Various prior research studies have investigated the positive and negative effects of an audience on task performance, yet very little research has been conducted specifically on dancers. The focus of this study will be on the interaction between Goal Orientation and Level of Expertise in relation to social facilitation and task performance in ballet dancers. Participants were assessed based on performance with and without an audience at varying levels of expertise. The theory of social facilitation was examined in relation to several subject variables mentioned in background research. The results of this study suggest a trend supporting the hypothesis that a person's reaction to an audience is at least partly dependent on both Goal Orientation and Level of Expertise as explained by drive theory. This study gives dancers valuable insight on personal performance.

Le développèrent rapide de la danse au cours des dernières années et son intégration dans les programmes en art au Ministère de l'Education du Québec, incitent les responsables de l'enseignement à se pencher sur les moyens d'améliorer la qualité de l'intervention dans cette discipline. En danse classique, la connaissance et la maîtrise des critères du placement du corps sont considérées canne des éléments de base essentiels et fondamentaux pour l'apprentissage du vocabulaire (Hardie, 1963; Peterson, 1975; Lee, 1983; Hammond, 1984). La tendance actu elle, en matière d'apprentissage, favorise une approche dite "d'évaluation formative" qui sous-tend un ensemble de moyens susceptibles d'aider l'étudiant à atteindre la réussite des objectifs pédagogiques (Bloom, 1971; DeLandsheere, 1971; Stufflebeam, 1974; Allal, 1982; Scallon, 1983). Cette étude a pour but de vérifier l'efficacité de l'évaluation formative dirigée par le professeur et les étudiants dans le mode d'enseignement réciproque, par rapport à celle dirigée exclusivement par le professeur dans le mode d'enseignement par commandement pour l'apprentissage des critères du placement fondamental du corps en danse classique. Les styles d'enseignement réciproque et par commandement de Mosston (1981) servent de variables indépendantes dans le modèle "prétest, post-test groupe contrôle" de Campbell et Stanley (1969). La technique de "l'incident critique" sert à analyser le degré de plaisir et de satisfaction associés aux deux approches d'enseignement. L'étude s'adresse à une clientèle de trente-quatre étudiants adultes, hommes et femmes, non-initiés à la danse classique. Recrutés parmi les résidents du campus de l'université Laval, les sujets sont choisis, sur une base de participation volontaire, en fonction de l'âge, du sexe et des expériences antérieures de chacun en danse. Les résultats de l'étude révèlent que l'évaluation formative utilisée dans le cadre de l'enseignement réciproque est aussi efficace que celle véhiculée en enseignement par commandement pour l'apprentissage des critères du placement du corps en danse classique. Ainsi, il ressort que les participants ont appris autant dans une approche d'enseignement que dans l'autre. Il semble que les danseurs recevant l'enseignement par commandement trouvent leur récompense dans la répétition des exercices face au miroir et dans l'exécution des enchaînements qui n'imposent pas de contrainte. Il est révélateur de constater que les étudiants apprécient les moments où l'enseignant diminue son intervention directe au profit d'une participation qui laisse une marge de manoeuvre. Les danseurs du groupe d'enseignement réciproque trouvent davantage leur satisfaction dans les échanges avec un partenaire et dans le travail en relation avec la conscience du corps. Il semble que l'évaluation formative véhiculée en enseignement réciproque favorise la conscientisation de l'étudiant dans le processus d'apprentissage des critères d'alignement du corps. / Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2016

Le monde des arts est en pleine effervescence au début du XXe siècle, après le scandale déclenché par l’exposition des œuvres des Fauves au Salon d’Automne de 1905. Loin de cette agitation, les décors de scène sont réalisés par des décorateurs professionnels qui restent attachés aux procédés traditionnels. En 1909, l’arrivée des Ballets russes au Châtelet marque une rupture dans la conception du rôle du peintre dans le ballet. En 1919, alors que la compagnie jouit d’une grande renommée, Serge Diaghilev commande à André Derain les décors et les costumes de La Boutique Fantasque. Au sortir de la guerre où il a servi, Derain saisit cette fabuleuse occasion de remonter sur la scène artistique. Grâce au succès du ballet, c’est une longue série de collaborations fructueuses avec le monde du spectacle qui débute pour le peintre. Entre 1919 et 1953, Derain conçoit les décors et les costumes de deux pièces de théâtre, deux opéras, treize ballets et élabore de nombreux projets qui n’ont jamais été créés. Il rédige également plusieurs arguments, participe à la mise en musique de certaines de ces œuvres, réalisations auxquelles s’ajoutent les idées qu’il apporte à la mise en scène et à la chorégraphie. Cette étude met en lumière l’importance de l’œuvre scénique d’André Derain et ses particularités. Son travail révèle une richesse jusqu’alors méconnue et inexploitée. Notre étude permet ainsi de donner un nouvel éclairage sur le peintre et son œuvre. Artiste accompli et aux multiples facettes, Derain ne s’est pas contenté du rôle de décorateur, sa passion pour la musique et le théâtre l’ont, bien plus encore, amené à se poser en véritable créateur de ballets. / In the early twentieth century the art world was bubbling with excitement following the scandal caused by the exhibition of work by members of the Fauves movement at the 1905 Salon d’Automne. Away from this fuss, stage sets were being created by set designers who remained attached to traditional methods. In 1909 the arrival of the Ballets Russes at Châtelet marked a breaking away from the understanding of the scenic artist’s role. In 1919, when the company was immensely famous, Serge Diaghilev commissioned Andre Derain to create sets and costumes for La Boutique Fantasque. Having served in the War, Derain grasped this fabulous opportunity to return to the world of art. The success of the ballet heralded a series of fruitful collaborations between him and the world of show business. Between 1919 and 1953, Derain created sets and costumes for two plays, two operas and thirteen ballets, as well as working on several uncompleted projects. He also wrote several librettos and was involved in the musical setting of some of these works, achievements that added to the ideas that he brought to the staging and choreography. This research highlights the importance of Derain’s stage work and its special features. This reveals the hitherto unrecognized and untapped wealth of his work. Our study thus sheds a new light on the painter and his creations. A skilled and multi-faceted artist and not content with his role as designer, Derain’s passion for music and theatre begs a true creator of ballets.

Aux alentours de 1830, le romantisme s'impose sur les scènes théâtrales. À une manière nouvelle d'envisager le ballet fait écho une manière nouvelle de le représenter. Celui-ci peine toutefois à se dire pour lui-même, et dans cette bataille du dire, c'est la danseuse, à défaut de la danse, qui devient l'objet principal des représentations. La ballerine cristallise le dualisme essentiel de l'imaginaire romantique et se retrouve au cœur d'une entreprise de mise en légende et de légitimation de l'art chorégraphique. Le dire de la danse passe désormais par une mythographie. L'enjeu ultime est dans la définition du corps romantique de la danse. Les procédures de mythification déterminent un corps proprement décent - le corps glorieux de la danse. Ce corps métaphorique n'est pourtant que l'avers d'un autre corps - le corps terrestre de la danse. Dans les envers du théâtre est ainsi dévoilé le corps de la danse au travail, corps faillible et souffrant, éternel prix à payer de la féerie. / Around 1830, Romanticism prevails on theatre stages. The new perspective on performance as a whole leads to a new perception of ballet. However, ballet struggles to assert its specificity and in the battle of words that unfolds, the ballerina, rather than the ballet, becomes the main focus onstage. The ballerina cristallizes the duality that is key to the Romantic vision. She thus finds herself at the heart of a campaign to elevate her to the status of legend, which is also a way for ballet to gain recognition. The narrative of ballet, from this point onwards, has to rely on a mythography. What is ultimately at stake is the definition of the Romantic dancing body. The mythologizing process creates a chaste body : the glorious dancing body. However, this metaphorical body is but the antithesis of another one : the earthy dancing body. Finally, it is backstage in the theatre that the dancing body is unveiled at work, frail and in pain, forever the price to pay for enchantment.

Cindy McTee, Regents Professor of Composition in the College of Music at the University of North Texas, is one of America's leading composers. Her music is an eclectic blend of the "American" sound that is created by the use of a multiplicity of techniques. This document uses three of McTee's most recent (to date) works for wind band: Timepiece, Ballet for Band and Finish Line, to identify the primary stylistic characteristic's of the composer's music, which include: jazz influence; use of ostinati, pseudo-ostinati and machine-like rhythmic patterns and figures; creation of extended and angular melodic lines; progressive "walking" bass lines; and the use of octatonic and chromatic collections. Through the identification of stylistic characteristics, concise stylistic analysis of the works, interview transcript, list of composer's works to date, and selected discography, this document will add to the limited body of scholarly writing on the composer.

Without dance? – dance knowledge in an expanded perspective   The vocational dancer education in classical ballet's subject-specific intended learning outcomes means many years of dance training that requires sacrifices in other school subjects and other hobbies, without work guarantee. There are more dancers than there are jobs, which is why many people stop dancing after graduation. The survey’s purpose is to investigate what happens over time with the dance knowledge that is generated during the vocational dancer education. Is it still relevant to the person's sphere of life even outside a dance context? Five people, who completed the vocational dancer education in classical ballet in 2011 and 2012 and stopped dancing after graduation, are interviewed. The results are analyzed with a phenomenographic approach, the description categories or result are analyzed to a final outcome space, which indicates, through the ballet´s genre-determined structure and a cognitive thought pattern that is characterized by a given construction to understand the meaning of structure, a unique and profound body knowledge and social adaptability as a consequence of the education. Dance practice enables social adaptability, a visualization of people's complex reality, the understanding of the value of taking varying perspectives to manage and adapt to different people and social contexts.

Thesis (MDram (Drama))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Acknowledging theatrical styles such as physical theatre, Tanztheater and poor theatre as forms of ‘total theatre’, and recognizing that there has been a prolonged process of development to reach such a point, the first chapter investigates the historical divide between dramatic dance and drama as starting point. Subsequently, in considering the body as expressive medium, the impact of content and form on the training of the performers’ body for the theatrical context is also evaluated.

本研究的發問從研究者自身經驗以及大眾媒體內容出發，試圖瞭解成年女性學習芭蕾背後指涉出女性身體、芭蕾文化以及社會性別結構之間的何種關係，並從中探討女性身體在習舞的過程中，扮演何種角色。 對此，在理論的引用上，本研究以人類學的「體現」典範和美國女性主義政治哲學家Iris Marion Young的理論觀點，將女性身體視為一個知覺主體進行分析探討；在研究方法上，則採用「深度訪談法」以及研究者本身的「參與體驗」，以對成年女性的習舞身體經驗進行多方詮釋，從中瞭解該經驗所呈現、調和與轉化女性身體、芭蕾文化和社會性別結構的種種現象與關係。 本研究發現成年女性的芭蕾身體經驗共有三個特質：首先，成年女性在學習芭蕾的過程中，得以覺察自我身體感官，抒解身體壓力，並從社會角色回歸真實自我，對於身體的關注也不再僅集中在視覺觀感，同時也重視身體體驗。芭蕾的身體經驗成為成年女性擺脫社會角色，回歸身體知覺的「她方」國度。 再者，芭蕾身體經驗具有「轉化」的功能。此經驗一方面轉化了成年女性和日常生活的關係，改變成年女性在日常生活的姿態、生活行動的意義，讓成年女性有再詮釋個人與生活世界的能力。另外在「芭蕾學習文化」的部分，成年女性在日漸老化、退化身體的限制下，以親身體驗與實踐，重新定義學習芭蕾的年齡上限與可能性，也藉此展現女性身體的能力、自主與超越性。另外，在本研究也發現，成年女性的身體經驗讓過去象徵為男性凝視的芭蕾文化，轉變成女性自我體察與觀看，而重新定義芭蕾的觀看意義，此乃有別於過去女性主義的芭蕾研究結果。 最後，本研究發現女性身體乃是同時交織主客體面貌的多元身體，亦即女性身體在自我知覺以及社會性別結構之中來回游移，時為主體，時為客體，女性身體遂在自我和社會之間不斷變化其面貌。 女性身體有其能動性，但其也必須在社會性別結構之下扮演其角色，因此對於扮演主客體的女性身體的關注，可能不在於尋求身體的終極解放，而是女性身體如何在結構的限制之下，獲得更多的自主與選擇的可能。在本研究中，成年女性在芭蕾學習經驗中，回歸純然的身體知覺，即開啟女性身體自主的可能與契機。

Estudos sobre a estimação subjetiva de tempo, sob a abordagem da Nova Estética Experimental, utilizam obras de arte (músicas, esculturas e pinturas) como estímulos, buscando revelar quais os processos psicológicos envolvidos na apreciação artística. Alguns desses estudos mostraram que a percepção de movimento de corpos humanos em posições de balé influencia a estimação subjetiva de tempo e que há um efeito do treinamento em artes dos participantes nestas estimações. Outros estudos que utilizaram estímulos acústicos (músicas clássicas de complexidades distintas) também revelaram que a estimação subjetiva de tempo pode estar relacionada com as características das composições. Alguns estudos que abordam a interação som/imagem indicam um domínio do estímulo acústico sobre o visual em tarefas que requerem percepção temporal. O presente estudo propõe a utilização de estímulos acústicos e visuais, com o objetivo de verificar se trechos musicais de diferentes andamentos (rápido e lento) e imagens estáticas com distintas representações de movimento, conjuntamente, afetam a percepção subjetiva de tempo de indivíduos treinados e não treinados em Balé Clássico. No primeiro experimento participaram 58 indivíduos não treinados em dança, e no segundo experimento participaram 49 indivíduos treinados em dança, todos com idade entre 18 e 38 anos de ambos os sexos, os quais foram submetidos a seqüências randômicas de estímulos compostos por um trecho de música clássica e uma imagem de posição de balé clássico. A tarefa dos participantes foi reproduzir o tempo de apresentação dos estímulos sob o paradigma prospectivo. Para controle experimental foram feitos dois grupos: Grupo Controle Imagem (GCI) com 32 participantes e um Grupo Controle Música (GCM) com 25 participantes. A análise dos resultados indica que tanto para bailarinos, como para pessoas não treinadas em dança, o movimento representado nas imagens exerce um efeito nas estimações temporais dos participantes, que pode ser mais ou menos evidenciado dependendo do tipo de andamento musical com o qual é apresentado simultaneamente. Para pessoas não treinadas em dança, a música em andamento lento (Adágio) exerceu um efeito sobre as estimações das imagens que foram estimadas com a mesma duração do tempo real, enquanto que para os indivíduos treinados em dança, foi a música em andamento rápido (Allegro) que exerceu tal efeito. Estes efeitos distintos do andamento musical nas estimações das imagens podem estar relacionados com o treinamento dos participantes, em função da congruência entre o movimento representado nos estímulos e visuais e o andamento musical do estímulo acústico / Subjective Time studies, under the approach of the New Experimental Aesthetics, has been using works of art (music, sculptures and paintings) as stimuli, which seek to reveal the psychological processes involved in artistic appreciation. Some of these studies showed that the perception of motion of human bodies in positions of Ballet influences the subjective estimation of time and that there is an effect of the training in arts by the participants in these estimations. Other studies that used acoustic stimuli (classical music of different complexities) also revealed that the subjective estimation of time may be related to the characteristics of the compositions. Some studies on the interaction sound / image indicate a domination of an acoustic stimulus on the visual tasks which require time perception. This study proposes the use of acoustic and visual stimuli, in order to verify pieces of music of different tempos (fast and slow) and still images with different representations of motion, together, affect the subjective perception of time by trained individuals and not trained in Classical Ballet. In the first experiment involving 58 individuals not trained in dance and in the second experiment involved 49 individuals trained in dance, all aged between 18 and 38 years of both sexes, who were subjected to random sequences of stimuli consisting of a piece of music and an image of classical ballet position. The participants\' task was to reproduce the time of presentation of stimuli under the prospective paradigm. For experimental control groups were made, a Picture Control Group (ICG) with 32 participants and a Music Control Group (GCM) with 25 participants. The results indicate that both dancers and for people not trained in dance, the movement represented in the images has an effect on participants\' time estimations that may be more or less evident depending on the tempo of the music with which it is presented simultaneously. For people not trained in dance the slow music tempo (Adagio) has an effect on the estimations of the images that were estimated with the same length of real time, while those trained in dance, the acoustic stimulus that exerted such influence over the estimates of the temporal images was the music in fast tempo (Allegro). These distinct effects of the tempo of the music in the estimations of the images may be related to the training of participants, depending on the congruence between movement and visual stimuli represented in the tempo of the music and the acoustic stimulus

Espetáculo cênico, divertimento e ritual cortesão simultaneamente, o balé de corte constituiu-se enquanto gênero de espetáculo em fins do século XVI, revelando-se extremamente popular e recorrente na dinâmica de corte francesa até fins do século XVII. Coerente às aspirações poéticas e artísticas humanistas de reconstituição do drama total grego antigo, o balé de corte propõe realizar a fusão das artes, unindo harmoniosamente poesia, música, canto, dança, pintura, cenários, maquinaria, heráldica, enfim, várias artes e artifícios, num grande espetáculo ao mesmo tempo erudito e agradável, sóbrio e divertido. Nesta complexa composição entremeada de tantas artes, a dança ocupava posição de destaque, como também o baile era atividade importantíssima na sociabilidade de corte. Tal espetáculo era realizado predominantemente no ambiente da corte e em reverência ao rei, contando com a participação efetiva - tanto na elaboração quanto na própria cena - dos cortesãos, damas, príncipes, rainha e do rei, estes que se colocavam em cena, dançando e desempenhando papéis os mais diversos. Partindo do estudo dos libretos e das relações/descrições de balés de corte produzidos entre 1610 e 1661 na corte francesa, propõe-se compreender como tal gênero se constrói enquanto representação prescritiva do poder no contexto do Antigo Regime baseado na noção alegórica de \"harmonia\". Assim, investiga-se em que medida o gênero e as composições analisadas constroem alegoricamente uma imagem de harmonia cósmica e política e, a partir de suas linguagens e recursos próprios, de que maneira colabora para reforçar modos de pensar, ser e agir cortesãos, bem como valores morais e pactos políticos que mantêm (artificialmente) o corpo social em ordem. / Scenic spectacle, divertissement and courtly ritual at the same time, the court ballet was composed, as spectacle genre, in the late sixteenth century, proving to be extremely popular and recurrent to the dynamics of French court until seventeenth century\'s last decades. According to the humanistic aspirations in reconstitution of the ancient Greek total drama, court ballet proposes a fusion of the arts, uniting harmoniously poetry, music, singing, dancing, painting, scenery, machinery, heraldry, finally, various arts and devices in a great spectacle, erudite and pleasant at once. In this complex composition of so many interlaced arts, dance occupied a prominent position, as well as dance was a very important activity in the sociability of the court. Court ballet was essentially performed in a courtly ambience and in reverence to the king, with the effective participation of the courtiers, ladys, princes, queen and also the French king in the stage, dancing and performing various roles. Based on the study of the libretti and descriptions of court ballets produced between 1610 and 1661 at the French court, this study proposes to understand how this court spectacle is constructed as a prescriptive representation of power in the context of the Ancien Régime, based on the allegorical notion of \"harmony\". Thus, we investigate how court ballet create an allegorical image of cosmic harmony and how it contributes to strengthen ways of thinking, being and acting of the courtiers, as well as moral values and political pacts that keep (artificially) the social body in order.