Floors have traditionally been designed only for strength and deflection serviceability. As technological advances have been made in medical, scientific and micro-electronics manufacturing, many types of equipment have become sensitive to vibration of the supporting floor. Thus, vibration serviceability has become a routinely evaluated limit state for floors supporting sensitive equipment. Equipment vibration tolerance limits are sometimes expressed as waveform peak acceleration, and are more often expressed as narrowband spectral acceleration, or one-third octave spectral velocity. Current floor vibration prediction methods, such as those found in the American Institute of Steel Construction Design Guide 11, Floor Vibrations Due to Human Activity, the British Steel Construction Institute P354, Design of Floors for Vibration: a New Approach and the British Concrete Centre CCIP-016 A Design Guide for Footfall Induced Vibration of Structures, have limitations. It has been observed that non-structural components such as light-weight partitions could significantly change floor dynamic properties. Current prediction methods do not provide a fundamental frequency manual prediction method nor finite element modeling guidance for floors with non-structural components. Current prediction methods only predict waveform peak acceleration and do not provide predictions for frequency domain response including narrowband spectral acceleration or one-third octave spectral velocity. Also, current methods are not calibrated to provide a specific level of conservatism. This research project provides (1) a fundamental frequency manual prediction method for floors with lightweight partitions; (2) an improved finite element modeling procedure for floors with light-weight partitions; (3) a procedure to predict the vibration response in narrow-band spectrum and one-third octave band spectrum which can be directly compared with vibration tolerance limits; and (4) a simplified experimental procedure to estimate the floor natural frequencies. An experimental program including four steel-framed building floors and a concrete was completed. Modal tests were performed on two of the steel-framed buildings and the concrete building using an electrodynamic shaker. Experimental modal analysis techniques were used to estimate the modal properties: natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios. Responses to walking excitation were measured several times in each tested bay for individuals walking at different walking speeds. During each test, the walker crossed the middle of the bay using a metronome to help maintain the intended cadence. The proposed method was used to predict the modal properties and responses to walking. The measurements are used to assess the precision of the proposed methods and to calibrate the prediction methods to provide a specific probability that the actual response will exceed the predicted response. Comparison of measurements and predictions shows the proposed methods are sufficiently accurate for design usage.

Background: Pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training is recommended as first line conservative management for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The fundamental issue of how to optimally contract the PFM has not previously been investigated. An effective voluntary PFM contraction is known to positively influence the bladder neck and urethra which are urethrovesical (UV) structures associated with continence. The PFM may be globally or selectively contracted according to cue to instruction. The main research question was to investigate which cue to instruction for a PFM contraction has the potential to optimise position of UVSs following a brief period of practice in continent nulliparous pre-menopausal women (aiming to provide normative data) and parous menopausal women with previously unreported SUI. Hypotheses: Posterior or combined cues for instruction of PFM contraction are more influential in optimising UV position (UVP) during PFMC following brief practice than an anterior cue. Posterior or combined cues are equally influential in altering UVP. Aims: Preliminary aim was to investigate the reliability and suitability of 2-DRTUS and angle of urethral inclination (AUI) for imaging of selective contraction of the PFM and ease of reading images by a non diagnostic imaging researcher. Principal aim was to investigate if there is an optimal cue to instruction for a PFM contraction in two groups of women. Study 1: pre menopausal nulliparous continent women (to provide normative data) and Study 2: post menopausal parous stress incontinent women. Secondary aims were investigation of posture; ability to selectively contract the PFM contraction; and cue preference. Method: Study 1: Twenty women who were able to effectively and selectively contract were taught the following cues: anterior; posterior; anterior and posterior combined. Following 4 weeks of practice, perineal 2-D RTUS images of three PFMC for each cue were captured in supine and standing twice (for repeatability analysis) five minutes apart. Two raters measured AUI. Data analysis was undertaken using a Customized General Linear Model (GLM) ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for interactions between all variables; subject, cue, posture and test. Seventeen data sets were available for analysis. Study 2: Methodology was based on Study 1. Twenty-one women were taught the study cues, followed the practice protocol and underwent data collection in the supine position. Twenty-one sets of data were available for analysis. Results: Reliability: ICC [1,3] for intra rater reliability was 0.957 [CI 95%: 0.946 to 0.967 p=0.000], inter rater reliability [2,1] 0.820 [CI 95%: 0.768 to 0.861] and for repeatability [1,3] 0.781 [CI 95%: 0.690 to 0.849 p=0.000] (continent) and 0.954 [CI 95%:0.931 to 0.971 p=0.000] (incontinent). Principal results Study 1: anterior vs posterior cues (difference) 3.979˚ (CI 95%: [0.503 to 7.455 p=0.021]); anterior vs combined 3.777˚ (CI 95%: [-0.099 to 6.853 p= 0.059]) posterior vs combined cues -0.602˚ (CI 95%: [-2.874- 4.078 p=1.00]). Aggregated data from tests 1 and 2: anterior vs posterior 4.240° (CI 95%: [1.213 to 7.267 p=0.003]); anterior vs posterior 3.756° (95%CI: [0.729 to 6.783 p=0.009]); posterior vs combined-6.48° (95% CI: [-3.511 to 2.542 p=1.000]). Principal results Study 2: anterior vs posterior 3.936˚ (95%CI: [0.863 to 7.008p=0.008]; 4.946˚ anterior vs combined (95%CI: [1.873 to 8.018 p=0.001]); posterior vs combined 1.010° (95%CI: -[2.062 to 4.082 p=1.000]). Aggregated analysis was anterior vs posterior 3.703˚ (95%CI: [1.639 to 5.761 p=0.000]); anterior vs combined 5.089˚ (95%CI: [3.0287 to 7.1503 p=0.000]) and posterior and combined 1.389° (95%CI: [-0.672 to 3.450 p=0.309]). Secondary results: 2-D RTUS and the AUI were found to be suitable for investigating selective PFM contraction. Posture: supine vs standing (difference) 9.496˚ (p=0.000); (posture did not affect absolute AUI). Three continent (13%) and 2 incontinent (7%) subjects were unable to selectively contract the PFM. Cue preference in both studies was posterior or combined. Conclusions: AUI was significantly narrower/optimal when instruction for PFM contraction included a posterior cue, in both continent and stress incontinent women. This is proposed to be due to optimal recruitment of puborectalis. Puborectalis may be more important in urinary continence than widely recognized. This study has provided seminal information with respect to optimal cue to contraction for a PFM contraction and will change practice. Investigation of the potential impact of these findings clinically is required. It is proposed that further understanding will lead to standardisation of PFM instruction, ease of comparability between PFM research studies, and will clarify PFM instructions for the media and lay public.

<p>Näringsliv och offentlig sektor står inför ständiga utmaningar att förändra och effektivisera sin verksamhet. Idag ses information som en verklig produktionsfaktor och åtkomst till lämplig informationen ses som en nödvändighet för uppnå effektivitet och produktivitet i de individuella aktiviteterna (Oehlmann, Thoben & Weber, 1997). Med hjälp av elektroniska arbetsinstruktioner på produktionsgolvet har tillverkande industrier hittat en effektiv metod för att minska variationerna, öka kvaliteten, förbättra kommunikationen, minimera kostnaderna och snabbare få ut produkterna på marknaden, den s.k. Time-to-market (Coetzee, 2004).</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om Informationslogistik genom införandet av elektroniska arbetsinstruktioner kan påverka effektiviteten och kvaliteten i ett företag vilket använder sig av elektroniska arbetsinstruktioner.</p><p>En fallföretagsstudie har genomförts på HMS Industrial Networks AB, en världsledande leverantör av fältbuss-teknologi för automationsutrustning. De har utvecklat ett IT-system för att hantera elektroniska arbetsinstruktioner vilket de använder fullt ut i sin tillverkning.</p><p>Mer praktiskt har uppsatsens arbete handlat om att undersöka hur de anställda upplever att det påverkat deras effektivitet i det dagliga arbetet, såväl som kvaliteten i arbetet, informationen och på produkterna.</p><p>Intervjuer med användare från dokumentationsteamet och produktionsmedarbetarna har gjorts och resultatet visar att användandet av PRIS och elektroniska arbetsinstruktioner har gett en rad effekter i verksamheten, både för dem vilka administrerar och hanterar produktionsunderlagen såväl som för de berörda användarna på produktionsgolvet och i övriga delar i organisationen.</p><p>Resultatet visar att Informationslogistik i allra högsta grad kan påverka effektiviteten och kvaliteten i ett företag. Dokumentationsteamet kan arbeta parallellt i de olika produktionsunderlagen, det är enklare att lägga upp ett underlag och hantera uppdateringar, innehållet är spårbart och de kan återanvända allt innehåll i nya artiklar, samtidigt som informationen snabbt når ut på produktionsgolvet. För medarbetarna i produktionen har det inneburit att de nu kommer åt informationen snabbare, de kan ta egna och snabbare beslut, de känner sig mer självständiga, de har blivit mer effektiva samt att de nu har ett samlat ställe för all produktionsrelaterad information de behöver för att kunna utföra sitt jobb.</p><p>Likaså har kvaliteten i underlagen ökat och på produkterna ut till kund. De har också fått en en säker distribution och hantering av information samt en större kontroll på tillverk-ningsprocessen.</p> / <p>Industries and governments stand before constant challenges to change and make their business processes more efficient. Information is now considered an actual production factor, and the appropriate availability of information is seen as crucial for the efficiency and effectiveness of individual tasks (Oehlmann, Thoben & Weber, 1997). With help of electronic work instructions process manufacturers has discovered an effective method for reducing variability, increasing consistency, and bringing new products to the market significantly faster (Coetzee, 2004).</p><p>The main objective of this report is to examine if Information Logistics through the use of electronic work instructions can affect the efficiency and quality in a company that uses electronic work instructions.</p><p>A case study has been carried out at HMS Industrial Networks AB, a world-leading supplier of field bus technology for automation devices. They have developed a system that handles the electronic work instructions, which they use through out the production plant. The system is called Production Resource Infomanagment System (PRIS).</p><p>The work in this report has examine how the employees experience that PRIS has affected their efficiency on a daily basis, as well as the quality of their work, in the information and on the products.</p><p>Interviews with users from both the documentation team and the production team have been carried out and the result shows that the use of PRIS and electronic work instructions have had major impacts in the company, for those who administrates and handle the production sheets as well as for the users on the production floor and in other parts of the company.</p><p>The result shows that Information Logistics can affect efficiency and quality in a company. The documentation team can work parallel in different production sheets, it’s easier to create production sheets and work with updates in them, all of the content in a production sheet can be reused in other articles and the distribution of information to the users is instant. For the production team, the use of electronic work instructions has decreased their time for information retrieval, they can now make their own decisions and in a faster way than before, they feel more independent, their efficiency has increased and they now only have one place for all the production related information they need in order to perform their jobs.</p><p>The quality of the information in the production sheets have also increased, as well as the quality of the products sent to customers. They have also got a secure distribution and in-formation management and improved process control.</p>

<p>Mogućnost primene polivinilhloridnih (PVC) podnih obloga je određena krajnjim svojstvima koja zavise od sastava obloge i načina proizvodnje. Zbog složenog sastava i različitih načina pripreme PVC podnih obloga, veoma je te&scaron;ko tačno proceniti uticaj pojedinačnog procesnog parametara na svojstva dobijenog proizvoda. U ovom radu, da bi se ispitao uticaj sastava polivinilhloridnih sme&scaron;a na svojstva PVC podnih obloga pripremljeno je 27 receptura u kojima su varirane: koncentracije kalcijumkarbonata (40, 70 i 100 phr), koncentracije sredstva za ekspanziju, azodikarbonamida ADC (0,8, 1,0 i 1,2 mas. % u odnosu na ukupnu masu) kao i odnos &bdquo;kikeraˮ i sredstva za ekspanziju, ZnO/ADC (0,33; 0,50 i 0,67). Da bi se proučio uticaj procesnih parametara na svojstva PVC podnih obloga menjani su tehnolo&scaron;ki uslovi proizvodnje: temperatura (180, 184, 188, 192 i 196 &deg;C) i vreme (90, 120 i 150 sekundi) ekspanzije poleđinskog sloja PVC podne obloge. Na taj način je od svake PVC paste dobijeno 15 uzoraka. Za svaki uzorak određena su sledeća svojstva: stepen ekspanzije, zatezna sila pri kidanju, prekidna sila kidanja, zatezno i prekidno izduženje, početni otpor cepanju, otpor cepanju, ukupna deformacija, zaostala deformacija, povratna elastičnost, gustina pene i indeks žućenja. S obzirom na ovako veliki broj podataka urađena je statistička obrada dobijenih eksperimentalnih podataka metodom vi&scaron;estruke linearne regresione analize, kako bi procenili uticaji pojedinačnih procesnih parametara na ispitivana svojstva. Napisan je originalni programski kod primenom Garson-ovog i Yoon-ovog modela u programu Matlab koji omogućava formiranje neuronske mreže i njenu upotrebu u cilju fitovanja eksperimentalnih podataka. Rezultati dobijeni primenom modela po Garson-u nisu pogodni za određivanje uticaja sastava PVC sme&scaron;e i uslova prerade na konačna svojstva proizvoda, jer ne pokazuju pravac uticaja. Dok je ve&scaron;tačka neuronska mreža koja se zasniva na Yoon-ovom modelu uspe&scaron;no primenjena u razvoju novih i pobolj&scaron;anju postojećih svojstava heterogenih PVC proizvoda. Ispitan je i uticaj veličine čestice ZnO koji je upotrebljen kao &bdquo;kikerˮ (sredstvo koje utiče na smanjenje temperature raspada ADC) na svojstva penastih podnih obloga. Napravljene su dve PVC paste, jedna sa komercijalnim ZnO, a druga sa nano ZnO, pri čemu je sastav ostalih komponenti bio identičan. Na osnovu dobijenih eksperimentalnih podatka može se zaključiti da kod uzoraka u kojima je upotrebljen nano ZnO dolazi do intenzivnijeg &bdquo;curenjaˮ gasa nastalog raspadom ADC i međusobnog povezivanja pora. Kao posledica ovakve strukture pora uzorci sa nano ZnO imaju lo&scaron;ija mehanička svojstva. Na osnovu dobijenih karakterističnih temperatura na TG krivama nije uočen uticaj veličine čestica ZnO na termičku stabilnost ispitivanih uzoraka.</p> / <p>The application of PVC floor coverings is strongly connected with their end-use properties which depend on the composition and processing conditions. It is very difficult to estimate the proper influence of production parameters on the characteristics of PVC floor coverings due to their complex composition and various preparation procedures. In this paper, in order to investigate the effect of the PVC mixture composition on the properties of PVC floor coverings, 27 formulations are prepared varying concentration of calcium carbonate (40, 70 and 100 phr), concentration of blowing agent, azodicarbonamide ADC (0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 wt. % relative to the total weight) and the ratio of &quot;kicker&quot; and blowing agent, ZnO/ADC (0.33; 0.50 and 0.67). To study the influence of process parameters on the properties of PVC floor coverings technological production conditions are varied: expansion temperature (180, 184, 188, 192 and 196 &deg;C) and expansion time (90, 120 and 150 seconds) of the PVC floor covering back layer. In this way, 15 samples are made of each PVC paste. The following properties are determined for each sample: expansion ratio, tensile strength, braking strength, tensile extension, breaking extension, initial resistance to tearing, tearing resistance, identation, residual identation, elasticity, density foam and yellowing index. Having such a large amount of data, statistical analysis of experimental data are made with multiple linear regression analysis in order to assess the effects of process parameters on investigated properties. The original program code is written using the Garson&#39;s and Yoon&#39;s models in the Matlab programme that allows the formation of neural networks and its use for the purpose of fitting the experimental data. Results obtained by using the Garson model are not suitable for determining the influence of composition of the PVC mixture and processing conditions on the properties of the final product because it does not show the direction of impact. While the artificial neural network based on Yoon&#39;s model is successfully applied to the development of new as well as to the improvement of the existing properties of the heterogeneous PVC products. The influence of ZnO particle size, used as a&ldquo;kicker&ldquo; (this material reduces the decomposition temperature of ADC) is examined on the properties of the foam flooring. Two PVC pastes are made, one with commercial ZnO and the other with nano ZnO, with the other components of the compositions identical. Based on the obtained experimental data, it can be concluded that there is more intensive gas &bdquo;leak&ldquo; resulting from disintegration of the ADC and also more intensive interconnection of pores in the samples where nano ZnO is used. As a result of this structure of pores, samples with nano ZnO have inferior mechanical properties. Based on the characteristic temperature obtained on TG curves, the influence of ZnO particle size on the thermal stability of the investigated samples is not observed.</p>

De son apparition dans les cours raffinées du lointain Orient islamisé à son exploitation industrielle en Occident, les procédés d’élaboration et les usages de la faïence ont évolué. En France, en l’état actuel des connaissances, l’introduction de cette technique remonte à l’époque gothique. Elle se manifeste alors de manière simultanée, dans des zones géographiques spécifiques, ponctuellement utilisée dans la composition de quelques luxueux pavements, où elle coexiste fréquemment avec des carreaux de terre cuite à glaçure transparente de tradition indigène. De tels pavements, parce qu’ils témoignent de la rencontre entre deux traditions techniques et culturelles, apparaissent comme des objets d’étude privilégiés pour appréhender conjointement les questions relatives à l’origine, la production et la consommation que pose la « faïence » à ses débuts en France. À partir de l’approche globale du cas de Suscinio, choisi en raison de son exemplarité, les chemins que cette technique exogène a empruntés et les raisons de son utilisation ont pu être précisés. Les données techniques, iconographiques et analytiques collectées grâce à la démarche méthodologique proposée apportent de nouveaux éléments de réponse. Ainsi, l’importation de produits finis et l’expérimentation locale ont pu être exclues au profit de l’importation de savoirs techniques ou du transfert de connaissances. Le répertoire iconographique et le style de tradition gothique ont montré qu’il y avait eu adaptation de la technique à un nouveau milieu socio-culturel. Son utilisation dans des lieux de l’édifice particuliers et particulièrement importants ne servait pas seulement une démonstration de pouvoir mais lui conférait également le statut de marqueur spatial, hiérarchique et social. / Tin-glazed earthenware manufacturing and use changed from its beginnings in the refined courts of the Islamic Far East up to its manufacturing in the West. In France, the technique was introduced during the Gothic period. It appears simultaneously, in specific geographical areas, at times used in the composition of luxurious floor-tiles where it often coexists with indigenous transparent high-lead glazed tiles. Such floor-tiles bear witness to the meeting between two technical and cultural traditions. That is the reason why they are particularly appropriate when studying together issues relating to the geographical origin, production and consumption of tin-glazed earthenware technique at its beginnings in France. The ways followed by this exogenous technique and the reasons for its use were clarified through the overall approach of the exemplary case of Suscinio. Technical, iconographical and analytical data collected by using a multidisciplinary methodology have provided some answers. Imported products and local experimentation can be excluded in favor of imported skills or transfer of knowledge. The Gothic tradition of the iconography and the style showed that the technique was adapted to a new socio-cultural context. Its use in particular and particularly important places was not only reserved to a manifestation of power but also worked as spatial, hierarchical and social markers.

9 Abstract Title: Influence of Power Plate machine vibrations on m. levator ani contraction. Objectives: In my thesis I would like to follow up on my bachelor`s thesis in which I was analyzing the importance of exercise on the Power Plate machine from a theoretical point of view. I set the objective of my thesis, in co-operation with professionals in this area, to find out whether Power Plate machines have any impact on the pelvic floor contractions, especially on the m. levator ani. Methods: Theoretical part of my thesis was conducted using the research (exploration of facts) method. For theoretical input I mainly used my bachelor`s thesis which was being followed up with. Majority of studies regarding WBVT (whole body vibration training) influence on human body is available from foreign sources. The practical part of my research was conducted via the quantitative quasiexperimental method. The works was further performed with use of the explanation (empirical and generally theoretical) methods and interpretation methods. For the data analysis were used the basic descriptive statistics, analysis of variance with repetition with Geisser-Greenhouse adjustment and paired t-test. Interpretation method was used to generalize the research outcomes, to confront them with existing knowledge, and to debate their...

Syfte: Idag riskerar cirka 300 000 hushåll med uteluftsventilerad krypgrund att bli angripna av fukt- och mögelskador. Klimatet i en uteluftsventilerad krypgrund påverkas i stor grad av temperaturen och den relativa luftfuktigheten. Det råder inga tvivel om att klimatet står inför förändringar, vilket innebär en höjd temperatur och en förändring av den relativa luftfuktigheten. Detta gör att den uteluftsventilerade krypgrunden inte har möjlighet att torka ut under vissa perioder på året och utsätts då för en förhöjd risk av fuktskador. Parallellt med klimatförändringen moderniseras även uppvärmningssystemen i småhusen, vilket ändrar förutsättningar för krypgrunderna. Målet med arbetet är att undersöka om klimatförändringarna och installation av golvvärme i träbjälklaget har bidragit till fuktskador i uteluftsventilerade krypgrunder och ge underlag till effektivare åtgärder av fuktskador. Metod: För att utreda om klimatförändringarna är ett problem för de uteluftsventilerade krypgrunderna har dokumentanalyser genomförts vilka sedan följdes av beräkningar av krypgrundens relativa luftfuktighet. På samma sätt gavs svar på om golvvärmen är en bidragande faktor till fuktskadorna. Båda frågeställningarna styrktes även av kvalitativa intervjuer med sakkunniga personer. Hur fuktskadorna effektivare kunde åtgärdas togs främst fram genom kvalitativa intervjuer men styrktes av dokumentanalyser. Resultat: Studien visar att klimatförändringarna kommer att påverka uteluftsventilerade krypgrunder i positiv bemärkelse då studien endast tog hänsyn till temperaturhöjningen. Installation av golvvärme har även visats vara positivt mot fuktskador i en uteluftsventilerad krypgrund om isolering i bjälklaget saknas eller är bristfällig. Branschen ser ingen vinst i att effektivisera åtgärdsmetoderna då dessa redan är välprövade och väl fungerande. Konsekvenser: Ett varmare klimat ger bättre förutsättningar för en uteluftsventilerad krypgrund. Medvetenheten om hur klimatförändringarna påverkar krypgrunderna ger byggbranschen ett försprång att förbereda sig inför kommande förändringar. Kunskapen om att golvvärme kan ge positiva effekter mot fuktskador i uteluftsventilerade krypgrunder ger nya förutsättningar för renoveringar och åtgärder mot fuktskador, dock måste energiförlusterna tas i hänsyn i dessa fall. Branschen ser ingen vinst i att effektivisera åtgärdsmetoderna, vilket gör att det inte finns någon anledning att gå djupare in i detta. Begränsningar: Arbetet behandlar endast uteluftsventilerade krypgrunder med träbjälklag som ligger inom Sveriges gränser. Denna studie är därför inte applicerbar på andra konstruktioner eller utanför Sveriges gränser. Endast klimatförändringarna det senaste seklet och fram till 2100 tas hänsyn till i rapporten. Studien tar heller inte hänsyn till fukttillskott från mark och dagvatten, likaså görs inga beräkningar på ventilation. / Purpose: Today are about 300 000 buildings with outdoor ventilated crawl space at risk to be contaminated by moisture and mold damage. An outdoor ventilated crawl space’s climate is greatly affected by the temperature and the relative humidity. There is no doubt that the climate is facing changes, which means an increased temperature and a change in the relative humidity. This prevents the outdoor ventilated crawl space from drying out during certain periods of the year and is then exposed to a heightened risk of moisture damage. Parallel to the climate change the heating systems are being modernized in houses, which changes the conditions for the crawl spaces. The objective of this essay is to do a research if climate change and the installation of underfloor heating in the greater part of the joist area has given rise to moisture damage in outdoor ventilated crawl spaces and provide good basis for more effective measures to moisture damage. Method: To investigate whether the climate change is a problem for outdoor ventilated crawl spaces have document analyzes been conducted, which was followed by calculations of the crawl spaces’ relative humidity. Calculations have been made to find out if the underfloor heating is a contributing problem to moisture damage. Both issues are also corroborated by interviews with qualified people. How the moisture damage more effective could be fixed was answered primarily through qualitative interviews, but corroborated by document analysis. Findings: The study shows that climate change will affect outdoor ventilated crawl spaces in a positive sense, only account to the temperature rise. Installing underfloor heating has also been shown to be positive against moisture damage in outdoor ventilated crawl spaces if insulation in the soffit is missing or deficient. The industry sees no gain in efficiency action methods as these are already proven and well- functioning. Implications: A warmer climate provides better conditions for outdoor ventilated crawl space. Being aware of the changes associated with climate change, and its effects on buildings give the construction industry a head start to prepare for future changes. Knowledge that underfloor heating can provide positive effects against moisture damage in crawl spaces creates new opportunities for renovations and actions against dampness but the energy losses in this case must be considered. Since the industry does not see profit in streamlining action methods is no need to go deeper into this. Limitations: The report deals only outdoor ventilated crawl spaces with wooden soffit that is located within the Swedish borders. This study is therefore not applicable to other constructions or other countries. Only climate change in the last century and up until 2100 are taken into account in the report. Further on the study does not take the excess moisture from the soil or the storm water into account; likewise there are no calculations for the ventilation.

[pt] O estudo focaliza os estilos conversacionais emergentes da interação entre terapeutas e clientes no contexto de uma primeira sessão de terapia de família a partir de uma perspectiva teórica de integração entre as ordens institucionais e interacionais do discurso. A partir da análise dos dados, percebemos que a sessão de terapia apresenta uma configuração discursiva híbrida, demonstrando características de discurso institucional e de conversa espontânea, evidenciadas pela natureza do piso conversacional - ora configurando-se como típico da fala do especialista, ora apresentando-se colaborativo, característico de uma fala mais livre - observado no decorrer da interação entre terapeutas e clientes. Argumentamos, então, ao articular os conceitos de ordem institucional e ordem interacional, que essas instâncias de fala-em-interação com características de conversa cotidiana são contextualmente relevantes para a realização do mandato institucional peculiar à terapia de família e não desvios da organização institucional. / [en] This study focuses on the emergent conversational styles in the interaction between therapists and clients in a context of a first session of family therapy from a theoretical point-of-view which aims at integrating the institutional and interactional orders of discourse. It was possible to observe that the therapy session presents a hybrid discursive configuration, displaying the characteristics from both institutional and ordinary talk, which is evidenced by the nature of the conversational floor - at times configuring itself as expert talk, at times structuring itself as spontaneous talk -observed throughout the interaction between therapists and clients. Therefore, by articulating the concepts of institutional order and interactional order, we argue that these instances of talk-in-interaction, characterized as ordinary talk, are contextually relevant for the accomplishment of the institutional mandate peculiar to family therapy and not deviations from the institutional organization.

Objetivo: Validar a proposta de cálculo do volume de seios maxilares, utilizando-se de imagens trans-axiais geradas por meio de tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico, analisando as mesmas em software para edição de imagens, e comparando os volumes aferidos, com os obtidos por meio de molde dos seios maxilares com silicone de condensação fluido. Métodos: Foram utilizados 05 crânios secos com osteotomia axial, pertencentes ao acervo do Laboratório de Anatomia da Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, de modo que se pudesse observar os seios maxilares em vista superior, totalizando 6 sítios. Os sítios foram moldados com silicone de condensação flúido por meio da injeção do mesmo com uma seringa para elastômero, e modelos dos seios maxilares foram confeccionados por meio da imersão dos moldes de silicone em gesso. Os modelos de gesso foram hidratados e preenchidos com água até que se atingisse a altura de 10mm e esse volume de água foi removido por meio de uma pipeta graduada na qual pôde-se fazer a leitura do volume. A amostra foi então submetida a tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico, para posterior reformatação em cortes trans-axiais, que foram analisados no software Photoshop CS3 Extended® e o cálculo do volume foi feito com auxílio do software Excel®. Resultados: Os dados obtidos pelos dois métodos foram comparados estatisticamente por meio de gráficos de perfis individuais, diagrama de dispersão (Bussab e Morettin), coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (Fleiss) e gráfico de Bland-Altman. Após análise dos métodos estatísticos se observou reprodutibilidade de ambos os métodos e forte correlação entre os mesmos. Conclusão: Os cortes trans-axiais da maxila, obtidos por meio da tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico, podem ser utilizados para cálculo dos volumes de seios maxilares, quando da análise dos mesmos em software Photoshop CS3 Extended®, fornecendo valores de volume próximos e estatisticamente compatíveis aos obtidos por meio do molde dos seios maxilares com silicone de condensação (padrão ouro), de maneira sistematizada e de fácil reprodução. / Purpose: To validate the proposal for measurement of maxillary sinus volume, using cross-sectional images generated by cone beam computed tomography, which were analyzed with an image editor software, and comparing the estimated volumes with those obtained through impression with fluid condensation silicone. Methods: Five dry skulls axially osteotomized, from the São Paulo University City Anatomy Laboratory, were used to allow an upper view of the maxillary sinuses, totaling 6 sites. The sites were molded com fluid condensation silicone injected with an elastomer syringe, and maxillary sinus models were produced by immersing the silicone mold into plaster. The plaster casts were hydrated and fulfilled with water reaching 10 mm height, which was removed with a graduated pipette to determine the water volume. The sample underwent cone beam computed tomography and the images were reformatted to produce cross-sectional views, which were analyzed with Photoshop CS3 Extended®, and the volume was calculated using Excel®. Results: Data obtained by both methods were statistically compared based on individual profile graphic, dispersion diagram (Bussab and Morettin), intraclass correlation coefficient (Fleiss) and Bland-Altman plot. After being analyzed, the two statistical methods showed reproducibility and strong correlation. Conclusion: Cross-sectional views generated by cone beam computed tomography and analyzed with Photoshop CS3 Extended® are useful to calculate the maxillary sinus volume, in order to help in planning the maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery.

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o microclima interno de escamoteadores com diferentes formulações de placas cimentícias para o piso, aquecido com resistência elétrica. As placas de argamassa de cimento Portland tiveram por base o aproveitamento de resíduos agropecuários (cama sobreposta de suíno, fibra curta de sisal e casca de arroz) na sua confecção, em busca da melhoria nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas das placas. Essas matérias-primas serão utilizadas como material alternativo, na busca do reaproveitamento destes resíduos, que, na maioria das vezes, são descartados de forma errônea, prejudicando o meio ambiente. Esses resíduos foram caracterizados de forma a analisar sua potencialidade para a confecção das placas para piso de abrigo escamoteador. Foram confeccionados corpos-de-prova com seis diferentes tipos de formulações: referência de cimento Portland (C1), de CCSS em substituição a 30% em massa do cimento Portland (C2); de CCSS substituindo 30% de cimento Portland e fibras curtas de sisal substituindo 1,7% da massa da areia (C3); de CCSS substituindo 30% de cimento Portland e com casca de arroz substituindo 4% em massa de areia (C4); de cimento Portland com casca de arroz substituindo 4% da areia (C5); de cimento Portland com fibras curtas de sisal substituindo 1,7% da massa da areia (C6). Com base nos resultados dos ensaios físicos e mecânicos, as melhores formulações (C2, C3 e C4) foram escolhidas para a confecção das placas para o abrigo escamoteador. Para caracterização do ambiente, foram utilizados data-loggers para coleta de variáveis para determinação dos índices de conforto térmico: índice de temperatura de globo e umidade (ITGU), carga térmica radiante (CTR), entalpia (H), além dos índices analisou-se também a temperatura ambiental (TA) e a umidade relativa (UR). Os dias com menor valor de entalpia (H) foram considerados para análise comparativa dos índices de conforto, e os abrigos escamoteadores foram submetidos a quatro diferentes temperaturas de resistência (30, 35, 45 e 55 ºC). Os valores recome ndados para ITGU, CTR, H, TA e UR foram observados nos três diferentes tratamentos com a temperatura da resistência elétrica acima de 35ºC. Os resultado s obtidos validaram o destino alternativo a CCSS, a fibra de sisal e a casca de arroz, como materiais viáveis para utilização em placas de piso para abrigos escamoteadores com aceitável desempenho térmico, físico e mecânico. / The objective of this study is to evaluate the internal microclimate of piggy\'s houses with different formulations of cementitious boards for the floor, warmed with electrical resistance. The boards of ordinary Portland cement mortar were based on the use of agricultural residues (swine deep bedding, short-fiber sisal and rice husk) in its production, in search of improvement in physical and mechanical properties of the plates. These raw materials will be used as alternative materials searching reuse of waste, which in most cases are disposed of wrongly, harming the environment. These wastes were characterized in order to assess was potential for making the plates for floor piggy\'s houses. Samples were prepared with six different types of formulations: reference ordinary Portland cement (OPC) (C1), replacement of OPC by 30% by weight of ashes swine deep bedding (ASDB) (C2); replacement of OPC by 30% of ASDB and fiber short sisal replacing 1.7% of the mass of sand (C3); replacement of OPC by 30% of ASDB and rice husk replacing 4% by mass of sand (C4); OPC with rice husk replacing 4% of the sand (C5); OPC with short sisal fibers replacing 1.7% of the sand (C6). Based on the results of the mechanical and physical tests, the best formulations (C2, C3 and C4) were chosen for the preparation of the floor plates in the piggy\'s houses. To characterize the environment, data-loggers were installed for the collection of variables to determine the thermal comfort indices: black globe temperature and humidity index (BGHI), radiant heat load (RHL), enthalpy (H), ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH). The days with lower values of enthalpy (H) were considered for comparative analyses of the comfort indices, and piggy\'s houses were subjected to four different temperatures of electric resistance (30, 35, 45 and 55ºC). The recommended v alues for BGHI, RHL, H, AT and RH were achieved in the three different treatments with temperature of electric resistance above 35ºC. The results validat ed the alternative destination to ASDB, sisal fiber and rice husks as viable material for use in floor plates piggy\'s houses with acceptable thermal, physical and mechanical performance.