre foi importante neste processo, na medida em que elas se reconhecem diferentes entre si e distantes do modelo ideal de corpo propagado pela mídia, sem que isto impeça o domínio dos seus limites individuais. Ao mesmo tempo, as atividades de arte e cultura fomentam a criação de vínculos sociais, ampliando a rede social das participantes. A possibilidade de fruição do lazer e a saída do espaço doméstico, limitado ao cuidado da casa e da família, são representadas como transgressores, propiciando uma maior igualdade dos direitos e autonomia para as mulheres. Da perspectiva da promoção da saúde, as mulheres e profissionais compreendem que a dança do ventre gerou benefícios físicos e mentais para as participantes, diminuindo alguns sintomas que as mulheres relataram, melhorando sua qualidade de vida e permitindo estabelecer uma abordagem integral do cuidado. Foi possível observar o incremento da participação das mulheres no espaço público, com a entrada no mercado de trabalho e a volta ao ensino formal estimulado pelas atividades do CCM-SA. Todos estes elementos também propiciaram uma maior organização no grupo para manter as atividades de dança do ventre, inclusive propondo trabalho em cooperativa para financiá-las. CONCLUSÕES: A incorporação das práticas corporais, neste caso da dança do ventre, em um serviço público para o exercício da cidadania e o desenvolvimento das mulheres, é um recurso para a promoção da saúde e o empoderamento coletivo das praticantes, tornando-as visíveis em espaços públicos e deste modo, atuando na via da redução da vulnerabilidade de gênero. É fundamental incluir nas políticas públicas para a efetiva equidade de gênero, não apenas atividades de geração de renda e trabalho, mas também ações de arte e cultura que estimulem a participação ativa, a reflexão e a convivência em igualdade de direitos entre homens e mulheres em sociedade / INTRODUCTION: Discrimination and gender violence are issues that have been recognized and became an aim in public policies in the last decades; however, these issues are still presents in our society. The Secretary of policies for women of São Paulo (Secretaria de Políticas para as Mulheres de São Paulo) (SMPM) based on different public policies that are focused on gender equality, created the Centers of woman\'s citizenship (CCM). In these centers, there are belly dance classes among other bodyworks activities, including educational courses related to financial situation improvement. The application of artistic and cultural sources to promote empowerment has been recently and shortly studied. OBJECTIVE: To analyze how belly dance has been used as a source for health promotion and women\'s empowerment, through the professionals and women\'s representations, which are involved in the Center of woman\'s citizenship Santo Amaro (Centro da Cidadania da Mulher Santo Amaro) (CCM-SA) in São Paulo. METHODOLOGY: Qualitative research of ethnographic character with triangulation techniques. The observation was based on a group of 48 women that practice belly dance from amateur and advance levels. The study included photographic, video and sketchbook register, during performances in different places de São Paulo. In addition, 16 semi-structured interviews were conducted (11 to belly dancers and 5 to professionals of CCM-SA). Finally, a content analysis through thematic type was performed, based on the participant\'s social representations, about body, dancing, health promotion and gender relationships. RESULTS: Two main elements related with body were identified, in the transformation process of the women\'s life that participated in this research: a reframing and body acceptance. The interaction with other women in belly dance practice was important in this process, in which they recognize themselves in a different way, and opposite from the ideal pattern promoted by the media without this prevents the field of their individual limits. At the same time, artistic and cultural activities promote the creation of social bonds, increasing the social network of participants. The possibility to fully enjoy the leisure time and to change the domestic routine (home and family caring), are transgressor factors that provide more gender rights equality and autonomy for women. From promotion health, women and professionals realized that belly dance practice produced physical and mental benefits to the participants decreasing some symptoms that were described by women. In addition, this practice collaborates improving their quality of life and allowing an integral care approach. It was observed the increase of women\'s participation in public space, with the entry into the labour market and educational possibilities, which were stimulated by CCM-SA activities. For instance, all these elements provided more organization to the women\'s CCM-SA in order to keep belly dance activity; also they proposed a kind of cooperative to economical support the activity. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of bodyworks like belly dance, in public centers such as the CCM-SA to citizenship practice and development of women, promote health and women\'s collective empowerment, make them visible to join public spaces, and thus working in the decreasing of gender vulnerability. To promote effective gender equality is fundamental to include into public policies, art and cultural activities to encourage the active women participation and reflection, and not only activities to enlargement their work and formative possibilities