身體一直是生活世界中的感知與行動的載體，我們透過身體實踐搭建起心靈自我與社會的橋樑。因此藉由修煉身體的修養自我的工夫，使身體修煉承載了傳統文化底蘊與濃厚生命哲學，而牽涉了對生命、信仰乃至宇宙的道德情操。本文主要的研究命題是了解身體如何適應現代資本主義社會及實踐自我修養的技術，並且建立一套生活經濟的模型。本文的分析架構是關於修煉的內隱特質到外部身體實踐之間的互動過程。首先，透過考察修煉主體如何藉由卡理斯瑪的力量建構自身的修煉信仰與集體意識。同時，透過傅柯自我技術理論探討了修煉主體如何自我省察、鍛練以強化他們在日常生活中的身體感知與實踐，並且論述修煉主體如何將自我修煉進一步轉化於日常生活飲食的實踐。所以，藉由「梅門」研究個案，本文認為修煉的商品化是為了適應現代消費社會的世俗需要，而被外顯到美學鑑賞和階級品味的生活風格及在生命經濟當中的身體資本的積累與培塑。 / The body has always been the carrier of our perceptions and activities in the world. Through the bodily practice, the body bridges connections between spiritual self and society. By practicing the self-cultivation, the body inherits traditional cultural heritage and philosophy of life, and hence involves in life, faith, and moral emotion. My main problematics are to understand how body-cultivation adapts to the modern capitalist society, practices the technologies of the self-cultivation, and even builds a modality of life economy. The approach of my analysis is about interactive process between inner spiritual cultivation and outer bodily practice. First, it examines how the practitioners build their bodies based own faith of self-cultivation with collective consciousness formulated by charismatic power. Simultaneously, it explores how the practitioners reflect their inner selves by way of Foucauldian style of self-technology to sharpen their bodily perceptions and practice in everyday life. Then it turns to overview how practitioners realize their inner cultivation in dietary practice of everyday life. Taking the “Meimen Qigong Culture Center” as a case study, I argue that commercialization of self-cultivation is in response to earthly need of modern consumption society since it has been externalized to aesthetic judgement and life styles of social classes as well as bodily capital accumulation in economy of life.

[pt] A manifestação da religiosidade é um traço humano presente em todas as sociedades. Por muitos séculos, a religião, principalmente a católica, ditou o comportamento e as regras de vida ocidentais. Com o processo de secularização, observa-se que a religião deixou de ser o centro da existência humana e um conjunto valores como a razão, a ciência, a tecnologia e o indivíduo passaram a ser considerados como fatores significativos da vida social. Esse processo, no entanto, não extinguiu o sentimento de religiosidade das sociedades. Novas configurações dessas manifestações se desenharam no cenário da modernidade e das sociedades contemporâneas. As Novas Comunidades, movimentos da Igreja Católica Apostólica Romana, surgem nesse contexto como tentativa do resgate da espiritualidade por meio da religião. Entre elas, estão a Comunidade Católica Shalom e a Canção Nova, movimentos que propõem uma maneira específica da vivência da religião. Esta pesquisa estuda as estratégias de evangelização dessas duas comunidades e a utilização que fazem dos meios de comunicação como forma de promover um retorno do sagrado à vida contemporânea, além de traçar um percurso do processo histórico que fundamenta e desenha esse quadro religioso. / [en] The manifestation of religiosity is a human characteristic presents in all societies. For many centuries, the religion, especially the Catholic, has dictated the behaviour and rules in Western societies With the secularization process , it is observed that religion is no longer the centre of human existence and a set of values such as reason, science , technology and the individual came to be regarded as significant factors of social life. This process, however, did not extinguish the feeling of religiosity from societies. New configurations of these manifestations were designed in the scenario of modernity and contemporary societies. New Communities, movements of the Roman Catholic Church, arise in this context to rescue spirituality through religion. Among them are the Shalom Catholic Community and New Song Community, movements that propose a specific way of experiencing religion. This research analyses the strategies of evangelization of these two communities and their use of media as a way to promote a return of the sacred to contemporary life, besides outlining a path of the historical process that underlies and designs this religious framework.

This research into Baptist leadership examines the processes of Christian leadership in terms of human relationships in churches under the microscope of a leadership theory known as leader member exchange theory (LMX), and discovers the correlation between a high level of LMX in a local church and the positive outcomes of leader legitimation in a society where pastoral tenure and pastoral termination project disheartening statistics. LMX theory is particularly suited for the study of the Baptist congregational leadership paradigm with emphasis on heightened follower participation in dyadic relationships between the pastor and church members. In the light of current convoluted leadership praxis, provides an appropriate theoretical tool for relational analysis. The background to this thesis is the perceived growing inclination among Baptist pastors to adopt a leadership paradigm, which exalts the person and role of the pastor to the exclusion of the church members. This “great man theory” is being modeled from sources that focus on church growth rather than church health, and represents a departure from servant leadership, which has long been the model for Baptists in general. This “new” trend of charismatic leadership may be one of the reasons for the inclination toward shorter tenures and pastoral termination, among Baptists, particularly in the USA. Understanding the peculiarities of congregational government is of particular importance to the research, with emphasis on the perceptions and expectations of church members regarding current leadership in their local church, and how the perception of personal value correlation translates into member satisfaction. The Literature on leadership offers a multiplicity of innovative ideas, mostly focused on the leader, and after literature research into the subjects of transactional transformational, complexity theory, and servant leadership no single theory of leadership offers completeness, hence the term quantum or complexity will assist in moving Baptist pastors from average leadership. <p.Critical elements of LMX were identified in the literature and processed into the questionnaire, which was distributed to among Baptist churches in South Africa and the United States. The results of the research are then analysed in the light of LMX theory, and the conclusion that in the congregational structure of Baptists, LMX theory offers valuable insights into member satisfaction. The characteristic of practical theology is the critical correlation of theological insight and empirical observation that will result in a new theory of praxis, and the final purpose is to focus attention on the positive outcome of healthy leader member exchange in local churches and the extended zone of influence through enhanced legitimation of pastoral leadership. / Thesis (PhD (Practical Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Practical Theology / PhD / unrestricted

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This study considers the ways in which congregational management contributes to maintaining the healthy church through the supporting role of supplying, monitoring and controlling the human, physical, financial, and informational resources needed to allow the pastors to lead the congregation-centred church to fulfil its mission. It was found that congregational managers help to prevent their churches declining into illhealth by helping the pastorate to retain current congregants and attract new ones through charisma. This requires them to first study, analyze and classify the major parts of the diverse congregation and surrounding community and then monitor them to foresee and forestall problems. They play multiple roles in efficient administration, asset management, targeted church adverting, human relations, risk management, project management, professional standards auditing and maintenance, community relations with all faiths, charity, mission, and, above all, customer relations. Recommendations are made for enhancing congregational management’s role in the healthy church. / Practical Theology / M.Th. (Practical Theology)

<p>How a speaker can use their posture, gesture, facial expression and voice to create a strong ethos, pistis and sense of trustworthiness is, in this paper, associated with charisma (the power of leadership or authority).</p><p>Verbal and nonverbal expressions from three particular speeches by Martin Luther King, John F Kennedy and Bill Clinton have been analyzed in depth. The results show that patos as well as strong nonverbal expression are factors in inspiring devotion or creating enthusiasm. Personal magnetism and radiance is also found to develop through figures of speech and rhetorical devices, including metaphors. Results show that facial expressions, pitch and other prosodic information are not always consciously taken in. Nevertheless, it is questioned whether such information can affect the ethos and pistis developed. This kind of subconscious infliction can be made visible by modern technical equipment. By identifying relevant para- and extralinguistic signals (so called ‘charismatic behaviors’ e.g. intense eyecontact) we can more easily understand why some people affect us greatly, while others go unnoticed.</p>

La recherche sur les questions touchant aux leaders de groupes sectaires et à la violence sectaire a mené à l’étude du rôle joué par l’autorité charismatique, tel que défini par Weber (1922) et repris par Dawson (2010). À ce sujet, d’éminents spécialistes des études sur les sectes sont d’avis qu’un vide important dans la recherche sur l’autorité charismatique dans le contexte de groupes sectaires et de nouveaux mouvements religieux reste à combler (ajouter les références ‘d’éminents spécialistes’). Ce mémoire vise à contribuer à l’étude cet aspect négligé, le rôle de l’autorité charismatique dans le recours è la violence dans les groupes sectaires, par une étude de cas historique d’un groupe de la Réformation protestante du XVIe siècle, le Royaume anabaptiste de Münster (AKA), sous l’influence d’un leader charismatique, Jan van Leiden. Cette recherche s’intéresse plus spécifiquement aux divers moyens utilisés par Jan van Leiden, pour asseoir son autorité charismatique et à ceux qui ont exercé une influence sur le recours à des actes de violence. L’étude de cas est basé sur le matériel provenant de deux comptes-rendus des faits relatés par des participants aux événements qui se sont déroulés à pendant le règne de Leiden à la tête du AKA. L’analyse du matériel recueilli a été réalisé à la lumière de trois concepts théoriques actuels concernant le comportement cultuel et le recours à la violence.. L’application de ces concepts théoriques a mené à l’identification de quatre principales stratégies utilisées par Jan van Leiden pour établir son autorité charismatique auprès de ses disciples, soit : 1) la menace du millénarisme, 2) l’exploitation d’une relation bilatérale parasitique avec ses disciples, 3) l’utilisation de l’extase religieuse et de la prophétie, 4) l’utilisation du désir de voir survenir des changements sociaux et religieux. En plus de ces quatre stratégies, trois autres dimensions ont été retenues comme signes que le recours à la violence dans le Royaume anabaptiste de Münster résultait de l’établissement de l’autorité charismatique de son leader, soit : 1) la violence liée au millénarisme, 2) la notion d’identité et de violence partagée, 3) des facteurs systémiques, physiques et culturels menant à la violence. / Research surrounding questions regarding cultic behaviors, leadership and issues of sectarian violence has lead to the study of charismatic leadership. Prominent cultic scholars have identified that there remains a rather large void in research when analyzing charismatic leadership within the context of sectarian groups and new religious movements. This thesis will attempt to bridge that gap through a historical case study analysis of a 16th century protestant reformation group, the Anabaptist Kingdom of Münster (AKM), under the influence of a charismatic leader, Jan van Leiden. More specifically, this research will focus on the various means utilized by the group’s leader, to establish charismatic leadership and how this affected the group’s recourse to acts of violence. The case material was obtained through two primary source accounts from participants in the events that unfolded in Münster during Leiden’s reign. The analysis of this material was made using three current theoretical concepts on cultic behavior and violence, that is Casoni (2000), Robbins (2002) and Dawson (2010). It appears that four major strategies were utilized by Jan van Leiden to establish his charismatic leadership over his followers: (1) the threat of millenarianism, (2) the exploitation of a bilateral parasitic relationship with his followers, (3) the use of religious ecstasy and prophecy, and (4) the use of their desire for social and religious change. By contrasting the results of the analyses undertaken in chapters three and four, three factors that have played a crucial role in Leiden’s charismatic leadership, as it relates to the recourse to violence in the AKM, will be identified. These are: (1) millennial violence, (2) shared identity, and (3) macro-level dimensions.

The purpose of the study was to investigate what the personnel considers about transactional and transformational leadership regarding the leader's use of contingent reward, management by exception, charisma/inspirational leadership, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration leadership. For this qualitative study, a semi- structured interview guide was used to investigate six employee perceptions of the leadership styles on a company in central Sweden. The result was analyzed by deductive thematic methodology to identify keywords linked to respective theme and subcategory based on the Bass Factor Model (1985) (Avolio, Bass &amp; Jung, 1999) division of leadership. The result presents the personnel’s perspective and adds to the knowledge of the employees view on meaning and implication of leadership. The result gives a picture of both transactional and transformational leadership as oriented to satisfying the needs of the employees in a workplace. The findings can give the organization greater understanding of how leadership can be applied to the workplace according to employee interests. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka vad personalen anser om transaktionellt och transformativt ledarskap avseende ledarens användande av villkorad belöning, leda genom avvikelser, karismatiskt/inspirerande, intellektualiserande och individualiserande ledarskap. För denna kvalitativa studie användes en semistrukturerad intervjuguide för att undersöka sex medarbetares uppfattningar av ledarskapsstilarna på ett företag i mellersta Sverige. Materialet analyserades genom deduktiv tematisk metod för att identifiera nyckelord kopplade till respektive tema och underkategori baserade på Bass faktormodell (1985) (Avolio, Bass &amp; Jung, 1999). Resultatet presenterar personalens perspektiv på ledarskap och bidrar med kunskap om hur medarbetarna ser på betydelsen och tillämpningen av ledarskap. Det framkom en bild av både transaktionellt och transformativt ledararskap som inriktat på att tillfredsställa medarbetares behov i arbetslivet. Resultatet kan ge organisationen ökad förståelse för hur ledarskap kan tillämpas på arbetsplatsen enligt medarbetarnas intressen.

L’étude se construit sur deux axes. Dans le premier, elle cherche à expliciter la fonction du lieu dans la séance photographique de mode, la manière dont la rêverie du photographe crée dans sa pensée un mannequin qui correspond à un espace ; ou bien, un endroit qui ressemble au modèle. Par une observation esthético compréhensive et une démarche phénoménologique, la recherche se concentre sur l’imaginaire de l’espace clôt dans l’image de mode, le logis, la maison, la chambre, etc. Tout en nous positionnant sous un angle holistique ; le concret avec le transcendant, le microcosme avec le macrocosme sont mis en relation. C’est alors que nous percevons la valeur du terroir et du territoire dans l’image de mode. Agissant comme un miroir reflétant le réel et notre société actuelle, la photo devient un monde en miniature. Après la rêverie de l’habitat, son image et son interrelation avec la personne, le réel et le groupe social, dans un deuxième axe, nous nous intéressons à la présence du modèle. La présentation du mannequin lors du casting s’appuie sur la sociologie interactionniste en observant les habitus du modèle, les comportements appris et répétés, ainsi que les imitations dans un contexte donné, dans une scène. C’est aussi la flexibilité du mannequin qui attire notre attention, son interaction avec le photographe, ainsi que le jeu devant la caméra. De plus, la représentation du modèle devant l’appareil puise sa source dans l’inconscient collectif et mythologique. En faisant une comparaison entre le jeu devant l’appareil technique et les théâtres archaïques et traditionnels, nous constatons que, dans le jeu du mannequin, il se manifeste des incarnations archétypales. Celles-ci se distinguent des habitus et des comportements appris, ainsi que des émotions. De même, l’influence du « bassin-sémantique » et la vitalité du mythologique, prennent lieu dans un espace-temps présent. C’est alors par la description qu’on aboutit à une explication ; il s’agit de procéder par la démarche comparative qui déplace le centre culturel et historique en l’alignant en parallèle avec d’autres systèmes. Cette démarche est donc concrètement plurilatérale. C’est ainsi que nous décryptons le retour, à notre époque, de l’archaïque, à la fois en observant le contenu de l’image photographique et la représentation du mannequin devant la caméra. Nous tissons donc, selon la méthode comparative weberienne et durandienne, des liens entre différents phénomènes n’ayant pas la même finalité, mais possédant la même forme. / With considering our observations in the field, there is a return of the archaic in the superficial aspects of existence as fashion photography. We noticed that on the one hand, models intended to look at fashion magazines and to reproduce the poses and attitudes of the current season, and doing so, they continued to represent socially the models attitude and confirm the position in a community. On the other hand, we noticed a similarity between fashion theatricality in front of the camera with traditional theatre which embodies archetypes. We noticed as well that printed fashion pictures aim to represent a cultural message belonging to our particular period and culture. But at the same time, they always transmit strong symbols and archetypes that are mythological. To interpret the symbols, we mainly used the work of Gilbert Durand. According to him, it is not society and culture that produce mythology, but mythology that creates ideology and artistic expressions. The work of Michel Maffesoli gives us as well an understanding of everyday life phenomena in post modernity.