[pt] O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar outras possibilidades de diversificação econômica, desvinculadas do setor de óleo e gás, especialmente para os municípios de Macaé e Rio das Ostras, com vistas ao desenvolvimento socioespacial a partir da geração de trabalho e renda. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com os gestores municipais e os atores privados dos municípios de Macaé e Rio das Ostras e com os pesquisadores que desenvolvem trabalhos sobre o tema do desenvolvimento socioespacial na região. Como proposta para fomentar as potencialidades identificadas nos municípios e na região, apoia-se no conceito de governança territorial sustentável, no qual os consórcios intermunicipais podem ser um bom caminho. / [en] The present study aimed to evaluate further possibilities of economic diversification, dissociated from the oil and gas sector, particularly for the cities of Macaé and Rio das Ostras, with a view to socio-spatial development based on work and income generation. So as to achieve this study s objective, semi-structured interviews were conducted with local managers and private actors from the cities of Macaé and Rio das Ostras, and also with researchers who develop works on the topic of socio-spatial development in the region. As a proposal to stimulate the capacities identified in these cities and in the region, the present study relies on the concept of sustainable territorial governance, in which inter-municipal consortia could be a good route.

Sustainability has been framed by the World Commission on Environment and Development as a fundamental concept in human society and by Fiorino (2010) as a critical conceptual focus for public administration over the next decade. A large number of U.S. local governments have implemented sustainability initiatives. Nevertheless, relatively few studies have comprehensively examined sustainability implementation by local governments. This study makes a concerted effort to examine sustainability implementation in U.S. local governments, which have taken the lead in many areas of sustainability. This study also develops a capacity building model to empirically evaluate how organizational strategies and capacities influence sustainability practices at the local level of government through a national survey of U.S. cities with populations over 50,000. The results show that cities are most successful in implementing sustainability initiatives if they develop proper technical, financial, and, particularly, managerial capacities and if they pursue primarily external, bottom-up, more participative, citizen or stakeholder driven strategies. These results suggest a public manager road map for sustainability implementation. From a theoretical perspective, the capacity building model adopted in this study provides a relatively powerful explanation of sustainability implementation, which demonstrates the value of a capacity building model in further studying sustainability implementation.

Climate change can exacerbate violent conflict, create risks to human security, and prevent conflict recovery and peacebuilding in different contexts. Climate change nor conflict is rarely fair and have been argued to have different impacts on gender.In 2000, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1325 on ‘Women, Peace and Security’ which promoted the advancement of women’s position in national agendas of peace and security. It has become increasingly clear that the climate-gender-conflict nexus is critical to both peacebuilding efforts and developing strong communities resilient to climate change impacts. While previous research on the nexus has been dominated by statistical quantitative studies, this seeks to contribute to qualitative research by adopting a qualitative content analysis. Of concern for this study is the implication of vulnerabilities and capacities in National Action Plans that support the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda. Leaning on the CAV Analytical Framework by March et al. 1999, vulnerabilities and capacities have been identified along different categories that focus on different dimensions of power dynamics. The study finds that climate change has primarily been recognized as contributing to the intensification and exacerbation of conflicts over access to natural resources, which in turn has caused vulnerabilities to become greater within all categories of the analysis. Other findings point to a major focus on women's vulnerabilities above those of men, and lastly how implementing bodies have developed promising methods for successful implementation.

Nine Virginia soybeans grown in a single location were compared for their antioxidant properties and isoflavone profiles. The extracts were evaluated for their total phenolic contents (TPC), Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC), and DPPH™ radical scavenging activities. In order to evaluate efficient preparation methods for soybean antioxidants, three Virginia-grown soybeans were extracted using different extraction strategies. The extraction techniques included soxhlet extraction, conventional solvent extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) with 5 different common solvent systems including 50% and 80% aqueous acetone, 50 and 70% aqueous ethanol, and 80% aqueous methanol. The TPC in the soybean extracts and isoflavone compositions were significantly different among cultivars. Malonylgenistin was the major isoflavone in all soybean seeds, accounting for 75-83% of the total measured isoflavones. The V01-4937 variety had the highest total isoflavone and malonylgenistin contents, followed by V03-5794. The antioxidant activities of the soybean extracts were also significantly different. Overall, the V01-4937 soybean was the variety that stood out from the other tested Virginia soybeans because it had the highest TPC, ORAC value, and isoflavone contents as well as the second highest DPPH™ scavenging activity. Ultrasonic treatment improved the extraction of soybean phenolics by more than 50% compared to solvent alone. The UAE with 50% aqueous acetone was the most efficient for extraction of phenolic compounds in the soybean seeds. The conventional and UAE with 70% aqueous ethanol extracts had the highest ORAC values, while the soxhlet methanol extracts had the highest DPPH™ radical scavenging activities. Our results suggest that different extraction technologies have a remarkable effect on soybean antioxidant estimation and the UAE is more appropriate for soybean phenolic extraction because it is less time and solvent consuming than the conventional solvent and soxhlet extractions. The V01-4937 soybean with the highest TPC was evaluated for its antioxidant activity and isoflavone contents in an in vitro digestive system. After gastrointestinal digestion, soybean extracts contained higher TPC and ORAC values than cooked soybean (before digestion) but they were relatively low in DPPH™ radical scavenging capacity. The glucosides, daidzin, genistin, and malonylgenistin showed stability during simulated digestion with 83.3 %, 59.4 %, and 10.7 % recovery, respectively. Aglycones, including daidzein and genistein, were recovered at 37 % and 73.7 %, respectively, after in vitro digestion. In this study, daidzin was the most stable and bioaccessible isoflavone determined using the in vitro digestive system. Among the aglycones, genistein was more stable and bioaccessible than daidzein after digestion. In conclusion, soybean antioxidant activities were different among cultivars and efficient extraction for TPC was found using UAE with 50% aqueous acetone. Furthermore, antioxidant activities were stable during digestion and genistein, within aglycones tested, was the most stable and bioaccessible compound following in vitro digestion. This information may provide manufacturers or researchers information required to develop food or nutraceutical products processed for better bioaccessibility of soybean bioactive components. / Ph. D.

Yes / The validity of the modification factor specified in the ACI 318-11 shear provision for concrete members to account for the reduced frictional properties along crack interfaces is examined using a comprehensive database comprised of 1716 normalweight concrete (NWC) beam specimens, 73 all-lightweight concrete (ALWC) beam specimens, and 54 sand-lightweight concrete (SLWC) beam specimens without shear reinforcement. Comparisons of measured and predicted shear capacities of concrete beams in the database show that ACI 318-11 provisions for shear-transfer capacity of concrete are less conservative for lightweight concrete (LWC) beams than NWC beams. A rational approach based on the upper-bound theorem of concrete plasticity has been developed to assess the reduced aggregate interlock along the crack interfaces and predict the shear-transfer capacity of concrete. A simplified model for the modification factor is then proposed as a function of the compressive strength and dry density of concrete and maximum aggregate size on the basis of analytical parametric studies on the ratios of shear-transfer capacity of LWC to that of the companion NWC. The proposed modification factor decreases with the decrease in the dry density of concrete, gives closer predictions to experimental results than does the ACI 318-11 shear provision and, overall, improves the safety of shear capacity of LWC beams.

This thesis contributes to the theoretical work on decision and game theory when decision makers or players perceive ambiguity. The first article introduces a new axiomatic framework for ambiguity aversion and provides axiomatic characterizations for important preference classes that thus far had lacked characterizations. The second article introduces a new axiom called Weak Monotonicity which is shown to play a crucial role in the multiple prior model. It is shown that for many important preference classes, the assumption of monotonic preferences is a consequence of the other axioms and does not have to be assumed. The third article introduces an intuitive definition of perceived ambiguity in the multiple prior model. It is shown that the approach allows an application to games where players perceive strategic ambiguity. A very general equilibrium existence result is given. The modelling capabilities of the approach are highlighted through the analysis of examples. The fourth article applies the model from the previous article to a specific class of games with a lattice-structure. We perform comparative statics on perceived ambiguity and ambiguity attitude. We show that more optimism does not necessarily lead to higher equilibria when players have Alpha-Maxmin preferences. We present necessary and sufficient conditions on the structure of the prior sets for this comparative statics result to hold. The introductory chapter provides the basis of the four articles in this thesis. An overview of axiomatic decision theory, decision-making under ambiguity and ambiguous games is given. It introduces and discusses the most relevant results from the literature.

Esta dissertação teve por objetivo estudar o desenvolvimento das capacidades de linguagem ligadas à escrita acadêmica em francês dos alunos da graduação em Letras (habilitação em língua francesa) ao longo de um semestre, por meio da análise de suas produções textuais. Para tal, tivemos como objetivos específicos a produção do modelo didático (SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004) do gênero textual artigo científico em francês da área de estudos literários e, a partir dele, a elaboração de uma sequência didática (SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004) visando a ensinar as características do gênero textual em questão para os alunos inscritos na disciplina de graduação Monografia. Com vistas a entender de que forma a atuação do professor, no momento da aplicação da sequência didática (SD), contribui para o desenvolvimento das capacidades de linguagem dos alunos, as aulas da SD foram filmadas e transcritas. Além disso, analisamos a influência dos comentários realizados pela professora-pesquisadora às primeiras versões dos artigos no desenvolvimento das capacidades de linguagem dos alunos. Para desenvolver nossa pesquisa, adotamos o quadro teórico-metodológico do interacionismo sociodiscursivo (ISD) (BRONCKART, 1999/2012, SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004 e MACHADO, 2009), que tem suas bases nos estudos de Vigotski (1998; 1997; 2010; 2011; 2013) sobre o desenvolvimento humano. Servimo-nos dos conceitos de instrumento e zona de desenvolvimento proximal (VIGOTSKI, 1997; 2010; 2011; 2013) para entender o desenvolvimento das capacidades de linguagem dos alunos; de modelo didático (DI PIETRO et al., 2004) e sequência didática (DOLZ; NOVERRAZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004) para realizar a didatização do gênero textual; de gestos didáticos (SCHNEUWLY, 2009) para compreender como se deu a atuação da professora na aplicação da sequência didática. Apoiamo-nos, igualmente, em alguns estudos ligados à escrita acadêmica e às dificuldades de escrita encontradas pelos universitários e pós-graduandos. Para tanto, usamos a noção proposta por Bazerman (2009; 2013) de que os gêneros textuais funcionam como frames para o desenvolvimento de tipos de pensamentos ligados às disciplinas; e, com base nas categorias de análise do ISD e nas pesquisas realizadas por Matencio (2003) e Pollet (2004) sobre as dificuldades de produção textual encontradas em textos de universitários e pós-graduandos quanto à inserção de vozes de outros autores, elaboramos as categorias de retextualização para realizar as análises dos textos produzidos pelos alunos. As produções dos alunos foram analisadas, primeiramente, de acordo com o modelo da arquitetura textual (BRONCKART, 1999/2012; 2006) para verificar se houve desenvolvimento das capacidades de linguagem e se ele poderia ser atribuído à sequência didática, à atuação da professora e/ou ao comentário da professora-pesquisadora. Em nossas análises, pudemos constatar que houve desenvolvimento das capacidades de linguagem dos alunos ao longo do semestre, especialmente, das capacidades de ação e discursivas, sendo grande parte desse desenvolvimento ligado às atividades dos módulos da sequência didática, aos gestos didáticos regulação local e institucionalização usados pela professora ao aplicar a sequência didática e ao comentário da professora-pesquisadora. / This dissertations goal was to study the development of language capacities of Language Studies undergraduate students related to academic writing in French throughout a semester by analyzing their written works. To this end, our specific objective was to create a didactic model (SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004) of the textual genre academic paper in French at the department of literature studies in order to elaborate a didactic sequence (SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004) aiming at teaching the characteristics of that textual genre to the students enrolled in the course Monografia. Aiming at understanding how the teachers performance contributes to the development of the students language capacities when applying the didactic sequence (DS), the classes were recorded and transcribed. Furthermore, we analyzed the influence of the remarks given by the researcher-teacher to the first versions of the papers in the development of the students language capacities. In order to develop our research, we adopted the socio-discursive interactionism (SDI) theoretical and methodological framework (BRONCKART, 1999/2012, SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004 e MACHADO, 2009), which is rooted in Vigotskis (1998; 1997; 2010; 2011; 2013) studies on human development. We employed the concepts of instrument and zone of proximal development (VIGOTSKI, 1997; 2010; 2011; 2013) to understand the development of the students language capacities; of didactic model (DI PIETRO et al., 2004) and didactic sequence (DOLZ; NOVERRAZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004) to accomplish the didactization of the textual genre; and of fundamental teaching gestures (SCHNEUWLY, 2009) to comprehend how the teachers performance in the application of the didactic sequence took place. We also rely on studies related to academic writing and writing difficulties experienced by undergraduate and graduate students. To do so, we used the idea proposed by Bazerman (2009; 2013) that the textual genres work as frames to develop the kinds of thoughts related to the courses; and based on the SDI analyses categories and on the research accomplished by Matencio (2003) e Pollet (2004) about the difficulties of writing experienced by undergraduate and graduate students regarding the insertion of other authors voices, we elaborated categories of retextualization to accomplish the analysis of the students texts. The students texts were first analyzed according to the textual architecture model (BRONCKART, 1999/2012; 2006) in order to verify if there was development of the language capacities and if it could be attributed to the didactic sequence, to the teachers performance and/or to the remarks given by the researcher-teacher. In our analysis we could observe the development of the students language capacities throughout the semester, specially of the action and discursive capacities, a great part of which connected to the didactic sequence activities, to the fundamental teaching gestures of local regulation and institutionalization used by the teacher when applying the didactic sequence and to the researcher-teacher remarks.

O conjunto de serviços que compõem o setor de políticas de limpeza urbana, tal como ele existe hoje, é produto de uma série de decisões, disputas e interesses entre diferentes atores. O trabalho trata da construção dessas políticas no município de São Paulo, com especial interesse pelo arcabouço institucional formado do século XIX ao XXI, bem como pela estruturação do mercado e da economia política que se ancorou para a provisão de serviços de interesse público via empresas privadas no município. O principal fato analisado é o de que, no contexto de um sistema que envolve uma multiplicidade de atores e interesses, o Estado abriu mão do papel de executor dos serviços, gradativamente cedendo-o a empresas privadas cada vez maiores e mais dominantes no âmbito da entrega dos serviços; ao mesmo tempo, ele veio procurando fortalecer suas capacidades regulatórias, desde o final do século XX, mas, sobretudo, no início do século XXI, com a criação de um modelo de concessão em que as empresas concessionárias assumam os riscos financeiros e os investimentos em equipamentos que serão revertidos em benefício do município. O capítulo 1 caracteriza empiricamente o setor de políticas de limpeza urbana de São Paulo tal como é configurado atualmente, oferecendo as definições necessárias à compreensão do universo empírico. O capítulo 2 explora a construção de capacidades estatais para a provisão, a regulação e a fiscalização do sistema de limpeza urbana, e dialoga diretamente com a tese do capitalismo regulatório, para a qual a divisão de trabalho entre Estado e mercado não necessariamente representa o enfraquecimento do Estado, mas também não necessariamente significa seu fortalecimento. Identificam-se quatro fases de construção do arcabouço institucional: (i) origens e primeiros serviços (até 1913), (ii) modernização e execução direta (1914 a 1966), (ii) execução indireta (1967 a 2002) e (iv) concessão dos serviços (pós-2002). O capítulo 3 discute a organização do mercado da limpeza urbana, examinando a organização dos nichos de mercado e a existência de entidades associativas para reunir empresas e setor público. Identificam-se três fases de constituição do mercado: (i) estabelecimento das primeiras empresas no setor e processos fechados de contratação (1966-1987), (ii) crescimento do mercado, regulação sobre compras mais robusta, entrada de capital estrangeiro e surgimento de instabilidades (1987-2004) e (iii) formação de consórcios, saída do capital estrangeiro, aumento da regulação federal sobre o setor e inclusão de novos atores. Todos os elementos expressam relações e processos de coordenação e intermediação entre agentes públicos e privados, de forma que o Estado governa, mas não governa tudo, e nem sozinho, de forma comparável com outros casos de concessões públicas. Ainda que a Prefeitura seja a principal responsável pela regulação sobre o sistema, o setor privado responde por boa parte dos insumos tecnológicos, da experiência no planejamento dos serviços e pela gestão cotidiana dos equipamentos, bem como é o principal investidor no modelo de concessão. Todavia, essa divisão de tarefas nem sempre é clara ou bem definida. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir da análise de documentos oficiais e documentos produzidos pelas entidades associativas do setor, além de entrevistas com agentes públicos e privados. / The set of services that make up the solid waste management policies, as it exists today, is the product of a series of decisions, disputes and interests among different actors. The work deals with the construction of these policies in São Paulo, with special interest in the institutional framework formed from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century, as well as the structure of the market and the political economy that anchored the provision of public services via private companies in the municipality. The central fact of analysis is that, in the context of a system that involves a multiplicity of actors and interests, the State gave up the role of executor of services, gradually granting it to private companies which grew bigger and more dominant in the delivery level; meanwhile, the State have been attempting to strengthen its regulatory capacity, since the late twentieth century, but especially in the early twenty-first century with the creation of a concession model in which the concessionaires assume the financial risks and investments in equipment which will be reversed in favor of the municipality. Chapter 1 empirically characterizes the solid waste management sector of São Paulo as it is currently configured, providing concepts for the understanding of the empirical universe. Chapter 2 addresses the construction of state capacities for the provision, regulation and supervision of the waste management system, and interacts directly with the thesis of regulatory capitalism according to which the division of labor between State and market does not necessarily weaken the State, but also does not necessarily mean its strengthening. The chapter identifies four phases of construction of the institutional framework: (i) origins and first services (until 1913), (ii) modernization and direct execution by State (1914-1966), (ii) indirect execution (1967-2002) and (iv) concession of services (post-2002). Chapter 3 discusses the organization of the waste management market, examining the organization of niche markets and the existence of associative entities to bring together companies and public sector. The chapter identify three phases: (i) establishment of the first companies (1966-1987), (ii) market growth, more robust regulation, foreign capital inflows and the emergence of instabilities (1987-2004) and (iii) formation of consortiums, foreign capital outflow, increased federal regulation of the sector and inclusion of new actors. All elements express relationships, coordination and intermediation processes between public and private actors, so that the State governs but does not govern everything, nor alone, in a comparable manner to other cases of public concessions. Although City Hall is mainly responsible for the regulation of the system, the private sector accounts for much of the technological inputs, experience in planning and daily management of equipment and services, and is the main investor in the concession model. However, this division is not always clear or well defined. The research employed analysis of official documents and documents produced by the associative entities of the market, as well as interviews with public and private actors.

A maioria das pesquisas na área de alocação de capacidades entre recursos de uma linha de manufatura propõe as formas balanceadas e em bowl como as mais eficientes para o desempenho de linha como um todo. A maior parte destes estudos é baseada em sistemas simplificados de empurrar a produção, desconsiderando sistemas mais atuais de planejamento e controle da produção (PCP). Por outro lado, estudos referentes à eficiência de sistemas de planejamento e controle da produção não consideram o efeito que critérios distintos de alocação de capacidades podem ter seus desempenhos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o relacionamento entre as políticas de alocação de capacidades e os sistemas de PCP. O principal critério de desempenho adotado foi o throughput, obtido segundo níveis médios e máximos de estoque em processo em uma linha de produção com cinco recursos. Foram estudados oito tipos de critérios de alocação de capacidades e quatro tipos de sistemas PCP, segundo três níveis de desbalanceamento de cargas, três níveis de coeficiente de variabilidade dos tempos de processamento dos recursos e cinco níveis máximos de estoque em processo. Foi utilizada uma ferramenta de simulação para criar modelos e simular 1386 cenários distintos. Como resultado, percebeu-se uma estreita interdependência entre políticas de alocação e sistemas de PCP. A pesquisa identificou; ainda, que não há um critério de alocação de capacidades nem um sistema de PCP que se mostre melhorem todas as condições testadas, contrariando diversos estudos sobre o tema. / Most of the researches on production capacity allocation among resources, proposes the use of balanced and bowI allocation as the most efficient methods in terms of performance. Such studies were generally based on simplified push production systems, not considering other production pIanning and controI systems (PPC). On the other hand, studies about efficiency of PPC systems don\'t consider the effect of different criteria of capacity allocation on the performance of the PPC systems. The purpose of this research is to investigate how different capacity allocation criteria and different PPC systems interreIate among each other. The major performance criteria used to rank each combination was the resulting throughput, considering several average and maximum levels of work in process (WIP) in a production line with five resources. Eight different types of capacity allocation criteria and four types of PPC systems were studied, with three levels of unbalanced loads, three levels of variability coefficient for processing times and tive maximum WIP levels. A simulation tool was used in order to generate the models and run 1386 different scenarios. As a result, it could be noticed a strong interrelationship between the allocation criteria and the PPC systems. The research also showed, on the contrary of many studies on this subject, that for all the combination tested, none of capacity allocation criteria nor PPC systems stood out on the best option.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T17:21:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 19 / Nenhuma / O presente trabalho tem como objetivos demonstrar que a legislação nacional, desde 1934, possui normas legais de proteção aos animais que se constituem em direitos animais, o que leva ao reconhecimento de animais como sujeito-de-direitos, e que essa idéia foi reforçada a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, com o advento do Estado Democrático de Direito, já que a ordem democrática baseia-se em regras de natureza ética, onde o direito à vida é privilegiado em todas as relações. Como apoio ao segundo objetivo traçado será apresentada a teoria do enfoque das capacidades de Martha Nussbaum, onde a relação com os animais passa a ser vista como questão de justiça social, partindo da premissa de que animais possuem capacidades que os tornam aptos a prosperarem em busca da realização de sua própria existência. / This paper aims to show that the national legislation, since 1924, has animal protection legal rules which constitutes animal rights, what means rules that against human interests, and this idea was reinforced since the Federal Constitution of 1988, which providing a democratic order for Brazil, supported the right to life. In order to support the second goal proposed, the theory of focus on capacities by Martha Nussbaum will be presented, where the issues that involves animals, in our culture, would start to be considered as social justice issues, facing the fact that animals have abilities that make them able to evolute and make accomplishments in their own lives.