Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:46:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Xavier.pdf: 4633636 bytes, checksum: 44f0b43041f631c89e4d0e9680f12c4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-07 / The urban quality of an environment is closely linked to its ecosystem and the quality of life that it provides. Its relationship with urban green space has proved solid, and , among many benefits, these places promote opportunities for physical activity (PA). In Presidente Prudente - SP, the Parque do Povo is the main public green space for recreation and sports in the city, distinguished by its active use, which can be seen every day. This study aims to investigate the relationship between urban environmental quality and PA practice, and discuss how the environment can act in health promotion strategies. The level of physical activity and characteristics of use/ park users were collected through the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC), instrument that is based on systematic observations (scans) of preselected target areas. It was also used a questionnaire applied to 200 park users 18+, on assorted days and times. Data collection was done during the first half of 2015, and 19,105 individuals were observed. The park proved to be a significant local for PA practice, since sedentary activities represented only 27% of the total observed. The adult population represented 59% of the sample, and males 65%. Few children were seen in the park on weekdays and few elderly people were seen on weekends. Men engaged in more vigorous activities than women, and occupied the block with more sports facilities in disproportionately greater numbers. Nighttime was the most attended in total (53%), and the blocks with more equipment and facilities stood out for its use. Most park users lives in its vicinity and has higher level. The reasons related to health were the most featured for PA practice. Among the respondents, 95% said that the park is a place that motivates them to perform AF, and the factor "green environment" was the most valued for the park selection. The study showed a positive relationship between environmental quality brought by the park and the PA practice. These results may be related to the implementation process of the place and its consequent social and economic rise, which led to the predominance of middle / upper class users, who tend to be more aware and available for the pursuit of health through physical activity. The amount of vegetation proved to be a crucial factor and closely related to the psychological motivation of users. The results clarify that certain times of the day and week, as well as other user preferences should be considered by managers and professionals to increase the effectiveness of programs aimed at promoting health. These incentive programs could enhance the use of these spaces, increase the AF level held in these locations, and also work with its diverse and democratic use. / A qualidade urbana de um ambiente está intimamente ligada ao seu ecossistema e à qualidade de vida que o mesmo lhe proporciona. Sua relação com espaços verdes urbanos tem se mostrado sólida, e, entre inúmeros benefícios, esses locais promovem oportunidades para a prática de atividades físicas (AF). Em Presidente Prudente SP, o Parque do Povo é o principal espaço verde público de lazer e esportes da cidade, destacando-se por seu uso ativo, que pode ser observado todos os dias. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a relação entre qualidade urbana ambiental e a prática de AF, e discutir como o ambiente pode agir em estratégias de promoção de saúde. O nível de AF e características do uso/usuários do parque foram coletados através do System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC), instrumento que se baseia em observações sistemáticas (scans) de áreas alvo pré-selecionadas. Também foi feito o uso de questionário aplicado a 200 frequentadores do parque maiores de 18 anos, em dias da semana e horários alternados. A coleta de dados foi realizada durante o primeiro semestre de 2015 e 19.105 indivíduos foram observados. O parque mostrou-se um ambiente significativo para a prática de AF, já que as atividades sedentárias representaram apenas 27% do total observado. A população adulta representou 59% da amostra, e o gênero masculino 65%. Poucas crianças foram vistas no parque nos dias de semana e poucos idosos foram vistos aos finais de semana. Os homens se envolveram mais em atividades vigorosas do que as mulheres, e ocuparam a quadra com mais instalações esportivas em número desproporcionalmente maior. O período noturno foi o mais frequentado no total (53%), e as quadras com mais equipamentos e instalações destacaram-se por seu uso. A maioria dos usuários do parque reside nas suas proximidades e possui nível superior. Os motivos relacionados a saúde foram os mais destacados para a prática de AF. Entre os respondentes, 95% afirmaram que o parque é um local que os motiva a praticar AF, sendo o fator ambiente verde o mais valorizado para escolha do local. O trabalho mostrou uma relação positiva entre a qualidade ambiental trazida pelo parque e a prática de AF. Esses resultados podem estar relacionados ao próprio processo de implantação do local e sua consequente elevação socioeconômica, que ocasionou o predomínio de usuários de classe média/alta, tendencialmente mais conscientes e disponíveis para a busca de saúde através da AF. A quantidade de vegetação mostrou-se um fator imprescindível e intimamente relacionada à motivação psicológica dos usuários. Os resultados encontrados esclarecem que determinados períodos do dia e da semana, bem como outras preferências dos usuários devem ser consideradas por gestores e profissionais para o aumento da eficácia de programas voltados à promoção da saúde. Esses programas de incentivo poderiam potencializar o uso desses espaços, aumentar o nível de AF realizado nesses locais, e, ainda, colaborar com seu uso diverso e democrático.

Dans les villes françaises, les évolutions récentes en matière de conception urbaine ont rendu incontournable la reconstruction de la ville sur elle-même dans le respect de son environnement. La ville doit désormais être de bonne qualité environnementale urbaine. Même si cela semble aujourd’hui une évidence, la fabrique urbaine de la qualité environnementale pose encore question car c’est une notion multi interprétée dans le champ scientifique comme dans le champ opérationnel.Cette thèse en urbanisme et aménagement inscrite dans le champ de la géographie sociale, porte sur les multiples acceptions de la qualité environnementale urbaine. Elle questionne en particulier la prise en compte des acceptions qu’en ont les habitants dans les projets urbains à Toulouse. La thèse s’appuie sur une enquête de terrain par parcours commentés menée auprès d’habitants d’un quartier soumis à de fortes nuisances environnementales, et par entretiens semi directifs auprès de professionnels toulousain du projet urbain. L’enquête de terrain a été complétée par une analyse de documents sur les cadres politique, réglementaire et institutionnel qui régissent la fabrique urbaine.La thèse montre que même si les habitants et les professionnels du projet urbain partagent une dimension subjective et expérientielle de la qualité environnementale urbaine, les conditions politique, règlementaire et institutionnelle de la fabrique urbaine ne permettent pas vraiment de la prendre en compte dans les projets urbains. La thèse ayant aussi comme objectif opérationnel de participer à améliorer la fabrique de la qualité environnementale urbaine, elle propose un prototype d’outil interdisciplinaire et participatif d’aide à sa conception destiné aux professionnels du projet urbain. / In French cities, recent evolutions in urban design and planning have made essential to rebuild the city on itself while respecting its environment. Now, cities have to be of good urban environmental quality. Although it seems obvious today, the making of environmental urban quality is still a question because it is a multi interpreted concept in the scientific field, as well as in the operational field.This Ph.D. in urban planning, well inscribed in the field of social geography, addresses the multiple meanings of urban environmental quality. In particular, it questions the possibility of taking into account the meanings of this concept for the inhabitants in urban projects in Toulouse. The Ph.D. is based on a field investigation by commented paths conducted with residents of a neighborhood subject to severe environmental nuisances, and semi-structured interviews with professionals from Toulouse’s urban projects. The field investigation was supplemented by an analysis of documents on the policy, regulatory and institutional frameworks governing the urban policies.

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Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from the Swedish industry is central in reaching set up environmental goals on a national level and fighting climate change that results in economic, environmental and social disasters on a global scale. The efforts of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from the Swedish industry have historically focused on investing in renewable technologies that have no emissions from production. However, to rapidly decrease emissions of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, could be done by sequestering the gas from point sources at the industry sites and thereafter transport it to geological formations on- and offshore in a process more commonly known as Carbon Capture and Storage. Even so, the Carbon Capture and Storage technology is relatively new and has not yet been implemented on an industrial scale in Sweden. The real potential of Carbon Capture and Storage in relation to helping the Swedish industry in reaching set up national and international environmental goals is therefore unknown. Here we show, via a literature review and performing interviews with stakeholders from the investigated field, that there is a big potential for Carbon Capture and Storage to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions from the Swedish industry and create negative emission rates by storing emissions originated from biogenic sources.   Our results demonstrate that there are regulatory, economic, environmental, and social measures that are needed to create a future market for Carbon Capture and Storage and trading with negative emissions. These include evaluating domestic storage sites, changing laws and regulations, and sharing knowledge between countries and companies to create a wider understanding of the technology. We anticipate that our study on the dynamics of a Carbon Capture and Storage market will help stakeholders to identify levers and restraints in the current market so that the transition towards net zero emissions will accelerate, especially when having the national 2045 net zero emission objective in mind. Nonetheless, there is a great need for research to understand such a market, and more specifically to create a consensus between stakeholders on a national and global level when creating it. / Att minska växthusgasutsläppen från den svenska industrin är centralt för att nå nationella och globala klimatmål och vidare bekämpa klimatförändringar som på en global skala resulterar i ekonomiska, miljömässiga och samhälleliga katastrofer. Historiskt sett har åtgärderna för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser främst legat på satsningar inom förnybara tekniker där utsläppen från produktion är nästintill noll. Däremot behövs åtgärder för att snabbt minska utsläppen av växthusgaser, såsom koldioxid, där detta kan göras genom att avskilja koldioxiden från industriernas punktkällor och sedan lagra gasen på land och till havs genom en process som är mer känd under namnet koldioxidavskiljning och lagring. Trots detta är koldioxidavskiljning och lagring en relativt ny teknik som inte har tillämpats på industriell skala i Sverige. Teknologins verkliga potential för att uppfylla nationella och globala klimatmål är därför outforskad. Studien visar, genom en litteraturstudie och semistrukturerade intervjuer med intressenter inom forskningsområdet, att tekniken koldioxidavskiljning och lagring har stor potential när det kommer till att minska koldioxidutsläpp från den svenska industrin och även när det kommer till att skapa negativa emissioner av koldioxid genom lagring av biogen koldioxid.   Resultatet visar att det är regulatoriska, ekonomiska, miljömässiga och samhälleliga åtgärder som är nödvändiga för att skapa en framtida marknad för koldioxidavskiljning och lagring och handel med negativa utsläpp. Dessa innefattar utvärdering av inhemska lagringsplatser, ändring av lagar och regler samt att sprida och dela kunskap mellan länder och företag för att skapa en vidare förståelse av teknologin. Vi förutser att användningsområdet för studien av en framtida marknad för koldioxidavskiljning och lagring kan hjälpa intressenter inom forskningsområdet att identifiera åtgärder som kan verka som hävarm och även hinder för en framtida utveckling mot nettonollutsläpp. Detta då de svenska miljökvalitetsmålen fastslår att nettonollutsläpp senast ska nås år 2045. Däremot behövs vidare studier för att förstå en framtida marknad för koldioxidavskiljning och lagring samt negativa emissioner, mer specifikt behövs konsensus mellan intressenter på en nationell och global nivå för att skapa en sådan marknad.

Les Québécois sont de plus en plus conscients de l’environnement qui les entoure et de l’importance d’en assurer la qualité et la pérennité. Certains phénomènes, tels les changements climatiques, l’accumulation de polluants organiques persistants et l’amincissement de la couche d’ozone, que nous qualifierons de phénomènes environnementaux diffus, sont engendrés par de multiples émetteurs de polluants et ont des effets globaux qui ne peuvent être liés à un événement précis et dont les impacts sont difficiles à identifier et à quantifier pour le moment. En l’absence de preuve quant aux effets qu’auront ces phénomènes diffus sur les citoyens et les difficultés liées à la preuve scientifique du lien causal entre ce dommage et un émetteur de polluant donné, les recours classiques en responsabilité civile et pour troubles de voisinage, prévus aux articles 1457 et 976 C.c.Q., apparaissent inopérants. Nous nous interrogeons donc sur l’existence d’un droit à l’environnement qui conférerait aux citoyens le droit de vivre dans un environnement sain et leur permettrait ainsi de réclamer que cesse toute atteinte environnementale engendrée par ces phénomènes, même si elle n’a pas d’effet directement sur eux. Considérant l’importance de l’efficacité des recours qui pourraient permettre une mise en œuvre de ce droit, nous procéderons à l’analyse de trois sources potentielles d’un droit à l’environnement sous cet angle. À cet effet, nous étudierons les recours constitutionnels et quasi-constitutionnels liés à la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, à la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne et au recours institutionnel prévu dans la Loi sur la qualité de l’environnement. Considérant l’absence de reconnaissance suffisante d’un droit à l’environnement et de recours efficaces pour en assurer la mise en œuvre, nous proposerons ensuite des pistes de solution afin que puisse être développé un mécanisme permettant une réponse judiciaire aux phénomènes environnementaux diffus. / The quality of the environment has become a growing concern in the recent years for Quebec citizens. Phenomena such as climate change, persistent organic pollutants and the depletion of the ozone layer are caused by several sources, the effects of which cannot be distinguished one from the other and/or linked to a specific event. Furthermore, these phenomena have yet to create damage to Quebec residents in order to create the necessary standing for the introduction of legal proceedings. Also, the scientific uncertainty related to the source of potential damage and to the proof of said damage makes it impossible to legally attack the emitters of the pollutant contributing to this type of environmental phenomena under 1457 C.C.Q. or 976 C.C.Q. We have identified the 3 potential sources of a right to a clean environment which could entitle Quebec citizens to go before the courts in environmental matters, even in the absence of specific damages to their person or property. We have analysed the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms and the Environmental Quality Act and looked at the potential right to a clean environment possibly contained therein and the legal actions that could be taken to ensure their respect. Considering the weakness of what our legal system had to propose, we have developed solutions that could be put forward in order to allow the war against climate change and other environmental phenomena of the same nature to become legally actionable.

Em 2009, foi aprovada a Lei da Operação Urbana Consorciada (OUC) Porto Maravilha, tendo como objetivo promover a reestruturação urbana da zona portuária do Rio de Janeiro por meio da ampliação, articulação e requalificação dos seus espaços livres de uso público, com foco na melhoria da qualidade de vida de seus moradores e na sustentabilidade ambiental e socioeconômica da região. Esse objetivo está teoricamente em consonância com os conceitos trazidos pela bibliografia recente acerca do urbanismo sustentável e da qualidade ambiental urbana. Esta dissertação busca apontar os alcances e as limitações dos espaços públicos e da regulação urbanística de uso e ocupação do solo propostos pela OUC Porto Maravilha, sob o ponto de vista da qualidade ambiental urbana, como foco principal nas áreas livres e vegetadas. Além de uma investigação teórica desses aspectos, para efetivação do objetivo proposto, foram realizados o diagnóstico urbano da zona portuária do Rio e o estudo das propostas de projeto e legislação da OUC. Além disso, a pesquisa apresenta algumas experiências de regulamentações urbanísticas de uso e ocupação do solo, com foco na promoção de áreas livres e vegetadas em lotes, aplicadas em outras cidades do mundo. As análises e discussões desenvolvidas demonstram que, no âmbito nacional, a OUC Porto Maravilha apresenta diversas ações inovadoras com impacto positivo na qualidade ambiental urbana. Entretanto, a pesquisa também aponta os desafios e diretrizes que podem servir de referência para a formulação de futuras políticas públicas, tanto para a região objeto de estudo, como para outras localidades. / Porto Maravilha Urban Operation approved in 2009 has as its aim the promotion of the Rio de Janeiro harbor area renewal by expanding, articulating and requalifying its public open spaces, with special focus on the improvement of the resident\'s quality of life and on the sustainability. This objective is theoretically consonant with the concepts brought by recent bibliography on sustainable urbanism and on urban environmental quality. This thesis seeks to point out the scopes and limitations of public spaces and the use and occupancy ordinances proposed by the Porto Maravilha Urban Operation from the point of view of urban environmental quality, with a chief focus on the green and open areas. Besides a theoretical investigation of these aspects, in order to achieve the proposed objectives, this study also presents an urban diagnosis of the harbor area in Rio and an evaluation of the urban planning and legislation proposed for the project. Moreover, this research presents some experiences of urbanistic regulations on the use and occupancy of sites, focusing on promoting open and green spaces, applied in other cities of the world. The evaluations and discussions here developed show that, within the national scope, the Porto Maravilha has several innovative actions with a positive impact on urban environmental quality. However, the research also points to challenges and guidelines for the Project that can be a reference for the development of future public policies in the studied region as well as for other areas.

Cette recherche étudie la perception de la qualité de vie (QV) et de la qualité de l'environnement intérieur (QEI) du point de vue des occupants d’espaces de travail certifiés « durables » selon le système d'énergie et de conception environnementale (LEED) et des occupants des immeubles de bureaux conventionnels. Dans cette étude, la QV est définie en termes de santé perçue, confort, et productivité. La qualité des environnements intérieurs est importante, car les gens passent la majorité de leur vie à l'intérieur des immeubles et, dans notre société contemporaine, plus de ce temps est passé dans des espaces de travail, tels que les espaces de bureaux. Les préoccupations grandissantes pour la durabilité des espaces de vie et la prise de conscience des effets négatifs que des bâtiments peuvent avoir sur les occupants font émerger les constructions dites ‘vertes’ comme étant des alternatives plus durables. LEED est le système d’accréditation le plus populaire de nos jours en Amérique du Nord qui évalue les bâtiments verts en terme de leur performance environnementale. Toutefois, la revue de littérature indique que des occupants des édifices de bureaux certifiés LEED ne sont pas toujours satisfaits avec la QEI. Les bâtiments certifiés LEED sont en effet uniquement évalués selon des critères techniques de performance. Pourtant, il y peut avoir des écarts entre les performances mesurées et celles perçues par les occupants. Cela soulève la question suivante: à quel point les bâtiments construits selon les critères LEED prennent-ils en compte la qualité de vie (QoL) et les facteurs humains dans l’évaluation des espaces de travail ? Cette recherche a donc pour but de proposer un nouveau cadre qui prend en considération non seulement des facteurs durables, mais aussi humains pour évaluer les environnements de travail. Cette recherche utilise une approche mixte – quantitative et qualitative – en trois phases afin d’étudier de manière approfondie la perception de la qualité de vie des occupants de deux bâtiments certifiés LEED et d’un immeuble de bureaux conventionnel. La phase I est dédiée à l’observation des environnements de travail et la documentation des traces d’interaction entre l’utilisateur et l’espace. La phase II est dédiée aux entrevues permettant aux participants de décrire leur expérience de la QV et les facteurs de la QEI qui façonnent leur expérience. Ils nous aident aussi à identifier les éléments constitutifs d'un environnement humain de travail. Parallèlement, des questionnaires aident à comprendre la relation entre la qualité de vie perçue par les occupants et les facteurs de QEI dérivés de la littérature. À l’aide de groupes de discussion, menés lors de la phase III, nous cherchons à valider les résultats préliminaires. Les données sont ensuite analysées séparément en utilisant la ‘triangulation’ afin d’interpréter et corroborer les résultats. Cette étude compare les expériences des espaces de travail « verts » et « conventionnels » et révèle 32 facteurs (30 facteurs QEI et deux autres) qui peuvent affecter de manière significative l'expérience des édifices de bureaux. De plus, des éléments constitutifs d'un environnement de travail humain du point de vue des occupants ont été identifiés. Ceux-ci nous permettent donc de mettre au point un nouveau cadre global, intégrant des critères humains pour évaluer la QEI dans des environnements de travail durables. Ce cadre met en relation la QEI des environnements de travail et la QV des occupants en tant que système environnement-comportement. / This research studies perceived Quality of Life (QoL) and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) of occupants’ in the work environments of sustainable office buildings certified under the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) system (green buildings) and in conventional office buildings. QoL is defined in this research in terms of perceived health, comfort, and productivity. The quality of indoor environments is important because people spend most of their time inside buildings, and in contemporary society, much of the time spent in work environments is in office buildings. In this era of growing concerns about sustainability and the increased awareness of buildings’ negative impacts on occupants, green buildings have been promoted as sustainable solutions to these issues. LEED is the most popular rating system for measuring the performance of green buildings in North America. However, the literature review indicates that there are user complaints about the IEQ of LEED-certified office buildings. LEED-certified buildings are assessed based on technical measures of building performance. This assessment way may create a gap between measured and perceived performance from the user perspective. This raises the question of whether buildings certified with the LEED criteria are humane from the QoL experience of occupants in office buildings. Hence, this research is therefore to propose a new framework that takes into account not only sustainable but also humane factors for evaluating work environments. The study uses a mixed-methods approach – using both quantitative and qualitative methods and proceeds in three phases to comprehensively study occupants’ perceived QoL experience in two LEED and one conventional office building. Phase I uses observations to document the physical work environment and users’ behavioral interactions with the environment. Phase II uses interviews to describe the occupants’ QoL experience, explore the possible IEQ factors shaping their QoL, and to define the constructs of a humane work environment. Questionnaires were distributed concurrently to measure the relationship between occupants’ perceived QoL and IEQ factors that are derived from the literature. Phase III uses focus groups to converge and focus the results of the study. The results are analyzed separately and triangulated using an integrative mixed-methods analysis to interpret, corroborate, conclude, and increase the validation of the findings. The study compared occupants’ perceived QoL in «green» and «conventional» office buildings and revealed 32 quality factors (30 IEQ factors and two others) that influence the QoL experience in office work environments. Also the constructs of what composes a humane work environment based on occupants’ viewpoints have been identified. A new comprehensive, sustainable, and humane framework for assessing IEQ in work environments is developed. This framework guides the relationship between IEQ in work environments and occupants’ QoL as an environment-behavior system.

Em 2009, foi aprovada a Lei da Operação Urbana Consorciada (OUC) Porto Maravilha, tendo como objetivo promover a reestruturação urbana da zona portuária do Rio de Janeiro por meio da ampliação, articulação e requalificação dos seus espaços livres de uso público, com foco na melhoria da qualidade de vida de seus moradores e na sustentabilidade ambiental e socioeconômica da região. Esse objetivo está teoricamente em consonância com os conceitos trazidos pela bibliografia recente acerca do urbanismo sustentável e da qualidade ambiental urbana. Esta dissertação busca apontar os alcances e as limitações dos espaços públicos e da regulação urbanística de uso e ocupação do solo propostos pela OUC Porto Maravilha, sob o ponto de vista da qualidade ambiental urbana, como foco principal nas áreas livres e vegetadas. Além de uma investigação teórica desses aspectos, para efetivação do objetivo proposto, foram realizados o diagnóstico urbano da zona portuária do Rio e o estudo das propostas de projeto e legislação da OUC. Além disso, a pesquisa apresenta algumas experiências de regulamentações urbanísticas de uso e ocupação do solo, com foco na promoção de áreas livres e vegetadas em lotes, aplicadas em outras cidades do mundo. As análises e discussões desenvolvidas demonstram que, no âmbito nacional, a OUC Porto Maravilha apresenta diversas ações inovadoras com impacto positivo na qualidade ambiental urbana. Entretanto, a pesquisa também aponta os desafios e diretrizes que podem servir de referência para a formulação de futuras políticas públicas, tanto para a região objeto de estudo, como para outras localidades. / Porto Maravilha Urban Operation approved in 2009 has as its aim the promotion of the Rio de Janeiro harbor area renewal by expanding, articulating and requalifying its public open spaces, with special focus on the improvement of the resident\'s quality of life and on the sustainability. This objective is theoretically consonant with the concepts brought by recent bibliography on sustainable urbanism and on urban environmental quality. This thesis seeks to point out the scopes and limitations of public spaces and the use and occupancy ordinances proposed by the Porto Maravilha Urban Operation from the point of view of urban environmental quality, with a chief focus on the green and open areas. Besides a theoretical investigation of these aspects, in order to achieve the proposed objectives, this study also presents an urban diagnosis of the harbor area in Rio and an evaluation of the urban planning and legislation proposed for the project. Moreover, this research presents some experiences of urbanistic regulations on the use and occupancy of sites, focusing on promoting open and green spaces, applied in other cities of the world. The evaluations and discussions here developed show that, within the national scope, the Porto Maravilha has several innovative actions with a positive impact on urban environmental quality. However, the research also points to challenges and guidelines for the Project that can be a reference for the development of future public policies in the studied region as well as for other areas.

Les Québécois sont de plus en plus conscients de l’environnement qui les entoure et de l’importance d’en assurer la qualité et la pérennité. Certains phénomènes, tels les changements climatiques, l’accumulation de polluants organiques persistants et l’amincissement de la couche d’ozone, que nous qualifierons de phénomènes environnementaux diffus, sont engendrés par de multiples émetteurs de polluants et ont des effets globaux qui ne peuvent être liés à un événement précis et dont les impacts sont difficiles à identifier et à quantifier pour le moment. En l’absence de preuve quant aux effets qu’auront ces phénomènes diffus sur les citoyens et les difficultés liées à la preuve scientifique du lien causal entre ce dommage et un émetteur de polluant donné, les recours classiques en responsabilité civile et pour troubles de voisinage, prévus aux articles 1457 et 976 C.c.Q., apparaissent inopérants. Nous nous interrogeons donc sur l’existence d’un droit à l’environnement qui conférerait aux citoyens le droit de vivre dans un environnement sain et leur permettrait ainsi de réclamer que cesse toute atteinte environnementale engendrée par ces phénomènes, même si elle n’a pas d’effet directement sur eux. Considérant l’importance de l’efficacité des recours qui pourraient permettre une mise en œuvre de ce droit, nous procéderons à l’analyse de trois sources potentielles d’un droit à l’environnement sous cet angle. À cet effet, nous étudierons les recours constitutionnels et quasi-constitutionnels liés à la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, à la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne et au recours institutionnel prévu dans la Loi sur la qualité de l’environnement. Considérant l’absence de reconnaissance suffisante d’un droit à l’environnement et de recours efficaces pour en assurer la mise en œuvre, nous proposerons ensuite des pistes de solution afin que puisse être développé un mécanisme permettant une réponse judiciaire aux phénomènes environnementaux diffus. / The quality of the environment has become a growing concern in the recent years for Quebec citizens. Phenomena such as climate change, persistent organic pollutants and the depletion of the ozone layer are caused by several sources, the effects of which cannot be distinguished one from the other and/or linked to a specific event. Furthermore, these phenomena have yet to create damage to Quebec residents in order to create the necessary standing for the introduction of legal proceedings. Also, the scientific uncertainty related to the source of potential damage and to the proof of said damage makes it impossible to legally attack the emitters of the pollutant contributing to this type of environmental phenomena under 1457 C.C.Q. or 976 C.C.Q. We have identified the 3 potential sources of a right to a clean environment which could entitle Quebec citizens to go before the courts in environmental matters, even in the absence of specific damages to their person or property. We have analysed the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms and the Environmental Quality Act and looked at the potential right to a clean environment possibly contained therein and the legal actions that could be taken to ensure their respect. Considering the weakness of what our legal system had to propose, we have developed solutions that could be put forward in order to allow the war against climate change and other environmental phenomena of the same nature to become legally actionable.

CAPES / O acelerado crescimento da população e da industrialização, nos centros urbanos, ocasionam impactos negativos sobre os recursos hídricos, comprometendo, principalmente, a capacidade de proteção ambiental, no que tange a qualidade das bacias hidrográficas nas cidades. A bacia hidrográfica é um sistema ambiental complexo, resultante das inter-relações entre a sociedade e a natureza, e a atual situação dessas áreas são exemplos das pressões a que o meio ambiente está submetido. O uso das águas, no Estado do Paraná, é orientado pelos Planos de Bacias, enquanto que os Planos Diretores, procuram ordenar o uso do solo nos municípios. Esses dois planos se sobrepõem no trato da gestão de recursos hídricos. Dessa forma, este estudo se propõe a aplicar uma metodologia de Qualidade Ambiental Urbana – QAU, realizando adaptações, que foram aplicadas na Bacia do rio Barigui – Curitiba/PR, para analisar as inter-relações socioambientais e de infraestrutura. Os dados levantados para formar o banco de dados do QAU foram obtidos em diferentes instituições oficiais, que orientaram a adaptação dos indicadores da metodologia. A aplicação do QAU na Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Barigui, se deu por meio da divisão da bacia em cinco Unidades de Análise – UA, e na aplicação de indicadores de QAU em cada UA. Após a análise dos indicadores e agregação dos dados foi produzido o Índice de Qualidade Ambiental Urbana final – IQAU final. Todas as UA’s avaliadas apresentaram IQAU finais com qualidade satisfatória, porém os índices parciais refletem melhor a condição local. Os resultados obtidos por meio da metodologia da QAU, nesta pesquisa, foi comparada com os Planos da Bacia do Alto Iguaçu e Afluentes do Alto Ribeira e Diretor de Curitiba. O método QAU foi considerado adequado para servir de base na análise comparativa para o Plano de Bacia e o Plano Diretor. Desta forma, foi identificado que o primeiro considera a qualidade da água e a densidade demográfica, e o segundo, população, habitação, fatores econômicos, sociais, de segurança e mobilidade urbana. A comparação entre os dois Planos identificou a convergência na utilização e ocupação do solo e recursos hídricos, mas divergências no formato de agregação, o primeiro utiliza bacias e sub-bacias, e o segundo a unidade de agregação é a cidade. Os resultados da aplicação do QAU com as suas categorias de análise, variáveis e indicadores, na Bacia do rio Barigui, demonstrou o potencial desta metodologia para fazer as inter-relações necessárias visando uma orientação voltada a gestão de bacias hidrográficas urbanas. / The rapid population growth and industrialization in urban centers, has negative impacts on water resources, mainly compromising the ability of environmental protection, with respect to quality of river basins in the cities. The basin is a complex environmental system resulting from the interrelations between society and nature, and the current situation of these areas are examples of the pressures that the environment is submitted. The use of water in the state of Paraná, is guided by the Basin Plans, while the Master Plans, seeking to order the use of land in the municipalities. These two planes overlap in dealing with water resources management. Thus, this study aims to implement an methodology Urban Environmental Quality - UEQ, making adjustments that were applied in the Bacia do rio Barigui - Curitiba / PR, to analyze the social, environmental and infrastructure interrelations. The data collected to form the UEQ database were obtained in different official institutions, which guided the adaptation of the methodology indicators. The application UEQ of the Bacia do rio Barigui, was through the basin of the division into five Environmental Units - EU, and applying UEQ indicators in each environmental unit. After the analysis of indicators and data aggregation Urban Environmental Quality Index – UEQI end was produced. All EU's assessed presented final UEQI with satisfactory quality, but the partial indexes better reflect local conditions. The results obtained by the UEQ methodology in this research was compared with the plans of the Alto Iguaçu Basin and Tributaries of the Upper Ribeira and Director of Curitiba. The UEQ method was considered appropriate to base the comparative analysis to the Basin Plan and the Master Plan. Thus, it was identified that the first consider the water quality and population density, and the second, population, housing, economic, social, security and urban mobility. The comparison between the two plans identified convergence in the use and occupation of land and water resources, but differences in aggregate format, the first use basins and sub-basins, and the second aggregation unit is the city. The results of the application of UEQ with their categories of analysis, variables and indicators in the Bacia do rio Barigui, demonstrated the potential of this methodology to make the necessary interrelations seeking an orientation managing urban watersheds.