The purpose of this study is to investigate how children involved in gang crime are portrayed in the media and how the Social Services are expected to work with these children, according to the media. Focus lies on the wave of gang violence in Sweden that increased during the fall of 2023. Cohen’s theory of moral panic was applied to shed light on how the media portrays the problem. The theory additionally allowed us to study what reactions, that characterizes moral panic, was present in the media during the time studied. The empirical material is based on 23 news articles from four different newspapers during the increase of violence. The data was examined using qualitative content analysis. Four themes appeared in the process of coding the material. The result shows that children are portrayed as both victims and perpetrators, occasionally at the same time. As a result, a role conflict could be identified. Recurring criticism and dissatisfaction with the actions of Sweden’s Social Services prevailed in the articles. In summary, moral panic is prevalent in the media. As studies show, this tends to affect how actors and various situations are depicted. Lastly, the conditions of the work done by the Social Services seems to, based on the articles, benefit from alterations.

This dissertation consists of two essays. The first provides evidence that the recent revival of shelf equity offers is related to changes in how firms use shelf registration. During 1990-2003 firms that make shelf filings have no immediate intent and low probability of issuance, lower pre-filing returns relative to non-shelf issuers, and often have been certified in prior SEOs. The evidence indicates that the way firms now use shelf offerings resolves the under-certification problem responsible for the shelf demise in the 1980s (Denis, 1991) and results in smaller market penalties and lower underwriter fees relative to non-shelf offerings. This allows firms with greater uncertainty to take advantage of the shelf option to defer or abandon offers. Additionally, firms often use universal shelf filings and choose between debt and equity offerings based on the prevailing relative market conditions. The second essay examines offer price discounting of traditional and shelf-registered seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). The results indicate that relative to traditional SEOs, shelf discounting during 1982 - June 2004 is similar in magnitude, is influenced by the same factors, and has increased similarly over time. Prior studies attribute the time-series increase of seasoned offer discounting to pre-offer short sale constraints (Rule 10b-21; adopted in 1988). This study provides insights about the effect of Rule 10b-21 by exploiting the fact that shelf-registered offerings were exempt from this regulation until September 2004. The analysis uses the shelf exemption as a control in testing the Rule's effect, and the elimination of the exemption as an "out-of-sample" test. The results suggest that Rule 10b-21 is not associated with the increase in seasoned offer discounts. The gradual increase in discounting over the past two decades is largely due to a shift in the composition of issuers toward firms that have greater stock volatility and pre-offer price uncertainty. / Ph. D.

I denna uppsats introduceras applikationen ”Min kropp, mitt val” med målet att informera våldtäktsoffer om rättsprocessen samt bidra till en ökad gemenskap bland offer. En kombination av kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod används för att uppnå detta mål. Resultatet visar att det finns ett behov av en applikation för att tillhandahålla information eftersom det finns en kunskapsbrist i hur man anmäler ett sexualbrott och hur rättsprocessen ser ut. Utifrån det behovet skapades en prototyp av en applikation baserad på den kunskap som samlades in från intervjuer. Information om att det är viktigt att anmäla brott så tidigt som möjligt för att öka chanserna för en fällande dom är ett exempel på vad applikationen innehåller. Applikationen är välbehövlig eftersom den har utformats utifrån det behov som finns och kan utvecklas för att bredda målgruppen ytterligare.

從個體決策制定（decision-making）的角度觀之，參與談判、創造合約，是一種既可學習處世又可瞭解「人性」的雙贏作為。個體在歷經集體談判的互動（interaction）過程後，所獲得的償值（payoffs），也許會超越前述的期望效益；然而，對於「急需達成協議卻失敗者」或「被迫達成協議者」而言，因為無法如願以償，付出與耗損的心力，往住令人無法說服自己──這樣的結果符合吾人之期望（expectancy）──於是，個體理性（individual rationality）與集體理性（collective rationality）間的弔詭（paradox）又乍然若現。 仲裁人以中立第三者的角色，受理談判參與者的爭議，裁決爭議各造的償值，是聯結個體與集體理性的制度設計之一。然而，不同的仲裁制度所依循的特定仲裁程序，及其所隱含的偏差（bias），對交付仲裁的爭議各造及仲裁人決策模式所產生的影響，著實不容忽略。 本文的旨趣在於對仲裁制度及程序所隱含的偏差進行實驗比較，以博奕理論（game theory）為分析工具，來檢視下列三個變項所形成的二種關係： 一、在最終報價仲裁（final-offer arbitration）制度之下，仲裁人的特定偏好（preferences）對爭議兩造的影響，觀察的指標為爭議率及各造的報價策略； 二、不同仲裁制度及程序對仲裁人從事仲裁判斷之影響，觀察的指標為仲裁判斷分布（distribution of arbitration awards）。 本文的結論將藉由前述二種關係的檢證結果，來觀察「爭議兩造」、「仲裁人」及「仲裁制度」三個變項的交集點──仲裁判斷（arbitration awards）──對爭議兩造在重複競局(repeated game)中報價策略的影響，並試圖探究如何縮短個體理性與集體理性之間的落差，冀能透過制度設計來提供爭議各造誠實報價的誘因，並進一步促使仲裁人在從事判斷時能秉公處理，藉以回歸仲裁公平與專業的本質。 Ashenfelter, Orley, Currie, Janet, Farber, Henry S., and Matthew Spiegel. 1992. An Experimental Comparison of Dispute Rates in Alternative Arbitration Systems. 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New techniques,languages and paradigms have facilitated the creation of distributed applications in several areas. Perhaps the most promising paradigm is the one that incorporates the mobile agent concept. A mobile agent in a large scale network can be viewed as a software program that travels through a heterogeneous network, crossing various security domains and executing autonomously in its destination. Mobile agent technology extends the traditional network communication model by including mobile processes, which can autonomously migrate to new remote servers. This basic idea results in numerous benefits including flexible, dynamic customisation of the behavior of clients and servers and robust interaction over unreliable networks. In spite of its advantages, widespread adoption of the mobile agent paradigm is being delayed due to various security concerns. Currently available mechanisms for reducing the security risks of this technology do not e±ciently cover all the existing threats. Due to the characteristics of the mobile agent paradigm and the threats to which it is exposed, security mechanisms must be designed to protect both agent hosting servers and agents. Protection to agent-hosting servers' security is a reasonably well researched issue, and many viable mechanisms have been developed to address it. Protecting agents is technically more challenging and solutions to do so are far less developed. The primary added complication is that, as an agent traverses multiple servers that are trusted to different degrees, the agent's owner has no control over the behaviors of the agent-hosting servers. Consequently the hosting servers can subvert the computation of the passing agent. Since it is infeasible to enforce the remote servers to enact the security policy that may prevent the server from corrupting agent's data, cryptographic mechanisms defined by the agent's owner may be one of the feasible solutions to protect agent's data.Hence the focus of this thesis is the development and deployment of cryptographic mechanisms for securing mobile agents in an open environment. Firstly, requirements for securing mobile agents' data are presented. For a sound mobile agent application, the data in an agent that is collected from each visiting server must be provided integrity. In some applications where servers intend to keep anonymous and will reveal their identities only under certain cir- cumstances, privacy is also necessitated. Aimed at these properties, four new schemes are designed to achieve different security levels: two schemes direct at preserving integrity for the agent's data, the other two focus on attaining data privacy. There are four new security techniques designed to support these new schemes. The first one is joint keys to discourage two servers from colluding to forge a victim server's signature. The second one is recoverable key commitment to enable detection of any illegal operation of hosting servers on an agent's data. The third one is conditionally anonymous digital signature schemes, utilising anonymous public-key certificates, to allow any server to digitally sign a document without leaking its identity. The fourth one is servers' pseudonyms that are analogues of identities, to enable servers to be recognised as legitimate servers while their identities remain unknown to anyone. Pseudonyms can be deanonymised with the assistance of authorities. Apart from these new techniques, other mechanisms such as hash chaining relationship and mandatory verification process are adopted in the new schemes. To enable the inter-operability of these mechanisms, a security architecture is therefore developed to integrate compatible techniques to provide a generic solution for securing an agent's data. The architecture can be used independently of the particular mobile agent application under consideration. It can be used for guiding and supporting developers in the analysis of security issues during the design and implementation of services and applications based on mobile agents technology.

Diploma thesis describes the possibilities of sustainable tourism in the area Děčín. The basis for processing were the secondary information sources and the primary information sources obtained with the help of qualitative methods of gathering, questionnaire research. The goal is to appreciate the primary and the secondary potential of tourism development in the area Děčín and in terms of analysis propound the possibilities of sustainable tourism and delimitate preferences and equipments.

The largest post-war economic crisis, which began spreading to the world in the second half of 2008, hit all sectors negatively. An important lesson from the analysis of the crisis is not its causes, but rather the reference to the drawbacks of globalization, in the form of dismantling the consequences of this crisis. Building industry is a specific branch of the Czech economy, which has responded to the outbreak, the course and the retreat of crisis, in a unique way. Both pre-investment and investment phases of a construction project are time-consuming, resulting in a delayed response - inertia, to changes in the state of the economy that are reflected in aggregate demand from which demand for construction output is derived. The thesis focuses mainly on the development market, where it focuses in detail on evolution of housing construction in the pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis period. The set of incorrect steps, decisions and inactivity of residential developers caused a unique phenomenon - the house-offer crisis. Therefore, the result of the work is methodological recommendations - a set of steps whose observation should reduce the negative effects of the crisis on the construction industry and avoid the re-emergence of the house-offer crisis. Economic cycles give us two assurances: each growth is followed by fall and vice versa. Nowadays it is not possible to predict the causes of the future crisis or its length, but it is important to prepare for it.

Syftet med föreliggande studie är att studera hur organisationer, som jobbar med pojkar och unga män som drabbats av hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck, beskriver deras problematik. I studien har semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomförts och del-innehållsanalys har använts. Våra teoretiska utgångspunkter har varit maskulinitetsteorin, det ideala offret samt det kulturbetingade perspektivet. Resultatet av studien visade att pojkar och unga män som drabbas av hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck ofta också är förövare i samma kontext, att det våld och förtryck de utsätts för är snarlikt det som drabbar flickor och unga kvinnor och att en utlösande faktor för att drabbas är att bryta mot familjens normer. De slutsatser vi dragit utifrån vår studie är att våra resultat ligger i linje med tidigare forskning samt att leva upp till mansnormen är centralt och betydande för att inte bli utsatt för hedersvåld. / The purpose of this study was to explore how organizations, who are assigned to meet boys and young men who are victims of honour related violence and oppression, describe their situation. The study was conducted through semi-structured interviews and form-content analysis has been used. Our theoretical framework consists of masculinity theory, the ideal victim as well as the culture-related perspective. The results of the study showed that boys and young men who are victims of honour-related violence is also often perpetrators in the same context. The violence and oppression they face is like the one suffered by young girls and women and that a triggering factor for suffering is to violate family norms. The conclusions we have drawn is that our results are in line with previous research. It´s also both central and major that boys and young men live up to the concept of masculinity, to avoid becoming a victim of honour-related violence.

2003年8月7日工商時報以頭版刊出「境外金融－人民幣避險准辦，協助台商因應升值壓力，即起開放無本金交割的遠匯與選擇權業務」。緣於中國大陸近年來貿易鉅額出超，國際資金持續流入，人民幣承受升值之壓力，為協助大陸台商解決人民幣匯率波動區間擴大的風險問題，中央銀行與財政部決定開放銀行的國際金融業務分行（Offshore Banking Unit）辦理「無本金交割之美元對人民幣遠期外匯交易」和「無本金交割之美元對人民幣匯率選擇權」。此一開放人民幣DF、NDF的訊息，遠期外匯及無本金交割遠期外匯又勾起人們對它的注意 由於亞洲經濟區塊已然成型，並對全球經濟之影響日益重要，除了全球矚目之人民幣以及早為國際貨幣之日圓外，不論是我國之新台幣或東北亞的韓圜、東南亞的泰銖，其幣值之變動或多或少均影響亞洲金融市場之穩定，也牽動全球金融市場，因而吾人不能不多瞭解相關之議題。 本文主要係討論銀行間新台幣DF、NDF交易之相關議題，包括如何利用市場限制之情況下從事套利、投機交易，以及銀行對遠期匯率報價問題之探討；此外，與台灣競爭激烈之韓國、泰國，其NDF及DF與即期匯率間之關係，和台灣是否如同一轍？另比較台灣、韓國及泰國NDF及DF與即期匯率間不同期別之相關性，以及是否符合效率性市場假說，最後則就新台幣NDF與即期匯率之相關性，在中央銀行關閉國內法人承作新台幣NDF前後之變化作一簡單之比較。

<p>Uppsatsens syfte har varit att med hjälp av diskursanalys analysera fem tingsrättsdomar där kvinnor dömts för sexuella övergrepp mot barn, med avseende att studera om rättsväsendet framställer de kvinnliga gärningsmännen utifrån ett offer eller förövarperspektiv. Syftet var också att studera huruvida kvinnorna framställer sig på något av endera sätten. Våra teoretiska utgångspunkter var genusvetenskaplig teori och teorin om kvinnors brottlighet.</p><p>Resultatet av uppsatsen visar på att ett flertal av tingsrättsdomarna tenderade att fokusera på kringliggande omständigheter i de kvinnliga förövarnas liv istället för den brottsliga gärningen. De omständigheter som var i fokus i domsluten var de kvinnliga förövarnas psykosociala situation, detta uppfattade vi som att tingsrätten ser kvinnorna som offer hellre än som gärningsmän. Resultatet visar också på att i flertalet av fallen tenderade de kvinnliga förövarna att framställa sina brottsliga gärningar utifrån att tillskriva sig själva vedertagna kvinnliga attribut.</p>