Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka huruvida kvällspressens rapportering om sexbrott reproducerar stereotypa könsroller. Det är också att granska hur genusmedveten kvällstidningsjournalistiken är. Då medier besitter en maktposition och har inverkan på människor är det relevant att kritiskt undersöka hur könsrollerna gestaltas och genom det främja både demokrati och den feministiska forskningen. Uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk består av Yvonne Hirdmans genusteori samt gestaltningsteori som den förklaras av Jesper Strömbäck och Robert Entman. Vidare förklaras nyhetsvärdering och nyhetsurval som ett komplement till förståelse om vad som blir nyheter. Undersökningen har begränsats till två kvällstidningar, Aftonbladet och Expressen, då de är de två största rikstäckande kvällstidningarna i Sverige. I uppsatsen representerar dessa två tidningar kvällspressen överlag. Den tidsperiod som har undersökts är 1 juni 2016 till 31 augusti 2016. Uppsatsen bygger på en kvantitativ innehållsanalys där ett kodschema har utformats och variabler har arbetats fram för att besvara studiens frågeställningar. Variablerna är baserade på tidigare forskning inom fältet för brottsjournalistik. Artiklarna som har undersökts faller inom bestämda urvalskriterier. Resultaten visar att artiklar om sexbrott får lite utrymme jämfört med den totala rapporteringen, trots att ämnen som berör brott och sex ofta prioriteras på kvällstidningsredaktioner. Vidare visar resultaten att offret i de flesta fall är en kvinna och att männen vanligtvis är förövare, och att offret – kvinnan, är den som får störst utrymme och främst får komma till tals. Detta bidrar till att kvinnor får uttala sig mer i sexbrottsrapporteringen, vilket genererar i att sexbrott ses som ett kvinnoproblem. Etnicitet var främst förekommande i beskrivningen av förövaren och gör att hen porträtteras som en stereotyp förövare, i linje med tidigare forskning. Slutsatsen är dock att kvällspressen i vissa aspekter bedriver en någorlunda genusmedveten journalistik, vilket sett till tidigare forskning är en förbättring. Samtidigt måste varje enskild journalist ta ansvar för att inte reproducera en stereotyp bild av sexbrott.

L'économie numérique se fonde sur la confiance. Les législations nationales, le droit européen, mais également l'avant projet de loi libanais Ecomleb, ont pris en compte l'importance de la confiance dans l'économie numérique. En effet, les législateurs sont intervenus afin de surmonter les obstacles qui empêchent la conclusion du contrat conclu par voie électronique. Dans cette étude, nous avons analysé les règles juridiques relatives au contrat électronique afin de trouver un certain nombre de cohérences entre les règles de droit commun et celles relatives au contrat électronique, en particulier dans la phase de formation du contrat, avec le contenu de l'offre et de l'acceptation en ligne. Le contrat conclu par voie électronique peut faire l'objet d'un litige international, concernant les règles de compétences de juridiction et les lois applicables, question également envisagée. Enfin, nous avons constaté que la valeur juridique du contrat conclu par voie électronique dépend en principe de la valeur juridique de l'écriture et de la signature électronique, alors que tel n'est pas le cas en droit libanais, malgré l'existence de plusieurs projets de lois en la matière. / Numeric economics is based on confidence. National legislations, European law, as well as the project of Lebanese law Ecomleb, take into account the importance of confidence in numeric economics. Consequently, legislators have thrived to overcome the obstacles that may prohibit the conclusion of electronic legal contracts.In this study we have analyzed the legal regulations that govern electronic contracts in order to establish correlations with common law regulations. The contract formation phase, including the electronic offer content and acceptation, was particularly analyzed.In general, electronic contracts constitute an issue of great international controversy. Rules of competences of jurisdiction and the applicable laws are especially disputed.In conclusion, we have established that the legal value of electronic contracts depends to a great extent on the legal value of the electronic script and signature. Despite the presence of numerous projects concerning this subject in Lebanon, the established correlation does not apply.

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY Title of Thesis: Outdoor Activities in Finland as Offered by Czech Travel Agencies (case study of chosen travel agency) Author: Bc. Klára Hrbková Supervisor: Doc. PhDr. Jan Neuman, CSc. Year of Presentation: 2016 Abstract: Aims: This thesis is about the winter sport activities available in Scandinavian countries. It presents an analysis of travel agency Periscope Skandinávie, s.r.o. and examines Finnish travel agency Lapland Safaris' range of winter sport activities. This thesis also describes the outdoor activities available in Finland. Methods: The data presented in this thesis has been acquired by analysing documents produced by travel agencies (reports, figures, catalogues sold). The questionnaire method of research has been used to assess the level of interest future clients show in the offers promoted by the travel agencies. Details about working in travel agencies have been acquired through structured interviews with the general managers of the travel agencies. Conclusions: Finland is a promising country for Czech travel agencies (please see: Great Prospects for Outdoor Activities in Terms of Nature Conditions and Organisation). The travel agency being examined for the purposes of this thesis, Periscope Skandinávie, is successfully widening its range of winter tours in Finland. The...

Title: Questions of choice of sport in young childrens Objectives: The main aim of this thesis is to find out what possibilities there are for children of an younger school age to be introduced to sport and to find out what choice of sport programmes they have. Also, to find out how children and their parents choose sport activities, sport clubs and sport sections. Methods: During my work with children, I applied method of group research, which is part of methodical quality research. Another way how I gathered information from parents with children of an younger school age was by method of quantity research. I've used a questionnaire and also part of my study to find out what are the possibilities how to introduce children to sport I used desk research method. Therefore, during my practise I used combination of both methods- quality and quantity research. Results: I came to a conclusion, that children of an younger school age are most likely to spend their free time outdoors and practise one of many outdoor activities. Most children have an access to these type of activities near their homes and use public parks.With regret I have to point out that knowledge and deeper understanding of wide range of sport sections and sport disciplines are at the beginning of period of children at an younger school...

Studiens syfte var att undersöka pressens rapportering gällande sexuellt våld. Särskilt fokus lades på hur pressen beskrev könstillhörighet, etnicitet och rättsväsendet. Vi undersökte även pressens rapportering i relation till Nils Christies teori om ideala offer. Detta studerades genom en kritisk diskursanalys och i studien har vi analyserat 100 artiklar om sexuellt våld från fyra rikstäckande svenska tidningar under perioden 1 april 2009 till 1 april 2016. Analysen resulterade i att tre övergripande diskurser identifierades. Dessa diskurser valde vi att benämna gärningspersonen som kalkylerande och manipulativ, brottsoffrens utsatthet och rättsväsendets brister. Resultaten visade att såväl gärningspersoner som offer beskrevs stereotypt i största delen av materialet och att könstillhörighet ofta var centralt i dessa beskrivningar. Vi fann också att rättsväsendet ifrågasattes och ofta framställdes på ett negativt sätt. De viktigaste slutsatserna var att stereotypa framställningar, makt och nyhetsvärde var närvarande i pressens rapporteringar. / Title: Sexual violence – as described in the Swedish press The purpose of this study was to examine the press coverage concerning sexual violence. Particular focus was placed upon the descriptions of gender, ethnicity and the justice system. Furthermore we did also examine the press coverage in relation to Nils Christies theory of ideal victims. This was examined by the use of critical discourse-analysis and in the study we analyzed 100 articles concerning sexual violence taken from four swedish nationwide issued magazines during a period dating from 1st of April 2009 until 1st of April 2016. The analysis resulted in the identification of three overall discourses which we chose to name the calculating and manipulative perpetrator, the vulnerable victim and judicial shortcomings. The results showed that both perpetrators and victims were described in a stereotypical way throughout most of the material and that gender often were a central part of these descriptions. We also found that the justice system were questioned and often portrayed in a negative way. The most important conclusions were that stereotypical portraying, power and newsworthiness were present in the press coverage.

En los últimos 10 años en el Perú, y según el documento: “Mapa del Déficit Habitacional a Nivel Distrital, 2007", elaborado por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática en coordinación con el Ministerio de Vivienda Construcción y Saneamiento, se tiene un déficit habitacional para la provincia del Cusco de 88,718 viviendas, siendo el Cusco el sexto departamento con uno de los valores de déficit habitacional más elevado, después de Lima, Piura, Cajamarca, Puno y La Libertad; con una oferta de vivienda multifamiliar anual de 561 unidades de departamentos, y una demanda efectiva de 23,209 viviendas, según el documento I Estudio “El Mercado de Edificaciones Urbanas en la provincia del Cusco” elaborado por la Cámara Peruana de la Construcción, estudio realizado en el año 2012; en el cual se muestra que la oferta de vivienda en la ciudad de Cusco, está muy por debajo de la demanda, sobre todo en el Nivel Socioeconómico C (NSE C) el cual representa el 31.2 % de la población urbana de Cusco. Fuente: Censos Nacionales XI de Población y VI de Vivienda 2007 Es en base a este escenario que nuestro trabajo de investigación se enfoca en una oferta de vivienda económica dirigida a personas de 21 a 40 años del NSE C de la población urbana de Cusco, proponiendo viviendas con departamentos más compactos, bien diseñados y proyectados en zonas de expansión urbana con visión futurista de bajo precio, que cumplan con las normas técnicas arquitectónicas de buena habitabilidad e iluminación, aplicando innovación y funcionalidad en el diseño y una adecuada gestión durante la ejecución orientado al producto, y que como principal característica, sus precios sean accesibles a la capacidad de pago del NSE C tan desatendido en la ciudad de Cusco; lo que pretendemos demostrar en el presente trabajo. / In Peru for the past 10 years and according to document “Mapa del Déficit Habitacional a Nivel Distrital, 2007” elaborated by Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática in partnership with Ministerio de Vivienda Construcción y Saneamiento, there is a housing deficit for Cusco of 88,718 apartments, making Cusco the number sixth after Lima, Piura, Cajamarca, Puno and La Libertad with an annual housing offer of 561 units of apartments, in the province of Cusco versus a demand of 23,209 apartments, this is a information that comes from the survey call in partnership with elaborated by Cámara Peruana de la Construcción, survey that was accomplish in 2012 and shows the housing offer in Cusco is way below of demand mainly in the socioeconomic level “C” (NSE C) which represents 31.2 % in urban population for Cusco. Based on this information our survey focuses in affordable housing offer which is intended for people between 21 and 40 years old that belong to social segment “C” for Cusco urban areas, the apartments are intended to be compact, well design and projected to expansion areas envisioning the future growth of Cusco so they will be at low cost and will fulfill the architectural standards like good distribution, lightning and innovative and functional design and proper management of project oriented to product which main characteristics is to be affordable for the social segment C considering the economic capacity of this group that was neglected for long time. / Trabajo de Investigación

One of the puzzles regarding IPO’s is that the issuers rarely get upset about leaving substantial amounts of money on the table due to underpricing. The cost of underpricing is the number of shares sold multiplied by the difference between the first-day closing price and the offer price. The research sample of IPOs and JSE databases comprised, respectively, 160 and 321 new applicants for the years 1995-1999. New applicants comprising the research sample raised R12.55 billion with an underpricing cost exceeding R2.85 billion i.e., 22.71 percent of the IPO capital raised. This cost was found to be nearly 10 times greater than the R295 million paid in fees to the corporate advisors by the issuing companies. The prime beneficiaries of this discount were a select grouping of private placement investors at the discretion of the corporate advisors and directors. Mean unadjusted initial first day returns amounted to 55.04 percent. Public Offer IPO’s (solely or as a component of a Hybrid Offer) follow UK influenced corporate legal systems– both in legislative norm and empirical results. First day initial returns were presented per issuer List Board, Method and Type of Listing, IPO capital raised and disclosed use of proceeds. Internationally many theories have been raised as to what has become to be known as the short-run underpricing puzzle. The winner’s curse hypothesis is directly tested flowing from and the unique data availability. It was shown that South African Public and Hybrid IPO Offer methods bear an exceptionally close correlation to UK influenced corporate legal systems and as such proved a reliable empirical testing ground for the winners curse phenomena using the same methodology and equations as their international counterparts hereunder. The UK based corporate law and institutional arrangements in South Africa allow a direct test of the empirical implications of the winner’s curse hypothesis in pricing unseasoned new issues.

Våldtäkt är ett utbrett globalt problem som påverkar på individ- och samhällsnivå. Utifrån detta har syftet med denna studie varit att belysa och få en djupare förståelse för hur socionomstudenter uppfattar våldtäkt, offer- och förövarskap samt hur detta är kopplat till kön. Studien innehar en kvalitativ ansats och materialet samlades in genom sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. Urvalet gjordes genom ett snöbolls- samt ett målinriktat urval och materialet analyserades utifrån tematisk analysmetod. Resultatet påvisade att det fanns en otydlig definition av våldtäkt bland respondenterna och en viss problematik i att beskriva vart gränsen mellan sex och våldtäkt går då den påverkas av olika omständigheter. Våldtäkt uppfattades och beskrevs som en makthandling som utförs av män mot kvinnor, att det bottnar i ett jämställdhetsproblem. Respondenterna menade på att offret och förövaren kan vara vem som helst men av deras resonemang framgick att deras uppfattningar om offer- och förövarskapet kan kopplas till kön. Resultatet visade även på tre omständigheter som respondenterna uppfattar kan komma att villkora offer- och förövarskapet.

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Esta tese objetiva analisar o mercado mundial e brasileiro de cruzeiros marítimos, a partir de 2002 até o presente momento. Apresenta uma breve evolução histórica dos cruzeiros marítimos, complementar à abordagem feita na dissertação de mestrado do pesquisador. Ressalta os principais hábitos e mudanças de comportamento dos consumidores de cruzeiros marítimos diante da evolução da sociedade moderna, explicitando, com detalhes, a segmentação da demanda turística e da oferta existente nos principais países no mundo e, em particular, para efeito de nossa análise, no Brasil. Com base em dados secundários, advindos de ampla pesquisa junto aos mais importantes organismos mundiais e brasileiros, tomando como fonte central os dados da CLIA, agrega as principais informações disponíveis do mercado de cruzeiros marítimos, visando criar um panorama explicativo de seu desempenho no mercado nacional, ilustrado por meio de gráficos e tabelas estatísticas. Em especial, de forma inédita, analisa o mercado brasileiro por temporada e por outras características, com considerações obtidas por pesquisa junto a CONCAIS e ABREMAR organismos atuantes do mercado de cruzeiros marítimos brasileiros. Ainda, tomando por paradigma os impactos da atividade no mercado norteamericano, estabelece comparações com as principais regiões da América Latina, delimitado pelo desempenho do terminal de Santos, no Estado de São Paulo (Brasil). Por fim, reconhecendo a influência de fatores econômicos, sociais, jurídicos, de competitividade e de outras naturezas, visa estabelecer cenários distintos, sob a ótica nas tendências de três níveis: tradicional, pessimista e otimista, diante da crise financeira mundial assolada em setembro de 2008. O trabalho é uma construção da linha do tempo do mercado de cruzeiros marítimos e deve ser considerado de grande importância para o balizamento do setor turístico e no planejamento de políticas públicas e privadas, de maneira a contribuir no desenvolvimento e crescimento da atividade no Brasil. Conclui revelando resultados favoráveis ao crescimento deste segmento que, apesar das dificuldades, demonstra ser um mercado ascendente, promissor, sem retrocesso e necessário para as atividades do turismo brasileiro. / The objective of this thesis is to analyze global and Brazilian cruise markets, from 2002 to the present moment. It presents a brief historical evolution of cruises, complementary to the approach done in the researchers Masters essay. It outlines the main habits and changes in the behavior of cruises consumers in the presence of the evolution of the modern society. Also, it shows the segmentation of the touristic demand and of the existing offer in the main countries of the world, especially Brazil. Based on secondary data taken from a broad research made with the most important global and Brazilian organizations, considering CLIA data as main source, it puts the main information available on cruise market together. The idea is to create an explaining outlook of cruise market performance in the national market, illustrated graphically and statistically. An unprecedented element found in this thesis is the analysis of the Brazilian market per season and other characteristics, with appreciations obtained from researches made with CONCAIS and ABREMAR both are organizations of the Brazilian cruise market. Taking as paradigm the impacts of such activity on the North American market, it makes comparisons with the main regions of Latin America delimited by the performance of the terminal of Santos, in the state of São Paulo (Brazil). With the recognition of the influence of economical, social and juridical factors, as well as competitiveness among other things, it wills to establish different scenarios under three-level trends: traditional, pessimistic and optimistic, in the presence of the global financial crisis of September of 2008. Showing a timeline of the cruise market, and must be considered of great importance for the demarcation of the touristic arena and for planning public and private policies, in a way to contribute with the development and growth of such activity in Brazil. The conclusion reveals results that are favorable to growth in this segment. Although there are difficulties, it proves to be an ascending and promising market with no retrocession, and also necessary for Brazilian tourism activities.