The primary aim of this Master thesis entitled "Freedom of the Media versus Public Figures' Right to Privacy" is to investigate and analyse the conflict between freedom of the media and right to privacy of public persons. The thesis is formally structured into eight thematical chapters and two parts- theoretical and analytical. The theoretical part of the thesis provides legal, philosophical and media background for further analysis in the special part of the thesis. The analytical part deals with selected case studies of media photography conflicting with right to privacy of public figures. First chapter focuses on the freedom of speech and freedom of the media in historical, legal and philosophical perspective, deals also with the problem of censorship and technological challenges in the postmodern electronic age of the internet. Second chapter critically examines the concept of watchdog journalism in democratic system with special interest in the debate on the current affairs of the British media system. Third chapter deals with right to privacy and reflects also on the fluid concept of privacy in the era of social networking. Fourth chapter analyzes so-called public figure doctrine, celebritization and mediatization of politics and also discusses the collision between free speech and privacy....

Submitted by Kelson Anthony de Menezes (kelson@ucb.br) on 2017-01-10T10:46:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DaianaFerreiradeAlmadaDissertacao2015.pdf: 1483376 bytes, checksum: d2244e7794f69fc313613adf88291e7e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-10T10:46:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DaianaFerreiradeAlmadaDissertacao2015.pdf: 1483376 bytes, checksum: d2244e7794f69fc313613adf88291e7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-15 / Taxation and Human Rights are interconnected institutes. The federated beings, when exercising that power, must be guided by Human Rights. The State, which is responsible for safeguarding and promoting them, uses tax revenues to effective them to do so. Sometimes when exercising his empire power it ends up restricting certain rights such as the right to intimacy and to privacy as provided in sections X and XII of art. 5 of the Federal Constitution of 1988. When involving cases related to bank secrecy, which although are not included explicitly in the list of fundamental rights, were recognized by the Supreme Court as a fundamental right and to occur its relativisation it is necessary the authorization of the Judiciary (understanding of the Supreme Court). However the Complementary Law No. 105/2001, in its Articles 5 and 6, brought the prediction of the Tax Administration which has access to taxpayers??? data banking, provided that there is administrative process instituted or tax proceeding in progress, prescription which has turned into a target of some Direct actions of Unconstitutionalities (ADI's), which are open to trial until the present time. We understand that there are no reasons for the Guardian of the Federal Constitution to declare the unconstitutionality of the referred law, given that there isn???t jurisdiction reservation consignment in sections X and XII of art. 5 of the Magna Carta, so that at first the participation of the judiciary would not be mandatory, but the last to be checked in each case, a failure to follow legal requirements or possible abuse of power by of the IRS agents. The right to bank secrecy should not be opposed to the tax authorities, given that the information obtained will be safeguarded by the functional duty, and any abuse will be punished with the rigors of the law. The access to taxpayers??? banking data and the exchange of international information in tax matters have become a very important tool for Tax Administration nowadays. In today's international arena for exchanging information, the Federative Republic of Brazil signed up with the United States an Intergovernmental Agreement for implementing a set of North American standards, known as Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act - FATCA - which amended the Court Code of this country, predicting that financial institutions should send automatically banking information of American account holders to the tax authorities of the country like Brazil has incorporated this Agreement in Brazilian law, it will be left to the Constitution Guardian to determine the subject once it has prevailed in this Court that bank secrecy, except in cases permitted constitutionally, can only be qualified by court order. / Tributa????o e Direitos Humanos s??o institutos interligados. Os entes federados ao exercerem a compet??ncia tribut??ria devem ser norteados pelos Direitos Humanos. O Estado, sendo respons??vel pela tutela e promo????o de tais, utiliza-se da arrecada????o tribut??ria para efetiv??-los, para tanto, ??s vezes ao exercer seu poder de imp??rio acaba por ter que restringir alguns direitos, como ?? o caso do direito ?? intimidade e ?? vida privada, previsto nos incisos X e XII, do art. 5??, da Constitui????o Federal de 1988, quando envolvem casos relacionados com o sigilo banc??rio, que apesar de n??o est?? inclu??do de forma expressa no rol dos direitos fundamentais, foi reconhecido pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal como direito fundamental e, para que ocorra sua relativiza????o, prescinde de autoriza????o do Poder Judici??rio (entendimento do STF). Por??m, a Lei Complementar n?? 105/2001, em seus artigos 5?? e 6??, trouxe a previs??o da Administra????o Tribut??ria tem acesso a dados banc??rios dos contribuintes, desde que exista processo administrativo instaurado ou procedimento fiscal em curso, prescri????o esta que virou alvo de algumas A????es Diretas de Inconstitucionalidades (ADI??s), que encontram-se pendentes de julgamento at?? o presente momento. Entendemos que n??o h?? motivos, para o Guardi??o da Constitui????o Federal, declarar a inconstitucionalidade de referida Lei, tendo em vista que n??o existe nos incisos X e XII, do art. 5??, da Carta Magna, consigna????o de reserva de jurisdi????o, de modo que no primeiro momento, n??o seria obrigat??rio a participa????o do Poder Judici??rio, mas a ??ltima em se verificando, em cada caso concreto, inobserv??ncia dos preceitos legais ou eventuais abuso de poder por parte dos agentes do Fisco. O direito ao sigilo banc??rio, n??o deve ser oposto ?? Administra????o Tribut??ria, tendo em vista que ??s informa????es obtidas, estar??o resguardadas pelo dever funcional, e eventuais abusos, ser??o punidos com os rigores da lei. O acesso aos dados banc??rios dos contribuintes e a troca de informa????es internacionais em mat??ria tribut??rias, tem se tornado, nos dias atuais, uma ferramenta de suma import??ncia ?? Administra????o Tribut??ria. Diante do atual cen??rio internacional de troca de informa????es, a Rep??blica Federativa do Brasil celebrou com os Estados Unidos um Acordo Intergovernamental, para implementar um conjunto de normas norte-americana, conhecida Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ??? FATCA - que alterou o C??digo Tribunal deste pa??s, prevendo que ??s institui????es financeiras devem encaminhar de forma autom??tica informa????es banc??rias dos correntistas norte-americanos ?? Administra????o Tribut??ria do pa??s, como o Brasil incorporou tal Acordo no direito brasileiro, restar?? ao Guardi??o da Constitui????o se manifestar acerca do assunto, uma vez que, tem prevalecido neste Tribunal, que o sigilo banc??rio, ressalvados os casos permitidos constitucionalmente, apenas pode ser relativizado mediante ordem judicial.

The means of personal data protection in courts, legal acts, regulating that, are analyzed in the final work ,,Legal aspects of personal data protection in the judicial system“. The implementation of information technologies in the work of courts has fasten the judge of cases, though when the automate administration of personal data started, the danger personal data to be detected has increased, breaking the persons` right to privacy. The author also analyses the purpose of a courts` information system LITEKO and the data, which is administrated with this program. It is aiming to find out the measures, which can be used to strengthen the protection of personal data. The author while analyzing the practical situation of personal data protection in courts, gives recommendations, how occurring problems could be solved. The work brings us to the main conclusion, that personal data protection and the right to the privacy should not be made absolute. The ways how to protect personal data and the right to privacy in court processes, to guarantee the quality of court process and the reliability in courts should be found.

The right to private and family life and the right to the protection of personal data are two fundamental rights of the EU. The protection of these rights is addressed in the new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications (ePrivacyDirective) and the upcoming new Regulation on Privacy and Electronic Communications (draft ePrivacy Regulation). In this thesis these three legal acts are evaluated in light of profiling through ultrasound tracking technology. Their technology neutrality and their functioning as safeguards of the two fundamental rights against the use of profiling through ultrasound tracking technology is tested. The GDPR is found to differentiate between profiling in the context of automatic decision-making and profiling in other contexts. The process of profiling is described in general terms. It is shown how tracking technologies in general and ultrasound tracking technology in particular have a central role in the profiling process.It is found that ultrasound tracking technology enables far wider tracking and data collection than the other tracking technologies. Differences and similarities between ultrasound tracking technology and other tracking technologies are described. According to the findings, the three legal instruments, the GDPR, the ePrivacy Directive and the draft ePrivacy Regulation, all live up to their aim of technology neutrality on theoretical level, since profiling through ultrasound tracking technology is within the material scope of all of them. An exemption is Article 8(2) of the draft ePrivacy Regulation that, unlike Article 9 of the ePrivacyDirective, does not stretch to cover location tracking through ultrasound technology. However, as will be shown, there are risks related to the practical implementation of these legal frameworks.

L’évolution de la technologie, nonobstant ses apports, peut enfreindre certains de nos droits fondamentaux puisqu’elle se développe plus rapidement que ces derniers. Ce mémoire vise à relever les défis que les technologies intelligentes peuvent poser tant sur la santé des communautés que sur les droits fondamentaux. La thèse porte sur les contraintes juridiques, présentes et à venir, notamment sur le droit à la vie privée à travers le développement et l’usage des technologies intelligentes qui captent notre information personnelle en lien avec la santé. Plus précisément, ce travail analyse si les bénéfices de l’accès à notre information à travers les technologies intelligentes en vue d’améliorer la santé et la sécurité des populations surpassent les conséquences juridiques. Ce travail explore, entre autres, le potentiel des technologies intelligentes, leurs avantages individuels et collectifs, notamment en matière de santé publique, et les violations des droits de l’Homme que leur usage peut générer. Mais encore, il présente des innovations technologiques qui permettent d’améliorer les systèmes de santé étatiques afin d’être en mesure de mieux réagir aux futures épidémies, notamment au niveau international, comme à l’OMS. Ces données, suivies des autres complications possibles du fait d’un usage accru des technologies intelligentes qui restreignent notre vie privée, permettront de conclure si une telle intrusion peut être justifiée dans une société libre et démocratique. Finalement, ce travail regarde les limites de l’acceptabilité sociale de l’intrusion dans la vie privée en échange à de meilleures conditions de santé afin que les organes étatiques et supraétatiques puissent prendre des décisions éclairées, sans que les droits constitutionnels soient violés. Ce travail permettra de comprendre les enjeux que notre système judiciaire inévitablement devra surmonter en proposant des stratégies visant la prévention des maladies et autres problèmes de santé à travers l’usage des technologies intelligentes. Une des solutions principales proposées est la création de bases de données nationale et internationale à l’OMS qui captent les données des appareils intelligents portables. / The evolution of technology, notwithstanding its benefits, can negatively impact some of our fundamental rights as it develops faster than the latter. Indeed, this thesis aims to meet challenges generated by smart technologies and the impact they can have on the health of communities as well as on our fundamental rights. This thesis focuses on the legal constraints, present and to come, including the right to privacy, through the development and use of smart technologies that seize our personal health information. More specifically, this work seeks to analyze whether the benefits of accessing our information through smart technologies to improve the health and safety of populations outweigh the legal consequences. This work explores the potential of smart technologies, the interest in using them individually and collectively, especially in the public health sector, and the human rights violations their use can generate. Moreover, it looks at technological innovations that help improve State health systems to be able to better respond to future epidemics, particularly at the international level, such as at the WHO. These data, followed by other possible complications due to the increased use of intelligent technologies that restrict our privacy, will allow us to conclude whether such an intrusion in our right to privacy can be justified in a free and democratic society. Finally, this work examines the limits of the social acceptability of the invasion of privacy in exchange for better health conditions so that States and supra-State bodies can make informed decisions, without violating constitutional rights. This work will help us understand the issues that our judicial system will inevitably face while proposing strategies for the prevention of diseases and other health problems through the use of smart technologies. One of the main proposed solutions is the creation of a national and international database at the WHO generated by the data of smart health devices.

In present-day society more and more personal information is being collected. The nature of the collection has also changed: more sensitive and potentially prejudicial information is collected. The advent of computers and the development of new telecommunications technology, linking computers in networks (principally the Internet) and enabling the transfer of information between computer systems, have made information increasingly important, and boosted the collection and use of personal information. The risks inherent in the processing of personal information are that the data may be inaccurate, incomplete or irrelevant, accessed or disclosed without authorisation, used for a purpose other than that for which they were collected, or destroyed. The processing of personal information poses a threat to a person's right to privacy. The right to identity is also infringed when incorrect or misleading information relating to a person is processed. In response to the problem of the invasion of the right to privacy by the processing of personal information, many countries have adopted "data protection" laws. Since the common law in South Africa does not provide adequate protection for personal data, data protection legislation is also required. This study is undertaken from a private law perspective. However, since privacy is also protected as a fundamental right, the influence of constitutional law on data protection is also considered. After analysing different foreign data protection laws and legal instruments, a set of core data protection principles is identified. In addition, certain general legal principles that should form the basis of any statutory data protection legislation in South Africa are proposed. Following an analysis of the theoretical basis for data protection in South African private law, the current position as regards data protection in South-Africa is analysed and measured against the principles identified. The conclusion arrived at is that the current South African acts can all be considered to be steps in the right direction, but not complete solutions. Further legislation incorporating internationally accepted data protection principles is therefore necessary. The elements that should be incorporated in a data protection regime are discussed. / Jurisprudence / LL. D. (Jurisprudence)

One of the realities that developing countries like Nigeria have to face today is that national and international markets have become more and more interconnected through the global platform of telecommunications and the Internet. This global networked economy is creating a paradigm shift in the focus of development goals and strategies particularly for developing countries. Globalisation is driving the nations of the world more into political and economic integration. These integrations are enhanced by a globally interconnected network of economic and communication systems at the apex of which is the Internet. This network of networks thrives on and encourages the expansion of cross-border flows of ideas and information, goods and services, technology and capital. Being an active member of the global network economy is essential to Nigeria’s economic development. It must plug into the network or risk being shut out. The global market network operates by means of rules and standards that are largely set by the dominant players in the network. Data protection is a critical component of the regime of rules and standards that govern the global network economy; it is evolving into an international legal order that transcends geographical boundaries. The EU Directive on data protection is the de facto global standard for data protection; it threatens to exclude non-EU countries without an adequate level of privacy protection from the EU market. More than 50 countries have enacted data protection laws modelled on the EU standard. Access to the huge EU market is a major motivation for the current trend in global harmonisation of domestic data protection laws. This trend provides a compelling reason for examining the issues relating to data protection and trans-border data flows and their implications for Nigeria’s desire to integrate into the global network economy. There are two primary motivations for legislating restrictions on the flow of data across national boundaries. The first is the concern for the privacy of the citizens, and second, securing the economic well-being of a nation. It is important that Nigeria’s privacy protection keeps pace with international norms in the provision of adequate protection for information privacy order to prevent potential impediments to international trading opportunities. / Public, Constitutional, & International / LLD

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a new technology which allows people to identify objects automatically but there is a suspicion that, if people are tracked, their privacy may be infringed. This raises questions about how far this technology is acceptable and how privacy should be protected. It is also initiated a discussion involving a wide range of technical, philosophical, political, social, cultural, and economical aspects. There is also a need to consider the ethical and theological perspectives. This dissertation takes all its relevant directions from a Judeo-Christian theological perspective. On one side the use of technology is considered, and on the other side the value of privacy, its infringements and protection are investigated. According to Jewish and Christian understanding human dignity has to be respected including the right to privacy. As a consequence of this RFID may only used for applications that do not infringe this right. This conclusion, however, is not limited to RFID; it will be relevant for other, future surveillance technologies as well. / Philosophy & Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Theological ethics)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the right to confidentiality in the context of HIV/AIDS through an interdisciplinary lens. This study indicates that whilst confidentiality is important and should be preserved in order to protect persons living with HIV/AIDS against stigmatisation, discrimination and victimisation, this should be balanced by other equally important interests, such as the protection of public health and individual third parties who may be affected by the intentional or negligent infection of others with HIV. As the consideration of the legal issues relating to confidentiality and privacy cannot be divorced from the social context in which HIV/AIDS plays out in South African communities, the study will examine, amongst others, the victimisation, discrimination and stigmatisation experienced by persons living with HIV/AIDS, followed by a critical exploration of the present legal and ethical framework governing privacy and confidentiality, including medical confidentiality, as well as the duty to disclose a positive HIV-status, in the context of HIV/AIDS. Possible limitations on the right to privacy in this context are also examined, which include, amongst others, a consideration of making HIV/AIDS notifiable diseases in South Africa. The study suggests that it is imperative that legal interventions aimed at curbing the spread of HIV will need to be mindful of the unique social, cultural and economic forces that impact on the duty to disclose a positive HIV-status to partners and other affected third parties. Insights gained from philosophical theories relating to Africanism, individualism, communitarianism and utilitarianism are valuable tools in facilitating a clearer understanding of relevant social and cultural factors that keep South African society locked in the present stalemate with regard to the disclosure of HIV status. / Public, Constitutional, & International law / LLD

Le droit international privé est éprouvé par les droits fondamentaux. Les données à partir desquelles la discipline a été pensée ont d’abord évolué. Les droits de l’homme créent une connexion entre les ordres juridiques étatiques et protègent la mobilité internationale des personnes. Si cette évolution ne remet pas en cause l’existence du problème de droit international privé, force est d’admettre que les droits fondamentaux modifient aujourd’hui son analyse. Tandis que les conflits d’ordres juridiques sont transformés en conflit de valeurs, la hiérarchie des intérêts du droit international privé est remplacée par leur mise en balance. Les solutions de droit international privé sont, ainsi, perturbées par l’application contentieuse des droits fondamentaux. La proportionnalité est plus précisément à l’origine de cette perturbation. Technique de réalisation des droits de l’homme, la proportionnalité a une incidence inégale sur la discipline. Si le contrôle de proportionnalité épargne ses méthodes, il bouleverse en revanche ses solutions. Les Cours européennes ont tendance à privilégier la continuité des situations juridiques sur la défense de la cohésion interne. Aussi pressent-elles le droit international privé à libéraliser ses solutions. L’application contentieuse des droits fondamentaux doit, dès lors, être rationalisée pour préserver l’autorité et la prévisibilité des solutions du conflit de lois et de juridictions. C’est en dissociant l’application des droits de l’homme de l’exception d’ordre public international et en corrigeant la mise en œuvre du contrôle de proportionnalité que l’équilibre du droit international privé pourrait, nous semble-t-il, se reconstruire. / Fundamental rights put private international law to the test. First, the context in which private international law operates has evolved. Fundamental rights have created a better, closer, intertwining of the separate state legal orders and have achieved a higher protection for the persons as they experience international mobility. If this evolution does not threaten, as such, the existence of private international law, it must be acknowledged that fundamental rights modify its analysis. Whereas the conflicts between legal orders are transformed into conflicts between values, the hierarchy of interests protected by private international law is replaced by a balancing of these interests. The solutions of private international law are thus disrupted by the enforcement of fundamental rights through litigation. Proportionality is at the source of this disruption. Being a case by case technique of enforcement of fundamental rights, the influence of the proportionality test on private international is uneven. If the proportionality test is found to be overall indifferent to the methods of private international law, its main impact is on the solutions of PIL. The European courts are indeed prone to favour the continuity in the legal situations of the persons, over the defence of the internal cohesion of the state legal orders. As a consequence, private international law is invited to reach liberal solutions. The enforcement of fundamental rights through litigation must hence be clarified so as to maintain a mesure of authority and predictability of the solutions of the rules of conflict of laws, international jurisdiction and recognition of foreign judgements. It is, on the one hand, by methodologically dissociating the enforcement of fundamental rights from the public policy exception and, on the other hand, through an amendment to the proportionality test, that the balance of private international may hopefully be restored.