В магистерской диссертации обобщается информация о существующих методиках проведения финансового анализа и предлагается авторской концепции финансового анализа деятельности коммерческой организации. Научную новизну представляют авторские определение финансового анализа деятельности коммерческой организации и его концепция, основанные на данной концепции методики оценки статического финансового состояния, управления денежными потоками и финансового риска коммерческой организации, а также соответствующая автоматизированная модель. Полученные в процессе диссертационного исследования основные положения, результаты и рекомендации могут быть использованы коммерческими организациями в качестве основы совершенствования финансового анализа их деятельности. / The master's thesis summarizes information about the existing methods of financial analysis and proposes the author's concept of financial analysis of a commercial organization. The scientific novelty is represented by the author's definition of financial analysis of a commercial organization and its concept, based on this concept of methods for assessing the static financial condition, cash flow management and financial risk of a commercial organization, as well as the corresponding automated model. Obtained in the course of the dissertation research, the main provisions, results and recommendations can be used by commercial organizations as a basis for improving the financial analysis of their activities.

On the one hand mortgage lending is an objective driver of the growth of the Russian economy and on the other hand it’s an important element of social policy and support of the population, and primarily of young people. From the position of credit organizations acting in the person of creditors, mortgage lending is a source of financial risks. These aspects are comprehensively considered in the graduate thesis. As the main direction of risk optimization and expansion of the mortgage market, additions are proposed to the existing model of the borrower's solvency analysis. An interesting and technologically reasonable proposal was made: using the information resources of the IFTS in order to improve the reliability and quality of data for analysis of potential borrowers, which will simultaneously give a positive shift in terms of reducing the time. Special attention should be paid to the offer of a new service - the "one-stop" mode, which will optimize time costs, improve the quality of crediting, and enable the operative use of tax deductions, the right to which is fixed in the Tax Code. / Ипотечное кредитование является объективным драйвером роста экономики России, с одной стороны, важным элементом социальной политики и поддержки населения, и в первую очередь молодежи, с другой стороны. С позиции кредитных организаций, выступающих в лице кредиторов, ипотечное кредитование представляет собой источник финансовых рисков. Данные аспекты всесторонне рассмотрены в дипломной работе. В качестве основного направления оптимизации рисков и расширения рынка ипотеки предложены дополнения в существующую модель анализа кредитоспособности заемщика. Сделано интересное и технологически целесообразное предложение: использование информационных ресурсов ИФНС в целях повышения достоверности и качества данных для анализа потенциальных заемщиков, что одновременно даст положительный сдвиг в плане сокращения сроков. Отдельного внимания заслуживает предложение нового сервиса – режим «одного окна», который позволит оптимизировать временные затраты, повысить качество кредитования, даст возможность оперативного использования налоговых вычетов, право на которые закреплены в Налоговом кодексе.

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O grande diferencial da contabilidade enquanto ciência do controle financeiro são as técnicas que garantem a integridade das informações apresentadas, basicamente através da identidade débito/crédito. O que se faz nesta tese é mostrar como uma nova forma de registro dos derivativos, respeitando-se os princípios contábeis, é capaz de propiciar uma estimativa mais clara e precisa dos riscos financeiros envolvidos nas posições de balanço. É feita uma Decomposição Contábil das transações com derivativos, abrindo-se cada operação em ativo e passivo, com a diferença de ambos sendo o resultado a valor justo do mesmo. Posteriormente, uma nova Decomposição de Riscos abre ativo e passivo em seus fatores primitivos de risco, evidenciando a exposição a riscos por tipo de fator. Finalmente uma reagregação global de todas as decomposições realizadas por fatores de risco gera a DRF-Demonstração de Riscos Financeiros, que evidencia de forma sintética toda exposição a riscos envolvida nas transações carregadas no balanço patrimonial. É mostrado como a DRF evidencia de forma mais clara a eficácia de hedges carregados no balanço, para fins gerenciais internos e para fins do usuário externo. Também ficam evidentes os montantes de exposição em cada fator de risco de mercado. A grande vantagem deste procedimento é que são obtidas as exposições a risco nos derivativos de forma automaticamente conciliada com os registros contábeis. / The great advantage of accounting as a science of financial control are the techniques that guarantee the integrity of the information presented, primarily through the identity debit / credit. This thesis shows a new form to recognize and record derivatives while preserving accounting principles and providing a much more clear and precise estimate of the financial risks involved in the balance sheet items. An Accounting Decomposition is made over derivative transactions by spreading up each one of them into an asset and a liability; the difference being the fair value result of the transaction. Subsequently, a new Risks Decomposition opens up assets and liabilities in their primitive risk factors, highlighting the risk exposures by each type. Finally, a global reaggregation of all decompositions performed by risk factors generates the SFR-Statement of Financial Risks, showing synthetically the exposures to all risks involved in the transactions carried in the balance sheet. It is presented how the SFR shows effectiveness of hedges applied on the balance sheet more clearly, either, for internal management and for external user purposes. Also, it turns evident the amount of exposure to each market risk factor. The greatest advantage of this procedure is to obtain the risk exposures of derivatives automatically and straightly reconciled with accounting records.

Submitted by Piero Bastos Gon (cleig@hotmail.com) on 2014-03-27T18:43:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação CAPES.pdf: 3134226 bytes, checksum: e83db9ca7aded0f31296918bfcb9cfb1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by PAMELA BELTRAN TONSA (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2014-03-27T18:57:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação CAPES.pdf: 3134226 bytes, checksum: e83db9ca7aded0f31296918bfcb9cfb1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-03-27T19:00:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação CAPES.pdf: 3134226 bytes, checksum: e83db9ca7aded0f31296918bfcb9cfb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / The history of the People’s Republic of China and the chinese communist party is a history of conflict between differents organizations and also inside them. Besides this scenario, since Deng XiaoPing there wasn’t any institutional rupture, even with the increase in complexity and number of interests’ groups. Based on the financial system’s reforms and in the long-term funding for local governments, this essay tries to show the different positions from the actors envolved in financial resources allocation, institutional changes and the urbanization project as the core aspect for the new government. These institutional and conflictive aspects between organizations are important because they shape the trade-off that structures the chinese economy and the future policies to be implemented. / A história da República Popular da China e do Partido Comunista Chinês é uma história de conflitos inter- e intraorganizacionais. Entretanto, desde a ascensão de Deng XiaoPing não houve uma ruptura institucional, apesar do número de interesses e a complexidade terem aumentado. Com base nas reformas no sistema financeiro e no financiamento de longo-prazo para os governos subnacionais, pretende-se demonstrar os conflitos que ocorrem entre os diferentes agentes que possuem interesses quanto a alocação dos recursos financeiros, as mudanças institucionais geradas para acomodar as diferentes demandas, e recentemente o projeto de urbanizar a população chinesa como um projeto político prioritário do novo governo. O aspecto institucional e conflitivo entre diferentes organizações provocam um trade-off que estrutura a economia chinesa e as futuras reformas e políticas públicas que serão implementadas.

O grande diferencial da contabilidade enquanto ciência do controle financeiro são as técnicas que garantem a integridade das informações apresentadas, basicamente através da identidade débito/crédito. O que se faz nesta tese é mostrar como uma nova forma de registro dos derivativos, respeitando-se os princípios contábeis, é capaz de propiciar uma estimativa mais clara e precisa dos riscos financeiros envolvidos nas posições de balanço. É feita uma Decomposição Contábil das transações com derivativos, abrindo-se cada operação em ativo e passivo, com a diferença de ambos sendo o resultado a valor justo do mesmo. Posteriormente, uma nova Decomposição de Riscos abre ativo e passivo em seus fatores primitivos de risco, evidenciando a exposição a riscos por tipo de fator. Finalmente uma reagregação global de todas as decomposições realizadas por fatores de risco gera a DRF-Demonstração de Riscos Financeiros, que evidencia de forma sintética toda exposição a riscos envolvida nas transações carregadas no balanço patrimonial. É mostrado como a DRF evidencia de forma mais clara a eficácia de hedges carregados no balanço, para fins gerenciais internos e para fins do usuário externo. Também ficam evidentes os montantes de exposição em cada fator de risco de mercado. A grande vantagem deste procedimento é que são obtidas as exposições a risco nos derivativos de forma automaticamente conciliada com os registros contábeis. / The great advantage of accounting as a science of financial control are the techniques that guarantee the integrity of the information presented, primarily through the identity debit / credit. This thesis shows a new form to recognize and record derivatives while preserving accounting principles and providing a much more clear and precise estimate of the financial risks involved in the balance sheet items. An Accounting Decomposition is made over derivative transactions by spreading up each one of them into an asset and a liability; the difference being the fair value result of the transaction. Subsequently, a new Risks Decomposition opens up assets and liabilities in their primitive risk factors, highlighting the risk exposures by each type. Finally, a global reaggregation of all decompositions performed by risk factors generates the SFR-Statement of Financial Risks, showing synthetically the exposures to all risks involved in the transactions carried in the balance sheet. It is presented how the SFR shows effectiveness of hedges applied on the balance sheet more clearly, either, for internal management and for external user purposes. Also, it turns evident the amount of exposure to each market risk factor. The greatest advantage of this procedure is to obtain the risk exposures of derivatives automatically and straightly reconciled with accounting records.

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur små- och medelstora svenska företag anpassar sin riskstyrning till följd av coronapandemin och vilka risker som företagen upplever varit mest betydande för sin verksamhet under pågående pandemi. Vidare är avsikten att undersöka vad som påverkar vilka åtgärder som vidtagits. Metod: En kvantitativ undersökning med deduktiv ansats där en webbaserad enkät använts för att undersöka hur små- och medelstora svenska företag anpassar sin riskstyrning till följd av kriser och vilka risker som företagen upplever varit mest betydande för sin verksamhet under pågående pandemi. T-tester och korrelationsanalyser har använts för att analysera resultaten och testa hypoteser som formulerats utifrån befintlig teori på forskningsområdet. Resultat: De undersökta företagen har primärt påverkats av volatila råvarupriser, utmaningar när det kommer till att säkerställa kontinuerlig materialtillgång samt att kunna få tillgång till rätt kompetens till verksamheten. De undersökta företagen har därutöver upplevt att deras ekonomiska resultat har försämrats under coronapandemin. Samtliga nollhypoteser antas i studien. Däremot har studien likväl kunnat påvisa förändringar i de undersökta företagens riskstyrning, däribland att företagen ökat antalet möten de håller om risker och att de ökat antalet leverantörer som de använder sig av för samma typer av varor i de fall då de upplevt störningar i försörjningskedjorna. Företagen som hade upplevt ökade störningar i försörjningskedjorna hade också ökat sina lager och avsåg så också i hög utsträckning göra efter coronapandemins slut. / Purpose: The aim of the thesis is to investigate how small and medium-sized Swedish companies adapt their risk management as a result of the corona pandemic and which risks the companies feel have been most significant for their operations during the ongoing pandemic. Furthermore, the intention is to investigate what affects what measures have been taken. Method: A quantitative survey with a deductive approach where a web-based survey was used to examine how small and medium-sized Swedish companies adapt their risk management as a result of crises and which risks the companies experience have been most significant for their operations during the ongoing pandemic. T-tests and correlation analyzes have been used to analyze the results and test hypotheses formulated based on existing theory in the research area. Results: The companies surveyed were primarily affected by volatile raw material prices, challenges when it comes to ensuring continuous material supply and being able to gain access to the right skills for the business. In addition, the companies surveyed have experienced that their financial results have deteriorated during the corona pandemic. All null hypotheses are adopted in the study. However, the study has nevertheless been able to show changes in the survey companies' risk management, including that the companies increased the number of meetings they hold about risks and that they increased the number of suppliers they use for the same types of goods in cases where they experienced supply chain disruptions. The companies that had experienced increased disruptions in the supply chains had also increased their stocks and intended to do so to a large extent after the end of the corona pandemic.

The agricultural sector plays an important role in the South African economy through job creation and earning foreign exchange. The role of agricultural co-operatives increased substantially over the last few decades. The research focuses firstly on the identification of derivative instruments in the market and their applicability to mitigate financial risks co-operatives experience. Secondly, research is conducted about the extent to which co-operatives use these derivatives to hedge financial risks. The research shows that most co-operatives are exposed to financial risks through different activities. It is, however, evident that although the derivative instruments are available, not all co-operatives make use of these instruments. Recommendations for further research include the development of a risk management framework and determining the different economic factors that have an influence on the use of derivatives by South African agricultural co-operatives. / Business Management / M.Comm.

Risk, som kan definieras som möjligheten att något oönskat ska hända, är idag ett omdiskuterat ämne. Det har blivit allt viktigare att företag kommunicerar information om sina risker och hur de hanteras. Det har visat sig att banker är mycket utsatta för risk och att banksektorn är instabil. De finansiella risker som banker ofta är utsatta för är kreditrisk, marknadsrisk, likviditetsrisk och operativ risk. På senare tid, och framförallt till följd av den senaste finanskrisen, har det tillkommit flertalet standarder som reglerar för en mer detaljerad riskupplysning. Kraven på riskinformation i årsredovisningen har därmed ökat och banker rapporterar mer om sina risker nu än tidigare. IFRS 7 och Basel är internationella regelverk som reglerar upplysning av riskrelaterad information. Regelverkens syfte är att förbättra riskupplysningen och att stärka den finansiella stabiliteten. Risken för att hamna i en ny finansiell kris minskar till följd av ökad öppenhet. Inom riskhantering har ramverket ERM tillkommit, som vägleder företag i riskhanteringsprocessen. Vidare kan bankers riskinformation i årsredovisningen skilja sig, både mellan länder och mellan banker inom ett land.Syftet med studien är att undersöka svenska och brittiska marknadsnoterade bankers kommunikation av riskinformation i årsredovisningen och studera om den har förändrats från år 2006 till år 2013 och i så fall hur. Studien syftar också till att analysera hur förändringen skiljer sig mellan olika banker i Sverige och i Storbritannien. Slutligen syftar studien till att studera hur förändringen skiljer sig mellan de två länderna, som i grunden anses härstamma från olika redovisningstraditioner. För att uppfylla syftet med studien genomförs en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av årsredovisningar från de fyra största bankerna i Sverige respektive Storbritannien. Därefter undersöks hur informationen förändrats för varje bank och sedan genomförs en komparativ studie, där bankerna respektive de två länderna jämförs.Studiens resultat visar att det har skett en förändring i riskkommunikation i årsredovisningen från år 2006 till år 2013 för samtliga studerade banker, då upplysningen om risker och riskhantering har ökat. De svenska bankerna skiljer sig i förändringen i högre grad än de brittiska. Det är svårt att se ett samband bland de svenska bankerna, medan de brittiska i stort sett följer samma mönster i förändringen. Vidare visar studien att de brittiska bankerna har genomgått en större förändring och att de har förändrats i högre takt än de svenska bankerna mellan de studerade åren. Det visar tydligt att de brittiska bankerna tillhör den anglosaxiska redovisningstraditionen och i jämförelse kan de svenska bankerna relateras till den kontinentaleuropeiska traditionen. Studien ger dock belägg för att de svenska bankernas riskkommunikation närmar sig den anglosaxiska traditionen, eftersom de har förändrats mellan de studerade åren och eftersom de har blivit mer transparenta. Vidare har både de brittiska och de svenska bankerna blivit mer transparenta när det gäller information om risk i årsredovisningen, vilket går i linje med legitimitetsteorin och intressentteorin. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

Personal financial management is an integrated part of modern man's everyday life. It does not only involve spending his monthly income. It comprises his outlook on life, the way he handles all his financial affairs as well as the way he goes about minimizing his financial risks. The financial plan that the individual has to provide for his retirement, to take care of his dependants as well as the way that the assets he acquired during this lifetime, must be distributed after his death, also forms part of this personal financial management. The main purpose of the study is to determine the levels of personal financial management practiced by employees of NWK Limited, as well as to determine the need for guidance in this regard. The following aspects of personal financial management are researched in chapter 2. These aspects were used to determine to what extent personal financial management was performed by having the study population anonymously complete a customized questionnaire. The following aspects were applied: * Attitude towards money. * Management style with regards to money. * Time value of money. * The financial plan. * Investments. The results of the study confirmed that there is a definite need for guidance with regard to personal financial management, especially under the younger employees as well as the personnel in the lower job levels of the company. Through the rendering of a tailored guidance programme, productivity as well as the quality of life, especially after retirement, could be improved significantly. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.