A literatura sobre métodos de mapeamento de tecnologia tem como foco a aplicação em empresas que orientam a inovação para mercados e produtos previamente determinados, adotando a estratégia market pull de integração tecnologia-produto. Organizações de pesquisa, como institutos e laboratórios independentes, também necessitam de métodos similares, entretanto, nelas predomina-se a estratégia technology push, com inovações orientadas por descobertas científicas. Aplicações de métodos de mapeamento para esse tipo de estratégia são pouco analisadas pela literatura. Os métodos atualmente existentes carecem ainda da sistematização na incorporação de parcerias no processo de inovação, conforme tendência ditada pelo paradigma da inovação aberta. Revisões de literatura sustentam as duas afirmativas, evidenciando a lacuna na teoria. Empregou-se uma pesquisa-ação, realizada durante um ano junto a um laboratório de pesquisas, pertencente a um instituto de pesquisa brasileiro com cerca de 40 anos. O resultado da tese se constitui em um método de mapeamento de tecnologia, considerando a adoção de parcerias e específico para a estratégia technology push de integração. Identificado como MTP, o método preenche as lacunas apresentadas. Seus diferenciais são a inicialização a partir de uma idéia ou oportunidade de tecnologia, um processo para escolha de mercados potenciais e uma sistemática para identificação e planejamento de parcerias. O método foi avaliado sobre dois aspectos: o diferencial e ineditismo frente aos métodos propostos na literatura, e em relação à percepção de usuários sobre a sua viabilidade de aplicação na organização estudada. A primeira avaliação foi realizada através de uma revisão bibliográfica final para a comparação teórica do método com similares disponíveis na literatura. A segunda avaliação foi realizada junto a um grupo de onze pesquisadores pertencentes à organização, que responderam a um questionário previamente estruturado com questões sobre a viabilidade de operacionalização do método. Os resultados das análises indicam o caráter inédito do MTP e a possibilidade de aplicação na organização. Sugerem-se aplicações do método em mais organizações no sentido de aprimorá-lo e validá-lo, possibilitando sua ampla utilização por organizações que apresentem uma estratégia technology push de integração tecnologia-produto e adotem parcerias. / The literature about technology roadmapping method presents a focus to enterprises, which has it innovation process oriented to the market and product predetermined, using the market pull strategy to technology-product integration. The research organizations, like institutes and independent laboratory, also need similar methods, however they have predominance to technology push strategy to integration, with their innovation process oriented to the scientific discovery. The application of mapping method to this kind of strategy has little analysis by the literature. The existing methods presents a lack to systematize the partnership at the innovation process, trend dictated by the open innovation paradigm. Literature reviews support these affirmations, evidencing the lack in the theory. The results of reviews were applied in an action research, conducted during one year in a research laboratory, belonging to a Brazilian research institute with nearly 40 year old. The results of this thesis are a method to technology roadmapping, considering the partnership adoption and specific to the technology push strategy. Identified as MTP, the method fills the gaps presented. Is differentials is the starting from an idea or technology opportunity, a process to choose potentials markets and a systematic to identify and plan partnerships. The method was assessing from two aspects: the differential and originality comparing to another methods proposes at the literature, and related to perception of users about is application feasibility at the organization analyzed. The first evaluation was made by a final bibliographic review to theory comparing the MTP with another ones available at literature. The second one was made at a group with eleven researches from the organization, which answered a structured questionnaire previously with questions related the method operation feasibility. The results of these analyses show the unprecedented nature of the MTP and the application possibility at the organization. Application of this method are suggested in most organizations to improve it and validate it among the scientific community, making possible its utilization from organizations which presents a technology push integration strategy and adopt partnerships.

Orientador: Luiz Roberto Monzan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T19:32:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Germer_GuilhermeMarconi_M.pdf: 1635494 bytes, checksum: 6abc36184c5edf1a2a22448d88eb02ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Nossa dissertação tem por objetivo analisar e interpretar o esclarecimento de Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) dos conceitos do belo (schön) e do bom (gut) (moral, virtude). Segundo o filósofo, ambos não são verdadeiramente ensináveis, isto é, não se deve esperar que as estéticas desde Aristóteles tornem os seus pupilos artistas geniais, tampouco como se pode ansiar que os discursos morais tragam o caráter genuinamente ético. Pelo contrário, o pensador propõe à filosofia a tarefa puramente teórica e contemplativa, a saber, a de não prescrever regras ao espírito, mas descrever abstratamente o que de fato ocorre no belo e no bom, por meio de uma interpretação e explicitação cuja matéria e limite é "este mundo efetivo da cognoscibilidade, no qual estamos e que está em nós". Ambos os esclarecimentos são apresentados em seu essencial pelo filósofo, respectivamente, no Livro III e no Livro IV de Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (O Mundo como Vontade e como Representação) - ambos os quais compõem, portanto, a bibliografia básica de nossa investigação. Resumidamente, Schopenhauer defende que o belo consiste, pelo lado objetivo, nas Idéias eternas (ewigen Ideen) de Platão, os arquétipos dos fenômenos relativos e fugazes do princípio de razão suficiente e a "objetidade mais adequada possível da coisa em si" (die möglichst adäquate Objetität des... Dinges an sich), e pelo subjetivo, no puro sujeito do conhecimento destituído de Vontade (reines, willenloses Subjekt der Erkenntnis). Quanto ao bom, o filósofo identifica-o ao conceito da compaixão (Mitleid), cujo grau negativo é a justiça (Gerechtigkeit), no qual ela apenas obstrui a injustiça (Unrecht), e o positivo a caridade (Menschenliebe), no qual ela "não apenas me impede de causar dano a outrem, mas também me impele a ajudá-lo". Por fim, nós também comentamos os seguintes temas capitais do pensamento schopenhaueriano: o idealismo, a polêmica com Kant, o princípio de razão suficiente, a Vontade como coisa em si, senhora do intelecto, impulso cego e auto-discórdia, o pessimismo e a autonegação e afirmação da Vontade de viver / Abstract: Our work aims to analyze and interpret the clarification of Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) of the concepts of the beautiful (schön) and the good (gut) (moral virtue). According to the philosopher, both are not really teachable, that is, one should not expect that Aristotle's aesthetics will make his pupils into brilliant artists, nor can one aspire that moral speeches have a genuinely ethical character. Rather, the thinker assigns to philosophy a purely theoretical and contemplative task, that is, not to prescribe rules to the spirit, but to abstractly describe what actually occurs in the beautiful and good, through an interpretation and explicitness the subject matter and limit of which is "this actual world of what is knowable, in which we are and which is in us." Both explanations are given in their essentials by the philosopher, respectively, in Book III and Book IV of Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (The World as Will and Representation) - both of which make up the basic bibliography of our research. In short, Schopenhauer argues that, on the objective side, beauty consists of Plato's eternal Ideas (Ideen ewigen), archetypes of the fleeting phenomena of the principle of sufficient reason and " the best possible objectity of the thing in itself" (die möglichst adequate Objetität des ... Ding an sich), and on the subjective side, the pure subject of knowledge without will (reines, willenloses Subjekt der Erkenntnis). As for the good, the philosopher identifies it with the concept of compassion (Mitleid), the negative side of which is justice (Gerechtigkeit), negative in that it only blocks injustice (Unrecht), with charity (Menschenliebe) being the positive side, in that it "not only prevents me from causing harm to others but also compels me to help them". Finally, we also comment on the following main themes of Schopenhauer's thought: idealism, the controversy with Kant, the principle of sufficient reason, the will as thing in itself and master of the intellect, blind impulse and self-discord, pessimism and selfnegation and affirmation of the will to live / Mestrado / Metafisica do Belo e dos Costumes / Mestre em Filosofia

Orientador: Eduardo Junqueira Guimarães / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T01:34:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bernardo-Santos_WiltonJames_D.pdf: 31529016 bytes, checksum: d9fc7780f38a0dfe9e542abf021344a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Résumé: Le travail s'inscrit près du projet Histoire des Idées Linguistiques au Brésil spécifiquement en focalisant des processus d'institutionnalisation. Depuis la fondation des premières universités nous années de 1930, publications et des republications de spécialistes et non- spécialistes sont étudiées avec la préoccupation tournée pour la textualization du jeu politique-énonciatif dans le débat sur «LA QUESTION de LA LANGUE AU BRÉSIL ». En ayant dans opération un faisceau de points spécifiques de réflexions théoriques régi par une conception matérialiste de la langue où il pèse sa dimension historique par la manière des études de la signification, énonciation et discours (Guimarães, 1995), c'est fondamental de penser les oeuvres mange partie de l'instrumentation documentaire éscriture par la procédure de gramatizacion (Auroux, 1992) du Portugais au Brésil. L'analyse considère l'effet de la « paperasse » comme extériorité constitutive du symbolique (Rancière, 1994) ; la dispersion de différents textes je mange des rainures constitutives d'oeuvres dans des versions diviseurres de l'ordre territorial hiérarchique propre de la « disposition formelle des pratiques scientifiques». Il considère le poids significatif ils que occupent dans l'appartiens global de matérialité, soient « centraux » ou « périphériques », textes de « bord » ou « bords » de texte. Son sens n'est pas ce qui apporte conjonctif, mais le c'est place de la disjonction historique par effet de l'existence de la syntaxe, de la division du sujet (Pêcheux, 1997), (Henry, 1992). Et si cette manière de penser le texte est général, quand la question pour où les sens glissent est ce de la «langue nationale», toujours décisive dans la textualization de politique (Orlandi, 2001), ce qui bientôt s'avoisinent sont des sens propres de l'écriture, effet de la raison graphique (Auroux, 1998). Et cela si de dans une dimension où l'appareil formel, dans la relation avec le « savoir disponible » des études, n'atteint pas : c'est la historique dans le sens fort. Dans la tension de cette convergence, se constitue un spatialité énonciative propre de l'histoire de la linguistique au Brésil. L'effort de recherche est concentré alors sur la compréhension de « points critiques » de la relation inéchapperment contradictoire délinéée dans le fait de la matérialité de la langue, dans l'événement énonciatif (Guimarães, 2002), qui constitue un «domaine interdiscoursif signifiant » propre de la « question de la langue ». De la manière de décrire et analyser cette tension, venait l'ouverture pour une formulation plus forte: dans la textualization de la question de la langue nationale, le sujet historiqueénonciatif est constitué par des effets de sens de l'écriture. L'intervention de l'écriture / Resumo: O trabalho se inscreve junto ao projeto História das Idéias Lingüísticas no Brasil especificamente focalizando processos de institucionalização. Do entorno de fundação das primeiras universidades nos anos de 1930, publicações e republicações de especialistas e não-especialistas são estudadas com a preocupação em centrar olhar à textualização do jogo político-enunciativo no debate sobre ¿A QUESTÃO DA LÍNGUA NO BRASIL¿. Tendo em operação um feixe de pontos específicos de reflexões teóricas regido por uma concepção materialista da linguagem em que pesa sua dimensão histórica pela via dos estudos da significação, enunciação e discurso (Guimarães, 1995), é fundamental pensar as obras como parte da instrumentação documental escriturada pelo processo de gramatização (Auroux, 1992) do português no Brasil. A análise considera o efeito da ¿papelada¿ como exterioridade constitutiva do simbólico (Rancière, 1994); a dispersão de diferentes textos como encaixes constituintes de obras em versões clivantes da ordem territorial hierárquica própria da ¿disposição formal das práticas científicas¿. Considera o peso significante que ocupam no âmbito global das materialidades, sejam ¿centrais¿ ou ¿periféricos¿, textos de ¿borda¿ ou ¿bordas¿ de texto. Seu sentido não é o que traz de conjuntivo, mas o é lugar da disjunção histórica por efeito da existência da sintaxe, da divisão do sujeito (Pêcheux, 1997), (Henry, 1992). E se esse modo de pensar o texto é geral, quando a questão para onde os sentidos deslizam é a da ¿língua nacional¿, sempre decisiva na textualização do político (Orlandi, 2001), o que logo se avizinham são sentidos próprios da escrita, efeito da razão gráfica (Auroux, 1998). E isso se dá em uma dimensão em que o aparelho formal, na relação com o ¿saber disponível¿ dos estudos, não alcança: é o histórico no sentido forte. Na tensão dessa imbricatura, constitui-se uma espacialidade enunciativa própria da história da lingüística no Brasil. O esforço de pesquisa é concentrado então na compreensão de ¿pontos críticos¿ da relação inescapavelmente contraditória delineada no fato da materialidade da linguagem, no acontecimento enunciativo (Guimarães, 2002), que constitui um ¿domínio interdiscursivo significante¿ próprio da ¿questão da língua¿. Do modo de descrever e analisar essa tensão, veio a abertura para uma formulação mais forte: na textualização da questão da língua nacional, o sujeito histórico-enunciativo é constituído por efeitos de sentido da escrita. A intervenção da escrita / Doutorado / Historia das Ideias Linguisticas / Doutor em Linguística

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-09-12T17:03:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marilda_Santos_2018.pdf: 1076398 bytes, checksum: 8adb4a848a5edbfe8c464bcc2feb525f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T17:03:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marilda_Santos_2018.pdf: 1076398 bytes, checksum: 8adb4a848a5edbfe8c464bcc2feb525f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-08 / The aim of the research is to investigate the idea of human dignity in Immanuel Kant. It is based on an analysis of the conceptual ethical elements contained in the Fundamentation of the Metaphysics of Customs, in which Kant presents the formula of humanity, in it the concept of human dignity is constituted in the idea that human beings have an absolute value, as an end in itself. The relevance of research on the idea of human dignity is of fundamental importance in the social context and in the context of the law, however, it is opted to expose its problematic in the moral philosophical context. For this, it is necessary to examine the moral principle according to which man should act, verifying whether it is possible or not to understand this idea of human dignity as a law of freedom, justice and equality. The meticulous examination of these concepts is structured through Kant's argumentative logical exposition, systematizing the concepts of goodwill, duty and imperative, since they make it possible to think about the problem of study which is the formula of humanity. It is therefore a matter of understanding the conceptual framework that serves as a basis for justifying the concept of human dignity, in which it organizes and approaches the concepts of freedom, justice and equality, in order to do the reflexive exercise that establishes the connection between them, whose interest is in the understanding of the question of respect for humanity, with regard to the freedom of man. The methodology used is the bibliographical research of Kantian ethical philosophy. In the first chapter the concepts of man, of good will, of duty and of imperative are exposed through Kant's methodology. Resources used to understand the conceptual framework that underlies Kantian ethics and how these concepts help in understanding the idea of human dignity. In the second chapter we try to deal with the formulas of the imperative, that is, the formula of the universal law, the formula of humanity, the formula of autonomy and the realm of ends. As the subject of research is the question of human dignity, the content is structured around the formula of humanity, trying to show why the human being, in a general way, respects himself and others. In the third chapter, the concept of freedom is firstly exposed, followed by the concept of justice and equality, focusing on the reflexive exercise of promoting the encounter between the concept of human dignity, with the concepts of freedom, justice and equality by checking whether or not this meeting is possible. It is concluded that from the questions used during the research, the concept of human dignity does not change in the confrontation with the concepts of freedom, justice and equality, since Kant presents the moral law, they only reinforce the ideal of humanity. / O objetivo da pesquisa consiste na investigação da ideia de dignidade humana em Immanuel Kant. Parte-se de uma análise dos elementos conceituais éticos contidos na obra Fundamentação da Metafísica dos Costumes, na qual Kant apresenta a fórmula da humanidade, nela o conceito de dignidade humana constitui-se na ideia de que os seres humanos têm um valor absoluto, como um fim em si mesmo. A relevância da pesquisa a respeito da ideia de dignidade humana traz uma importância essencial no contexto social e no contexto do direito, no entanto, opta-se por expor sua problemática no contexto filosófico moral. Para isso, faz-se necessário examinar o princípio moral segundo qual o homem deve agir, verificando se é possível ou não compreender essa ideia de dignidade humana enquanto lei da liberdade, da justiça e da igualdade. O exame meticuloso desses conceitos é estruturado através da exposição lógica argumentativa de Kant, sistematizando os conceitos de boa vontade, de dever e de imperativo, uma vez que eles possibilitam pensar a problemática do estudo que, é a fórmula da humanidade. Trata-se, portanto, de compreender a estrutura conceitual que serve de fundamento para justificar o conceito da dignidade humana, na qual organiza e aproxima-se aos conceitos de liberdade, de justiça e de igualdade, para assim, fazer o exercício reflexivo que estabelece a conexão entre eles, cujo interesse se dá na compreensão da questão do respeito para com a humanidade, no que diz respeito à liberdade do homem. A metodologia utilizada é a pesquisa bibliográfica da filosofia ética kantiana. No primeiro capítulo expõem-se, através da metodologia de Kant, os conceitos de homem, de boa vontade, de dever e de imperativo. Recursos utilizados para compreender a estrutura conceitual que fundamenta a ética kantiana e como esses conceitos auxiliam na compreensão da ideia da dignidade humana. No segundo capítulo, busca-se tratar das fórmulas do imperativo, isto é, a fórmula da lei universal, a fórmula da humanidade, a fórmula da autonomia e do reino dos fins. Como o tema da pesquisa é a questão da dignidade humana, o conteúdo é estruturado em torno da fórmula da humanidade, procurando mostrar porque o ser humano, de uma maneira geral, deve respeito a si mesmo e aos outros. No terceiro capítulo, inicialmente expõe-se o conceito da liberdade, em seguida trata-se do conceito da justiça e da igualdade, dedicando-se ao exercício reflexivo de promover o encontro entre o conceito da dignidade humana, com os conceitos da liberdade, da justiça e da igualdade verificando se é possível ou não esse encontro. Conclui-se que a partir dos questionamentos utilizados durante a pesquisa, o conceito da dignidade humana não sofre alterações na confrontação com os conceitos da liberdade, da justiça e da igualdade, uma vez que Kant apresenta a lei moral, eles apenas reforçam o ideal de humanidade.

There is ample evidence indicating that maltreatment has deleterious effects on the development of infants and toddlers. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 2003 requires referrals from child welfare (CW) to IDEA Part C Early Intervention services to provide developmental assessments and services for children younger than three with substantiated cases of child abuse or neglect. Thus, this study aims to examine the effects of Part C services on the well-being of young children and their families in CW. This study used a secondary dataset, the National Survey of Children and Adolescent Well-Being II, to examine the research questions. The study results indicate that Part C services can help to decrease the decline and have greater improvement in the well-being outcomes of young children with and without substantiated cases in CW. Also, Part C services can enhance language and adaptive skills for children who are in need of developmental and learning services. However, the developmental and learning needs of those young children are under-identified and under-addressed by CW professionals. Ample research has emphasized that Part C services can lead to positive outcomes for children who are at risk for developmental delays or dysfunction. If those children and their families are not offered timely and appropriate early interventions, their difficulties can become more severe, which often leads to lifelong consequences. To address the developmental needs of those children as early as possible, this study’s findings indicate an urgent need to enhance CW professionals’ knowledge of early childhood development and intervention as well as to improve their capabilities to identify young children’ developmental needs. State administrators and policymakers should reexamine the existing relationship between CW and Part C to further establish a better referral-making system in response to the mandated referrals under CAPTA of 2003 and IDEA of 2004.

La thèse présente une relecture chronologique et systématique de la question de Dieu dans la philosophie d’Emmanuel Levinas : elle se propose d’examiner le mouvement plurivoque et ambiguë de la « trace » par lequel se dessine le sens du mot ‘Dieu’ dans cette philosophie. En identifiant l’enchevêtrement de trois champs de recherche qui se déploient à travers l’oeuvre – les foyers thématiques de la sortie, de la socialité et de la signifiance –, nous tentons de montrer qu’à travers eux se découvrent trois modalités de la notion de la « trace » qui pénètre la pensée de Levinas sur Dieu et sur l’homme inséparablement. Nous avons d’abord suivi l’émergence de la question de Dieu depuis les premières insinuations jusqu’aux textes parus entre Totalité et Infini et Autrement qu’être (1e partie) ; ensuite, nous avons exploré le déploiement autrement accentué d’une pensée de Dieu jumelée à une reformulation du sujet, au centre de la deuxième oeuvre maîtresse (2e partie) ; enfin, nous avons relevés les points culminants de la recherche de la signifiance du mot Dieu tels qu’ils ont été approfondis et affirmés dans les oeuvres de la maturité (3e partie). La complexité du travail de Levinas sur la question de Dieu en philosophie se lit dans la densité de la notion de la trace : inscrite (1) dans le visage d’autrui, (2) dans la passivité du sujet et (3) dans le dire prophétique, elle permet de penser Dieu comme l’absence-présence d’unetranscendance radicale, transcendance qui dans toute sa séparation absolue néanmoins affecte l’immanence ets’incarne comme intelligibilité première. / The theses presents a chronological and systematic re-reading of the question of God in the philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas, and examines the ambiguous and equivocal movement of the “trace” through which is delineated the meaning of the word ‘God’ in this philosophy. By identifying three areas of research interweaving throughout his work – the three thematic clusters of ‘exit’, of ‘sociality’ and of ‘significance’ –, it is shown how three modalities of the notion of the “trace” are exposed through these areas: the “trace” in its equivocal formulation penetrates the thinking of Levinas on God and man inseparably. First we follow the emergence of the question of God from the first early suggestions through the texts appearing between Totality and Infinity and Otherwise than being (part 1); then we explore the more accentuate thinking on God in association with a reformulation of the subject, at the heart of Levinas’ second major work (part 2); finally we drawn attention to the culminating points of the research on the meaning of the word ‘God’ as deepened and corroborated in Levinas’ later works (part 3). The complexity of the work of Levinas on the question of God in philosophy may be read through the density of the notion of the trace: Inscribed in (1) the face of the other, (2) the passivity of the subject (3) the prophetic saying, it makes it possible to think God as the absence-presence of a radical transcendence, a transcendence that in all its absolute separation still affects immanence and incarnates itself as original intelligibility.

Dans une démarche d’éco-innovation, les entreprises cherchent à inventer et mettre en oeuvre de nouvelles activités plus durables parfois en rupture avec leurs pratiques existantes, et qui entraînent des changements plus ou moins importants au sein de leurs offres, de leur business model, et parfois sur l’ensemble de leurs écosystèmes. Confrontée à de tels enjeux et des dynamiques associées souvent complexes de par leur nature parfois techniques, économiques, sociales, juridiques, politiques…, l’entreprise et les parties prenantes du projet en émergence semblent ne pas toujours réussir à suffisamment s’écarter consciemment des cadres cognitifs existants pour explorer des alternatives en adéquation avec les ambitions initiales d’un projet d’éco-innovation. Ainsi, les trajectoires empruntées par ces projets sont susceptibles d’entrainer par exemple une dilution des valeurs environnementales et sociales ou de provoquer l’abandon de projets par un manque de considération des dimensions techniques ou économiques.Les travaux présentés ici portent sur la phase de maturation des concepts éco-innovants et cherchent à développer des modalités d’accompagnement pour éviter ou surpasser de telles situations dites de « fixation collective ».L’approche méthodologique repose sur une recherche-action effectuée au sein de l’organisme d’accompagnement Apesa structurée en deux étapes :- L’analyse de trois cas de projets d’éco-innovation nous a d’abord permis de caractériser la problématique des pratiques d’accompagnement et plus précisément les fixations collectives présentes lors de la maturation des concepts.- Cette première étude a alimenté la démarche de conception mise en oeuvre pour élaborer la méthode MIRAS, l’apport principal de notre recherche.La méthode MIRAS propose un panel d’outils d’animation destinés aux acteurs de l’accompagnement pour aider les groupes projets lors des phases de maturation de leur concept et de leur potentiel de soutenabilité en visant un certain équilibre du triptyque économique – environnemental – social). Dans cette optique, MIRAS vise à adopter une pensée systémique, qui ne soit pas centrée seulement sur l’entreprise mais qui reconsidère l’ensemble des dimensions du « réseau élargi des parties prenantes ». / During the development of eco-innovations, companies are looking to implement a new activity that can create ruptures with its existing practices and cause many changes in their business model. In such complex situations, the stakeholders of emerging projects have some difficulties to consciously deviate from existing cognitive frameworks to explore alternatives in line with the initial goals of the project. Thus, they take trajectories that may lead to a dilution of the environmental and social values or cause the abandonment of projects. The work presented here focuses on the maturation of eco-innovative concepts and seeks to develop tools and methods to avoid and overcome such situations called collective fixations.The methodological approach is based on an action research conducted in the organization Apesa and structured in two steps:- The analysis of three case-studies of eco-innovative projects allowed us to characterize supporting practices and deepen our knowledge on the collective fixation present during the maturation of concepts.- This first study has fueled the design process of the MIRAS method, the main contribution of our research.The MIRAS method offers a toolkit designed for eco-innovation intermediaries in order to help them to structure their intervention during the stage of concept maturation. Specifically the tools help to improve the sustainability potential of concepts, to analyze project group behaviors during sessions and to revisit stakeholder networks so as to anticipate future mutations and news ways of incubation.

The purpose of this study is to describe, analyse and compare the use of the concept creativity in 1996- and 2009 culture propositions. Various aspects of creativity have been investigated using the methods of idea analysis and conceptual history. The result is presented on the basis of three issues that concern: what linguistic space creativity is given as a word; who is considered creative and; what function creativity has in cultural policy. Creativity has clearly gone from being a descriptive word to standing as its own concept in noun form, but in the sense of artistic renewal, the term is very present in both propositions. Most people are considered as having creative potential, but young adults and professional artists are the most prominent groups in the material. Artistic renewal is increasingly motivated by market interests, although other softer values are represented.

L’idée du Nord se manifeste sous diverses formes révélatrices d’un réel magnétisme géo-culturel ayant donné naissance à plusieurs mythes et idéologies. On assiste dès la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle en Grande-Bretagne à un affrontement pour la primauté culturelle entre gothicisme et celtisme, qui finirent par coexister en vertu d’une certaine congénialité septentrionale. Au-delà de la simple formule romanesque, "l’appel du Nord" fut une dynamique centrale dans la naissance du mouvement romantique britannique. En outre, cet intérêt marqué pour l’espace nord-britannique, symptomatique pour beaucoup d’un rejet du Sud incarné par la France révolutionnaire et l’empereur Napoléon, aurait tendance à renforcer notre certitude quant à la réalité de l’appel du Nord dans la littérature romantique britannique, qui, au demeurant, ne se confina pas aux frontières nationales, mais porta son attention jusqu’aux régions nordiques et arctiques. Rappelons finalement que la visée de cette étude latitudinale ne fut jamais d’offrir une définition étriquée du romantisme mais plutôt une lecture thématique du mouvement avec pour axe principal de réflexion le Nord, tel que celui-ci intervint dans la construction identitaire du Royaume-Uni. / The idea of the North appears in diverse forms expressive of a real geo-cultural magnetism that gave birth to many myths and ideologies. The second half of the 18th century in Great Britain was the theatre of a battle for cultural primacy between Celticism and Gothicism, which ended up coexisting in virtue of a certain northern congeniality. Beyond the conventional romantic formula, the call of the North was a crucial dynamic in the emergence of a British Romantic literature. What’s more, this marked interest for the northern space, symptomatic for many of a rejection of the South epitomized by revolutionary France and the emperor Napoleon, tends to reinforce our conviction as to the reality of the call of the North in British Romanticism. However, the scope of such a phenomenon was hardly restricted within the British isles and extended to the Nordic and Arctic regions. Let us finally remind that the aim of this latitudinal study has never been to provide a narrow definition of Romanticism, but more of a geo-cultural reading of the movement, directed by the idea of the North as featured in the national identity-making process of Great Britain

This study examined the comments submitted by the public to the United States Department of Education (USDE), the Office of Special Education Programs, in response to the 2004 amended IDEA, prior to the development and publication of proposed regulations under 34 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) parts 300 and 303 to implement programs under IDEA. Specifically, this study analyzed the types of individuals (e.g., parents, advocates, administrators, lawyers, support staff personnel) and interest groups along with the number of submissions, types of comments made, and specific provisions in the legislation that received the most comments during the period open to the public prior to the publication of the proposed regulations. In addition, an exploration of the existence of differences in comments submitted by states and regions was analyzed in terms of types of individuals, interest groups, types of comments, and specific provision of the 2004 amended IDEA. Content analysis approach utilizing qualitative data collection and analysis procedures was used for this study. The sample consisted of 2,199 comments submitted to the USDE via the U.S. Postal system, e-mail, and verbal testimony transcripts obtained during one of the public meetings held throughout the United States during the 60 day period open for commenting. The findings of this study revealed a large number of a particular type of respondent types, the majority of the comments were neutral in nature, and the largest percentage of comments received were directed at one particular section of the Act.