The global mean temperature is continuously increasing despite of the Paris Agreement’s goal of keeping it from rising more than 1.5-2°C above pre-industrial levels. Cities are the main contributors to the increasing temperature as they emit more than 70% of total global CO2 emissions. Therefore, it is important to achieve net-zero emissions in cities to stop temperature from increasing further. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) have proven to be a cost-effective strategy to reduce CO2 emissions in urban environments (by up to 25%). Research needs to be conducted on how NbS should be incorporated into policy for them to have the best effects and desired outcomes. This thesis explores how NbS can be effectively implemented in environmental policies to reach set goals and achieve desired effects. It aims to explore factors in the Stockholm Royal Seaport (SRS) environmental policy that can strengthen and constrain the implementation of NbS. The intention of this thesis is also to learn how this area’s policy affects the collaboration between stakeholders, including residents, in this area. The research questions of this thesis are: (1) What are the environmental policies related to Nature-based Solutions used by Stockholm Royal Seaport to achieve climate positivity and strengthen ecosystem services? (2) What key factors in the environmental policies in Stockholm Royal Seaport can be identified as supporting or constraining the implementation of Nature-based Solutions? (3) How do the environmental policies in Stockholm Royal Seaport affect the collaboration among stakeholders in this area? A case study on SRS is conducted to answer these questions. The data is collected from this area’s latest steering document and sustainability report, and interviews. Thematic analysis is used to analyse the collected data. The results from the exploratory research are that SRS’s policies presented in goal four of the steering document, such as the promotion of blue and green infrastructure, positively affect the NbS used in this area to strengthen ecosystem services. However, these solutions are not explicitly identified as strategies to achieve climate positivity. Two key factors that support implementing NbS in SRS have been identified. The first is the requirement for developments to follow the stormwater management strategy and the Green Space Index. Second is the encouragement of collaboration between stakeholders. Three key constraining factors identified are: 1) the lack of definition and communication of the NbS strategies, and the reason for implementing them; 2) the lack of mention and explanation of NbS in the steering document; 3) limiting budgets. The policy in SRS is highly focused on, and encourages, collaboration and knowledge development between stakeholders, therefore, it is concluded that this area’s policy has a positive effect on this policy aspect and contributes to increasing collaboration.

The aim of this study is to examine the public preferences for urban riparian corridors in arid ‎regions, by testing to what extent people are willing to trade-off unmaintained ecological ‎landscape for aesthetics offered by specific micro and ‎macro environmental factors. Landscape ‎design reflects ecological and aesthetic values, and trade-offs are often made ‎between the two in ‎‎practice. In arid regions, water scarcity means riparian corridors are the ‎richest landscape ‎typology and the only ‎blue-green links for hundreds of miles. Pressure from ‎urbanization and ‎lack of eco-literacy contribute to negative ‎feedback loops which present dire ‎challenges for ‎migrating avifauna and regional wildlife. Regarding natural ‎resources and ‎biodiversity, where ‎multiple deliverable ‎ecosystem services rely on the quality and health of that ‎‎ecosystem, riparian ‎systems with high biomass are more desirable. Although this can be ‎achieved with low or no ‎‎maintenance riparian buffers, these unmaintained ecological landscapes ‎play an intrinsic role in ‎sustaining the ‎global ecosystem services and are important for the survival of the inhabitants ‎‎(avifauna). Ecological ‎landscapes are often subjected to trade-offs with aesthetic ‎landscapes that ‎include micro and ‎macro environmental factors such as manicured landscapes. It is accepted that ‎‎there is a ‎preference for aesthetics in landscape design; however, it is unclear how laypeople ‎prioritize ‎aesthetics ‎over different ecological factors in landscape scenes. This study uses a ‎Discrete Choice ‎Experiment (DCE) to elicit the ‎preferences of current or pretendant residents of ‎Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia for multiple landscape scenes. The method ‎combines ecological ‎landscape characteristics adopted from ‎the QBR index that are found in the study area in Jeddah ‎and aesthetic ‎characteristics, such as micro and macro environmental factors that are commonly ‎suggested in landscape design projects adapted from relevant visual preference studies (Alsaiari, ‎‎2018; Kenwick et al., 2009; Kuper‎ ‎,‎2017; Zhao et al., 2017). ‎DCE is a widely used method to ‎reveal preferences by analyzing the trade-offs people make ‎between ‎alternatives. Participants in ‎this study were exposed to a set of designs, which included ‎various configurations of ‎aesthetic ‎and ecological elements. Participants' choices revealed the influence of their ecological and ‎‎aesthetic values. Results show that minimal design interventions would prevent trading off the ‎ecological unmaintained landscape and that there are four subgroups with distinct homogeneous ‎preferences for the attributes affecting the appeal for the urban riparian corridor in Jeddah City. ‎Finally, results show that even though there are significant differences between subgroups based ‎on preferences, the demographic information is proportionally distributed in a way the means ‎differences diminish between the subgroups. ‎Findings in this study will equip ‎decision-makers ‎with operational definitions relating to riparian ‎landscape design and a method ‎that they can use ‎to minimize losses in ecological value over aesthetic value. This study will help‎ ‎researchers and ‎landscape architects advance visual preference research further into the domain ‎of empirical ‎‎studies.‎ ‎ / Doctor of Philosophy / Landscape architecture is a profession that entails planning and design outdoor spaces, ‎‎landmarks, and ‎structures to improve the built environment and increasing the quality of ‎‎people's lives by achieving ‎environmental, social, economic, and aesthetic outcomes‎. The ‎profession often reflects ecological and ‎aesthetic values, and trade-offs are often made ‎between ‎the two in ‎practice. These ecological values ‎represent environmental characteristics that are ‎important for the survival of wildlife (protected path ‎and safe habitat) and the overall ecosystem ‎‎(every being has a role that sustain the health of the ‎environment). Culturally, human is ‎accustomed to a slick-and-clean (tamped) looking plant within urban ‎developments (i.e., ‎neighborhoods). An example of the trade-off that often happen in practice between ‎the ‎ecological and aesthetic values is replacing an ecologically unmaintained plants that play ‎important ‎ecological role (i.e., wildlife habitat) with clean tamped plants to increase the value of ‎a real estate. Due ‎to the uncertainty surrounding people's acceptance of the features of these ‎ecological unmaintained ‎plants, especially when it entails introducing ecological riparian ‎landscape attributes within ‎neighborhoods for the first time, this dissertation focuses on both ‎assessing ecological elements ‎preferences within an urban arid region in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ‎and assessing the extent to which ‎advanced analytical methods are capable of providing a better ‎understanding of ecological riparian ‎landscape attributes preference differences among a ‎seemingly homogenous sample of participants. ‎The increasing usage of manipulated images in ‎choice tasks inspired this dissertation. The results of the ‎study demonstrate that among the ‎relatively homogenous sample of participants that was recruited, ‎four significant preference ‎patterns have emerged, which could be used to describe and predict ‎preference for ecological ‎riparian landscape attributes and choice with great accuracy. The dissertation ‎also investigates ‎policy implications that might be beneficial in creating a ‎physical environment that ‎match public ‎preferences. ‎It also offers research implications and recommendations for landscape ‎architects ‎and urban designers on how to employ visual choice experiments, which have been well-‎‎developed in other research field

Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka om regnbäddar utnyttjas till sin fulla kapacitet avseende dess multifunktionalitet i relation till miljönytta och klimatförändringar. Mer konkret ämnade studien att ta reda på om regnbäddar kan användas till att både ta hand om ökade regnmängder och skapa en magasinering av vatten för torrperioder. Vidare syftade studien till att förstå vilka möjligheter, hinder och utmaningar det finns vid implementering av regnbäddar utifrån klimatanpassningssynpunkt eftersom klimatförändringarna leder till både stora vattenmängder och extrema torrperioder. Strategiskt urval och snöbollsurval användes som urvalsmetod i enlighet med Bryman (2018) för att välja ut relevanta informanter inför utförandet av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Kodning av empirin visade att där fanns en stor variation av möjligheter, hinder och utmaningar.  Resultatet visade att både möjligheter, hinder och utmaningar förekommer i de två kustkommunerna relaterade till implementeringen av regnbäddar med kombinerade användningsområde. Resultatet påvisade att regnbäddar ofta implementeras för att uppfylla en fördröjande funktion. Dessutom framkom det att regnbäddar erhåller multifunktionalitet utifrån dess utformning, konstruktion och placering. Slutsatsen är att regnbäddar inte implementeras i de två undersökta kustkommunerna i syfte att samtidigt omhänderta stora vattenmängder vid skyfall, öka infiltrationen i områden med hårdgjord mark, rena regnvatten och magasinera vatten för användning vid torrperioder för bevattning av grönstruktur. Alltså kombineras inte olika användningsområden i regnbäddar. Det främsta syftet som regnbäddar implementeras för är fördröjning av vatten och därmed köpa sig tid så att ledningsnätet blir mindre belastat. / This bachelor thesis examined if rain gardens are used to their full capacity regarding their multifunctionality in relation to environmental benefits and climate change. More specifically, the study aimed to examine if rain gardens can be used to take care of increased rainfall and create a self-storage of water for dry periods. Furthermore, the study aimed to understand which opportunities, barriers and challenges there are implementing rain gardens from a climate adaptation point of view. Since climate change leads to both large amounts of water and extremely dry periods. Strategic sampling and snowball sampling has been used as sampling methods in accordance with Bryman (2018) to select relevant informants for the performance of semi structured interviews. Coding of the empirical data showed that there are a variety of opportunities, barriers and challenges. The result showed that there are both opportunities, barriers and challenges when it comes to implementation of rain gardens with combined functions in the two coastal municipalities.  The result also showed that rain gardens often are implemented with the purpose of fulfilling a delaying function. In addition, it emerged that rain gardens acquire multifunctionality based on how they are designed and their placement. The study’s conclusion is that rain gardens in the two coastal municipalities are not implemented in purpose to dispose large amounts of water during heavy rainfall, increase infiltration in areas with hard soil, purify rainwater and store water for usage during dry periods for irrigation of green structure. Therefore, different functions are not combined in rain gardens. The primary purpose for which rain gardens are implemented is to delay water and gain more time so that the pipeline system is less affected.

Havsstrandängar av EU-kod 1330 har en utbredning från atlantkusten till Öresund. Längs med Hallands kust finns salta strandängar utspridda. Habitatet är hem för många hotade och ohotade arter och har krav på finkorniga jordarter samt topografi med låg höjd och sluttning. Genom bete eller slåtter hålls strandängarna öppna. Klimatförändringar påverkar den globala havsnivån och kommer påverka strandängarna negativt. Genom en GIS-analys går det att beräkna strandsförluster samt ta fram potentiella marker för nyetablering. Resultatet visar att stora areella försluter drabbar Hallands strandängar. 87,9% av befintliga strandängar kommer gå förlorade vid en havsnivåhöjning på 1m. Resultatet visar också att det finns möjligheter för nyetablering av salta strandängar. Arealen för potentiell nyetablering är större än den strandängsareal som finns idag vilket ses som ett positivt resultat. GIS-analysen ger en indikation om vad som kommer att ske med Hallands salta strandängar men för att nya marker ska kunna fungera som strandängar måste aktiva åtgärder vidtas. Både omföring av befintliga markslag och åtgärdsprogram som kan underlätta för strandängarna att återetablera sig vid eventuella havsnivåhöjningar. / Coastal meadows of the EU-code 1330 have a range reaching from the Atlantic coast to the Öresund including all along the coastline of Halland. The habitat is home to many species, including many that are threatened and have requirements for fine-grained soils with low height and slope. Grazing and haymaking keep these species rich meadows open. Climate change, however, affects global sea level and is projected to negatively affect on the salt meadows. Through a GIS analysis, meadow losses due to sea level rise are calculated. The result shows large losses of meadows in Halland, a full 87.9% of the existing meadows are projected to be lost in a sea level rise of 1m. In addition to these concerns, the result also shows that there are opportunities for establishment of new salt meadows. In fact, the area for potential new meadows is greater than what’s available today, which is considered as a positive result. In conclusion, GIS analysis provides an indication of what may happen with salt meadows in Halland due to climate change, losses and potential compensation. However, if new areas are to serve as meadows, active measures must be taken. Necessary actions include both change of existing land types and effort that can help the meadows to re-establish themselves in the event of sea level rises.

Sustainable development is achieved through the equal promotion of environmental protection, economic development and social equity. Urban planners play a key role in sustainable development through the mediation of tensions inherent between these priorities. Using urban planning theory that focuses on the conflicts between the priorities of sustainable development and lessons learned from planning practice provides a basis from which to evaluate the claims of sustainability present in the Greater New Orleans Urban Water Plan. Outreach initiatives, policy frameworks and ecosystem co-management are suggested to make the planning and implementation processes of the Greater New Orleans Urban Water Plan more feasible in terms of its ability to foster sustainability. Additionally, conceptualizing integrated stormwater management for Greater New Orleans within the context of the Louisiana coastal crisis can help to make the goals of the Urban Water Plan more realistic in the long term and boost institutional capacity to promote regional resilience.

ALMEIDA, V. S. Infraestrutura verde urbana na subprefeitura da Capela do Socorro (São Paulo SP): redes de espaços conservados em áreas de mananciais para sustentação da paisagem, da biodiversidade e suas funções socioambientais. 2015. 250f. Dissertação (Mestrado) Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Ambiental, Instituto de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2015. A subprefeitura da Capela do Socorro fica na Zona Sul de São Paulo, entre as represas Guarapiranga e Billings e o rio Jurubatuba. Tem 600 mil habitantes e ocupações diversas, desde bairros residenciais de médio ou alto padrão e áreas industrias a loteamentos irregulares, favelas, clubes náuticos e áreas rurais. Essa paisagem vem sendo transformada por dinâmicas urbanas como projetos de ampliação de infraestrutura, reurbanização de favelas, construção de parques e, recentemente, pela forte retomada do crescimento descontrolado, marcado por invasões e desmatamentos. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa fez um levantamento e um diagnóstico dos espaços que devem ser conservados por diferentes estratégias e diretrizes para a garantia de uma infraestrutura verde, isto é, uma rede de sustentação da biodiversidade, da produção de água, de atividades humanas ao ar livre e de processos ecológicos e paisagísticos em geral. Foram identificados e diagnosticados 155 espaços potenciais, com diferentes características de cobertura vegetal, hidrografia, relevo, uso e ocupação e degradação ambiental. A distribuição desses espaços favorece a criação de uma infraestrutura verde constituída pelos seguintes tipos de rede: (1) bases de sustentação ecológica, incluindo as grandes manchas de vegetação nas áreas rurais ao sul; (2) eixos de estruturação do arco verde, compostos pelos corredores principais formados nas várzeas e margens das represas Guarapiranga e Billings, do rio Pinheiros/Jurubatuba e do ribeirão Cocaia, circundando as áreas urbanizadas; (3) eixos de integração regional, compostos por extensos corredores descontínuos de importância secundária localizados entre os eixos de estruturação; (4) eixos de integração local, com as menores redes que se distribuem ao longo dos bairros. Para garantir e potencializar essa configuração, definiram-se cinco diretrizes estratégicas para um plano de infraestrutura verde: (a) preservação e conservação das 39 unidades com cobertura vegetal e características ecológicas mais significativas, inclusive ocupações como parques naturais, parques urbanos e sítios, (b) manejo e enriquecimento de 45 espaços como clubes, equipamentos públicos, campi e chácaras, onde a arborização é mais esparsa e a restauração de florestas é mais limitada, (c) contenção e integração de espaços que têm áreas desocupadas com menor valor ecológico, que poderiam ser parcialmente destinadas a projetos de desenvolvimento urbano, (d) aproveitamento criativo de 15 espaços com potencial ecológico e paisagístico relevante, mas com características de uso e propriedades especiais e limitadas como ferrovias, linhas de transmissão de energia e o autódromo de Interlagos e (e) recuperação e restauração de 33 espaços com alta degradação ou fragmentação, que demandam intervenções urbanísticas e ambientais urgentes para garantir suas funções potenciais na paisagem. Foram também definidas sete grandes redes de espaços não construídos que pertencem a outras subprefeituras e municípios e que se conectariam a essa infraestrutura verde e ao cinturão verde da cidade. Assim, a paisagem estudada tem um grande número de espaços potenciais para a formação de uma infraestrutura verde integrada em escala de bairros, distritos, subprefeitura e metrópole, mas que, se não for urgentemente reconhecido, esse potencial será cada vez mais comprometido em curto e longo prazo. / ALMEIDA, V. S. Urban green infrastructure in the Subprefecture of Capela do Socorro (São Paulo City São Paulo State, Brazil): networks of conserved spaces in Fountainhead Areas for the conservancy of landscape, biodiversity and their environmental and social functions. 2015. 250f. Dissertação (Mestrado) Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Ambiental, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2015. The Subprefecture of Capela do Socorro is located in the South zone of São Paulo city, between Guarapiranga and Billings reservoirs and Jurubatuba river, it has 600,000 inhabitants and diverse occupations, ranging from medium or high standard residential neighborhoods, industrial areas, irregular land parcelings, slums, yacht clubs to rural areas. This landscape has been transformed by urban dynamics such as projects for infrastructure expansion, slum reurbanization, construction of parks, as well as the recently reinstated processes of uncontrolled urban growth, marked by land invasion practices and deforestation. Within this context, this study conducted a survey and diagnosis of spaces to be preserved by different strategies and directives for ensuring a green infrastructure, that is, a network for sustaining biodiversity, water production, outdoor human activities as well as ecological and landscape processes as a whole. One hundred fifty-five potential spaces with different vegetation coverage, hydrography, relief, use and occupancy, and environmental degradation characteristics were identified and diagnosed. The distribution of these spaces favors the creation of a green infrastructure constituted by the following types of network: (1) ecological support bases, including the large vegetation patches in the Southern rural areas; (2) green arch structuring axes, composed of the main corridors formed along the floodplains and riverbanks of Guarapiranga and Billings reservoirs, Pinheiros and Jurubatuba rivers, and Cocaia stream, surrounding the urbanized areas; (3) regional integration axes, composed of vast discontinuous corridors of secondary importance located between the structuring axes; (4) local integration axes, with the smallest networks that are distributed throughout the neighborhoods. To ensure and potentize this configuration, five strategic guidelines for a green infrastructure plan were defined: (a) preservation and conservation of the thirty-nine units with most significant vegetation coverage and ecological characteristics, including occupations such as natural parks, urban parks, and ranches, (b) management and enrichment of forty-five spaces such as clubs, public facilities, campi and small farms, where arborization is more sparse and forest restoration more limited, (c) containment and integration of spaces with unoccupied areas of lower ecological value, that could be partially allotted for urban development projects, (d) creative use of fifteen spaces with relevant ecological and landscaping potential, but with special and limited properties of use and conservation , such as railways, power transmission lines, and the Interlagos Circuit, and (e) recovery and restoration of thirty-three spaces with high degradation or fragmentation, that require urgent urban and environmental interventions to ensure their potential roles in the landscape. Seven large networks of open spaces belonging to other subprefectures and municipalities and that would be connected to this green infrastructure and to the citys green belt were also defined. Thus, the Capela do Socorro has a large number of potential areas for the formation of an integrated green infrastructure on a scale of neighborhoods, districts, borough, and green belt of the city, but, if such potential is not urgently recognized, it will be increasingly threatened in the short and long terms.

Esta tese propõe o desenvolvimento de um sistema de corredores ecológicos para o setor Oeste da Reserva da Biosfera do Cinturão Verde (RBVC), área que foi delimitada seguindo a metodologia e os objetivos do Programa Homem e Biosfera, da UNESCO. A área estudada localiza-se na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e possui diversos instrumentos legais, bem como algumas unidades de conservação que são de extrema importância para a manutenção dos serviços ambientais e ecológicos na região. Além disso, no entremeio dessa área, considerada como Zona Núcleo pela RBCV, existem fragmentos de vegetação típica de Mata Atlântica em diversos estágios sucessionais, sujeitos a maior fragmentação e perda de habitat, os quais ainda hoje possuem potencial para condução de fluxos ecológicos, tanto para biodiversidade como de recursos hídricos, todos fundamentais à preservação da vida silvestre. O objetivo do trabalho foi então apresentar e discutir os conflitos, as barreiras e oportunidades, avaliados por uma abordagem fundamentada em princípios de ecologia da paisagem e planejamento ecológico, de modo a manter e aumentar os fluxos ecológicos no setor estudado pelas indicações de soluções que possam minimizar os conflitos mais desafiadores. O desenho do sistema de corredores foi fundamentado em avaliações da paisagem natural, feitas por meio de matrizes e diversos mapas temáticos, que indicaram áreas com alta relevância para processos ecológicos e conectividade. A cada escala de avaliação do processo de planejamento, o desenho foi sendo aprimorado. Partiu-se de uma escala regional, até a definição do traçado do eixo principal e de cinco faixas indicativas secundárias que compõem o sistema estudado. Como resultado, foi obtido o traçado do sistema macro de corredores, estabelecendo-se áreas com maior potencial para a condução dos fluxos ecológicos e a definição dos principais conflitos e barreiras para o deslocamento de animais. Por fim, para o eixo principal e suas faixas indicativas secundárias, foi feita uma proposta de implementação dos corredores e sua integração com o tecido urbano, bem como apresentados alguns exemplos de infraestruturas, de maneira a implementar o desempenho dos importantes elos de conectividade que existem na área, podendo, assim, garantir uma maior eficiência da Reserva da Biosfera do Cinturão Verde de São Paulo. / Here is presented a proposal for the development of ecological corridors in the western sector of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region Green Belt Biosphere Reserve (RBCV). This area was delimitated under the methodology and goals of the UNESCO\'s Man and Biosphere Program. This area of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo already have a number of legal instruments and some conservation areas that are of extreme importance for the maintenance of ecological services for the Region. Between them there are fragments of Atlantic Forest in various succession stages, but under stress of further fragmentation and loss of habitats. They are until now providing ecological flows, both for biodiversity and water resources, all fundamental to the wildlife preservation and quality of the human life. This thesis aims to present the ecological corridors system obtained, that leads to discuss the conflicts, barriers and opportunities that could be taken in order to keep and enhance the flows of the ecological system in this track of the RBCV, through a landscape ecology and planning approach, with the indication of the landscape designs that could deal with the most challenging of these conflicts.The system design was based on ecological assessments of the existing landscapes, indicating areas with the more high relevance for ecological processes and connectivity. Assessments were made through the use of matrix and thematic mapping overlays. In this process, we went from the scale of regional planning to a Master Plan of a local development, which originates from the main corridor swath. We got the general layout of corridors that came out from this design process. It indicated areas with the greatest potential for conducting ecological flows, defining the main conflicts and barriers to the movements of animals and finally, allowed the delineation of the possibilities for the corridors implementation and its integration with the urban fabric and the infrastructure network that cross the whole area. The ecological and land-use and landscape information gathered could be preliminarily processed to indicate the most significant natural elements that remains, and the new elements that should be added through landscape planning and design, that could be integrated in order to resolve the barriers and conflicts, that are restraining the performance of the crucial links that can give to the RBCV its needed full implementation.

Detta kandidatarbete syftar till att utreda om Urban Forestry kan tillföra något till svensk planering. Urbanisering har skett under en lång tid och för att tillgodose det växande behovet av bostäder har förtätning av staden skett, vilket ofta har gjorts på bekostnad av städers grönska. För att hantera utmaningarna med att integrera grönska i täta städer har ett behov av nytänkande grönplanering uppkommit. Urban Forestry anses vara en lösning på denna problematik och fokuserar på att skapa gröna städer där det inte finns ytor kvar för traditionella parker. För att undersöka om Urban Forestry tillför något nytt till svensk planering utreds grönplaneringens utveckling genom tiderna samt företeelsen Urban Forestry genom en litteraturstudie. Urban Forestry visade sig vara ett vagt och svårdefinierat begrepp, dessutom är de vetenskapliga grunderna för dess positiva miljöeffekter bristande. Dock bidrar Urban Forestry med uppmärksammande av miljö- och hållbarhetsfrågor, och visar goda ambitioner och initiativ till att utveckla och förbättra grönplanering. När den svenska grönplaneringen sattes i relation till Urban Forestry visade det sig att de bärande idéerna redan är representerade inom existerande grönplanering i Sverige. / This bachelor thesis aims to investigate if the concept of Urban Forestry could bring new knowledge into Swedish urban planning. Urbanization has taken place for a long time and in order to meet the growing need for housing, densification of the city has taken place, which has often been done at the expense of urban greenery. In order to deal with the challenges of integrating greenery into dense cities, a need for innovative green planning has arisen. Urban Forestry as a concept is considered a solution to this problem and focuses on creating greenery in cities where limited areas for traditional parks are available. In order to investigate whether Urban Forestry adds something new to Swedish planning, the development of green planning over time and the concept of Urban Forestry is investigated. Urban Forestry turned out to be vague and difficult to define, and the scientific basis for the concept’s arguments are lacking. However, Urban Forestry contributes attention to environmental and sustainability issues, and shows good ambitions and initiatives to develop and improve green planning. When Swedish green planning was put in relation to Urban Forestry, the outcome was that the ideas in the concept were already represented within existing green planning.

A partir da segunda metade da década de 2000, novas variáveis, de cunho ambiental, foram introduzidas nas políticas públicas que tratam da relação entre rios, várzeas e áreas urbanas na Cidade de São Paulo, resultando em uma mudança significativa na forma de entender a urbanificação dessas áreas, tanto em âmbito municipal quanto estadual. O objetivo desta tese é analisar o andamento dessas novas políticas públicas, em suas diversas escalas, dos planos aos projetos urbanos, observando as restrições e potencialidades que se apresentam ao seu desenvolvimento. É possível observar, a partir dos estudos realizados, que apesar de a abrangência das intervenções ainda ser pequena, há avanços nas políticas, o que indica que a relação estabelecida com o sistema hídrico no século passado está em processo de transformação. Contudo, permanece o caráter setorial das intervenções, resultando em ações muitas vezes incompletas, que respondem parcialmente às demandas sociais, ambientais e urbanas. Como resposta às questões colocadas pela análise, a tese sugere alguns parâmetros para o planejamento, implantação e gestão de caminhos verdes, parques lineares, ou outros espaços livres públicos em fundos de vale. / After the middle of 2000 decade a number of new environmental variables were brought into the public policies debate around rivers, riverbanks and the management of urban areas in the city of Sao Paulo. This has had a profound impact on how urbanization is perceived both at municipal and state levels. This doctorate thesis\' objective is to review the development of such policies at its multiple levels, as well as its plans and development programmes with special attention to the opportunities and shortcomings its implementation may bring. Results show that even though the scope of interventions is still narrow, there has been improvements in the way these public policies are made, which suggests a trend in the way water has been historically managed for the last century. Nevertheless, the silo approach to water management resources is still prevelent, which leads to insufficient responses to the social and environmental needs of urban development initiatives. In response to the challenge posed by this research, the thesis recommends a set of parameters for the planning, implementation and management of greenways and other public spaces on the urban river corridors.

A importância de avançarmos na discussão de como tornar mais eficaz e significativo o uso e a conservação dos rios em nossas cidades, notadamente em trechos urbanos, mostra-se atualmente cada vez mais iminente, tanto pela expansão desordenada das áreas antropizadas, como pelo consequente alto nível de degradação dos cursos d\"água e da vegetação. Tendo como contexto o estudo de caso da Estância Hidromineral de Monte Alegre do Sul, a dissertação busca caracterizar os corpos d\'água como uma paisagem infra-estrutural e multifuncional através da musealização do seu território de borda e das inter-relações deste com os demais elementos do patrimônio cultural da cidade. Orientada por essa base teórica, apresenta-se uma proposta de intervenção urbana que destaca a transformação da paisagem de borda dos corpos d\"agua em um lugar sensível, de qualidade ambiental e com um conteúdo museológico que gere uma apreensão sobre questões locais assim como sobre toda a sociedade. Uma proposta que adota como premissa a interdisciplinaridade, a valorização dos moradores, destacando seus usos e costumes, e a importância da memória como formadora e transformadora da identidade local, com reflexo direto no desenvolvimento social da própria população. / The importance of moving forward on the discussion of how to make more effective and significant the use and conservation of rivers in our cities, in urban areas, it\"s imminent, as much by the disorderly expansion of the anthropized areas, as by the consequent high level of degradation of the water courses and vegetation. Taking as context the case study of the Estância Hidromineral of Monte Alegre do Sul, the dissertation seeks to characterize the bodies of water as an infrastructure and multifunctional landscape through the musealization of its border territory and the relations with the other elements of the cultural heritage of the City. Guided by this theoretical basis, an urban intervention that highlights the transformation of the border landscape of water bodies in a sensitive place, of environmental quality and of museological content that engenders apprehension about local issues and about the society as well. A proposal that adopts as a premise the interdisciplinarity, the valorization of the residents, highlighting their usages and customs, and the importance of memory as a transformation of local identity, with a direct development of the population itself.