The advent of extreme-scale computing systems, e.g., Petaflop supercomputers, High Performance Computing (HPC) cyber-infrastructure, Enterprise databases, and experimental facilities such as large-scale particle colliders, are pushing the envelope on dataset sizes.  Supercomputing centers routinely generate and consume ever increasing amounts of data while executing high-throughput computing jobs. These are often result-datasets or checkpoint snapshots from long-running simulations, but can also be input data from experimental facilities such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) or the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). These growing datasets are often processed by a geographically dispersed user base across multiple different HPC installations.  Moreover, end-user workflows are also increasingly distributed in nature with massive input, output, and even intermediate data often being transported to and from several HPC resources or end-users for further processing or visualization. The growing data demands of applications coupled with the distributed nature of HPC workflows, have the potential to place significant strain on both the storage and network resources at HPC centers. Despite this potential impact, rather than stringently managing HPC center resources, a common practice is to leave application-associated data management to the end-user, as the user is intimately aware of the application's workflow and data needs. This means end-users must frequently interact with the local storage in HPC centers, the scratch space, which is used for job input, output, and intermediate data. Scratch is built using a parallel file system that supports very high aggregate I/O throughput, e.g., Lustre, PVFS, and GPFS. To ensure efficient I/O and faster job turnaround, use of scratch by applications is encouraged.  Consequently, job input and output data are required to be moved in and out of the scratch space by end-users before and after the job runs, respectively. In practice, end-users arbitrarily stage and offload data as and when they deem fit, without any consideration to the center's performance, often leaving data on the scratch long after it is needed. HPC centers resort to "purge" mechanisms that sweep the scratch space to remove files found to be no longer in use, based on not having been accessed in a preselected time threshold called the purge window that commonly ranges from a few days to a week. This ad-hoc data management ignores the interactions between different users' data storage and transmission demands, and their impact on center serviceability leading to suboptimal use of precious center resources. To address the issues of exponentially increasing data sizes and ad-hoc data management, we present a fresh perspective to scratch storage management by fundamentally rethinking the manner in which scratch space is employed. Our approach is twofold. First, we re-design the scratch system as a "cache" and build "retention", "population", and "eviction"  policies that are tightly integrated from the start, rather than being add-on tools. Second, we aim to provide and integrate the necessary end-user data delivery services, i.e. timely offloading (eviction) and just-in-time staging (population), so that the center's scratch space usage can be optimized through coordinated data movement. Together, these two combined approaches create our Integrated End-User Data Service, wherein data transfer and placement on the scratch space are scheduled with job execution. This strategy allows us to couple job scheduling with cache management, thereby bridging the gap between system software tools and scratch storage management. It enables the retention of only the relevant data for the duration it is needed. Redesigning the scratch as a cache captures the current HPC usage pattern more accurately, and better equips the scratch storage system to serve the growing datasets of workloads. This is a fundamental paradigm shift in the way scratch space has been managed in HPC centers, and outweighs providing simple purge tools to serve a caching workload. / Ph. D.

The rise of ubiquitous computing devices has provided the catalyst for the next generation World Wide Web, one that shifts the focus from the desktop computer to mobile devices such as cell phones and PDAs, in an ever increasing range of modalities. Web interaction management in this setting must contend with a plethora of interaction interfaces and a diverse range of content types in addition to helping realize the full potential of multimodality (i.e., supporting flexible and personalized interactions between humans and sites). This thesis presents WS://IM, a new software framework for web interaction management that is capable of supporting multimodal interactions. In addition to presenting a loosely bundled, factorized architecture that supports hyperlink interaction, WS://IM has the unique facilitation for out-of-turn interaction. Out-of-turn interaction is a novel technique that helps realize mixed-initiative interactions between humans and Web sites. Design methodology, implementation details, and exposition through three implemented case studies are provided. / Master of Science

Oesophageal cancer is an aggressive malignancy with an overall five-year survival of 5-10% and two-thirds of patients have irresectable disease at diagnosis. Accurate staging of oesophageal cancer is important as survival closely correlates with the stage of the tumour, nodal involvement and presence of metastases (TNM staging). Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is currently the most reliable modality for providing accurate T and N staging. Depending on findings of the staging, various treatment options including endoscopic, oncological, and surgical treatments may be performed. It was theorised that the development of three-dimensional radial endoscopic ultrasonography would reduce the operator dependence of EUS and provide accurate dimensional and volume measurements to aid planning and monitoring of treatment. This thesis investigates the development of a three dimensional endoscopic ultrasound technique that can be used with the radial echoendoscopes. Various agar-based tissue mimicking material (TMM) recipes were characterised using a scanning acoustic macroscope to obtain the acoustic properties of attenuation, backscatter and speed of sound. Using these results, a number of endoscopic ultrasound phantoms were developed for the in-vitro investigation and evaluation of 3D-EUS techniques. To increase my understanding of EUS equipment, the imaging and acoustic properties of the EUS endoscopes were characterised using a pipe phantom and a hydrophone. The dual ‘single element’ mechanical and ‘multi-element’ electronic echoendoscopes were investigated. Measured imaging properties included dead space, low contrast penetration, and pipe length. The measured acoustic properties included transmitted beam plots, active working frequency and peak pressures. Three-dimensional ultrasound techniques were developed for specific application to EUS. This included the study of positional monitoring systems, reconstruction algorithms and measurement techniques. A 3D-EUS system was developed using a Microscribe positional arm and frame grabber card, to acquire the 3D dataset. A Matlab 3D-EUS toolbox was written to reconstruct and analyse the volumes. The 3D-EUS systems were evaluated on the EUS phantom and in clinical cases. The usefulness of the 3D-EUS systems was evaluated in a cohort of patients, who were routinely investigated by conventional EUS for a variety of upper gastrointestinal pathology. 3D-EUS accurately staged early tumours and provided the necessary anatomical information to facilitate treatment. With regards to more advanced tumours, 3D-EUS was more accurate than EUS in T and N staging. 3D-EUS gave useful anatomical details in a variety of benign conditions such as varicies and GISTs.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka och analysera hur gitarrlärare iscensätter övningsstrategier i enskild undervisning på gymnasial nivå eller motsvarande. I studien har ett multimodalt och designteoretiskt perspektiv använts. Relevant har varit att observera hur lärare, medvetet eller omedvetet, använder olika teckensystem för att gestalta tänkbara övningsstrategier i undervisningssituationer. I studien har videoobservation använts som metod och tre gitarrlärare har observerats vid varsitt lektionstillfälle. Urvalet har bestått av lärare från två olika musikskolor samt en privatlärare. Undervisningen har bedömts vara på gymnasial nivå eller högre. Resultatet belyser på vilket sätt många olika teckensystem används parallellt för iscensättandet, och vilka typer av strategier de kan sägas representera. I studien identifieras två huvudtyper av iscensättande; det performancebaserade och det pedagogiska. I studiens avslutande diskussion problematiseras hur dessa kan ha potentiella för- och nackdelar för enskilt övande. / The purpose of the study was to examine and analyse how teachers present strategies for practice within single student guitar lessons on a level corresponding to that of the Swedish gymnasium. In this study, a multimodal and design theoretic perspective was used. It has been relevant to observe how guitar teachers, on a conscious or unconscious level, utilize different sign systems to stage possible strategies for practice in these situations. In the study, video observation has been used as a method, and three teachers has been observed, each for the duration of one lesson each. The selection has consisted of guitar teachers from two separate music schools and one private teacher. The teaching has been estimated to be on the level of the Swedish gymnasium or higher. The results highlight how different sign systems are used together for staging, and what types of strategies they can be seen to represent. In the study identifies two types of presentations are identified; the performance-based and the pedagogic. In the study’s final chapter their potential advantages and disadvantages in individual instrumental practice are discussed.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acuidade diagnóstica da Ressonância Magnética na determinação da invasão da camada muscular, no estadiamento das neoplasias vesicais malignas. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Este foi um estudo retrospectivo, em uma mesma instituição, incluindo os pacientes com diagnóstico histológico comprovado de neoplasia vesical maligna e que tiveram exame de RM realizado com intervalo de até 4 meses em relação ao procedimento cirúrgico. Dois observadores, sem acesso às informações clínicas e anatomopatológicas, avaliaram as imagens de RM, inicialmente apenas T2 e em seguida apenas as imagens de difusão. Os resultados foram confrontados com achados histopatológicos. RESULTADOS: Trinta pacientes, sendo 4 mulheres (13,3%) e 26 homens (86,7%), com idade média de 63,9 anos (48-91 anos) foram analisados. O tamanho médio da lesões foi 4,3 cm +/- 2,9 cm. Em relação à morfologia das lesões, o observador 1 classificou 20 (66,7%) como papilares, 8 como planas (26,6%) e 2 como endofíticas (6,7%) e o observador 2, o 20 papilares (66,7%), 7 planas (23,3%) e 3 endofíticas (10,0%) Carcinoma urotelial foi o diagnóstico histológico de 29 lesões (96,7%) e um adenocarcinoma (3,3%). A sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, negativo e acuidade para o observador 1, foi de 92,9%, 62,5%, 68,4%, 90,9% e 76,7% e para o observador 2, 85,7%, 75%, 75,%, 85,1% e 80,0%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: As sequências ponderadas em T2 apresentaram uma tendência, em ambos os observadores, a superestimar a presença de invasão da musculatura detrusora vesical em pacientes com neoplasia de bexiga. As imagens por difusão apresentaram uma tendência de melhor acuidade diagnóstica para ambos os observadores / PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in the determination of invasion of the muscular layer, when staging malignant bladder neoplasms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, single-institution study, including patients with a proven histological diagnosis of malignant bladder neoplasia, who underwent MRI examination with an interval of up to 4 months in relation to the surgical procedure. Two observers, blinded to clinical and pathological data, assessed MR images, initially only T2, and then only the diffusion images. The results were confronted with histopathological findings. RESULTS: Thirty patients, 4 women (13.3%) and 26 men (86.7%), with a mean age of 63.9 years (48-91 years) were analyzed. The mean lesion size was 4.3 cm +/- 2.9 cm. For the morphology of the lesions, observer 1 classified 20 (66.7%) as papillary, 8 as flat (26.6%) and 2 as endophytic (6.7%) and observer 2, 20 papillary (66 7%), 7 flat (23.3%) and 3 endophytic (10.0%). Urothelial carcinoma was the histological diagnosis of 29 lesions (96.7%) and one was adenocarcinoma (3.3%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative and acuraccy for the observer 1 was 92.9%, 62.5%, 68.4%, 90.9% and 76.7%, and for the observer 2, 85.7%, 75.0%, 75.0%, 85.1% and 80.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The T2-weighted sequence showed a tendency, for both observers, to overestimate the presence of bladder detrusor muscle invasion in patients with bladder cancer. The DWI images showed a tendency to better diagnostic accuracy when compared to T2

A presente dissertação investiga a relação da cena com a cidade, na perspectiva da encenação, com o propósito de identificar e analisar procedimentos metodológicos que possam contribuir para o trabalho do diretor teatral. Como encenar no espaço urbano? De que modo opera a construção de sentido para a cena a partir da escolha de um espaço e dos possíveis diálogos que são com ele estabelecidos? Visando responder a tais questões, o trabalho se dedica a algumas aproximações teóricas em torno de conceitos como espaços praticados e dramaturgias da cidade, num diálogo transdisciplinar que recorre, por exemplo, a áreas como a arquitetura e o urbanismo, com destaque para o movimento inglês Archigram; bem como a noções relacionadas ao campo artístico como site specific; espaços imantados; teatro de invasão; composição urbana e teatros do real. Além disso, na perspectiva metodológica da crítica de processos, examina os percursos criativos dos espetáculos Diário do Maldito; Ruas Abertas e Entrepartidas, do grupo brasiliense Teatro do Concreto, a fim de descrever e analisar práticas de ensaio e procedimentos de criação presentes na relação do coletivo com a cidade de Brasília. Finalmente, à luz das reflexões teóricas e das experiências artísticas aqui exploradas, traça uma possível cartografia da encenação no espaço urbano, a fim de evidenciar princípios e aspectos gerais da encenação que vai ao encontro do tecido vivo e dinâmico da cidade. / The present work investigates the relationship between the scene and the city, in the perspective of staging. It aims at identifying and analyzing methodological procedures that might contribute to the theater director\'s work itself. How to stage on urban space? Which meanings might emerge from space when a scene is set at a specific place in the city and how to operate them considering the place itself determines different appeals to it? In order to answer these questions the work is devoted to some theoretical approaches to concepts such as practiced space and dramaturgy of the city which delivers themselves a transdisciplinary dialogue with areas such as architecture and urbanism, especially English movement Archigram; as well as notions related to the artistic field such as site-specific; magnetized spaces; invasion theatre; urban composition and theatres of the real. Furthermore, in the methodological perspective of critical processes, it examines the creative paths of the plays \"Diário do Maldito\"; \"Ruas Abertas\" and \"Entrepartidas\" created by Brasilia based group Teatro do Concreto (Concrete Theatre), in order to describe and analyze rehearsal practices and creative procedures present in the relationship between the group and the city of Brasilia. Finally, in light of theoretical reflections and artistic experiments explored here, it brings forward some possible cartography of staging on urban space, according to which apparent principles and general aspects of staging meet the living and dynamic woof of the city.

INTRODUÇÃO: O adenocarcinoma gástrico precoce (AGP) atinge até a camada submucosa em profundidade, independentemente da presença de metástases linfonodais (MLF). Tumores mucosos, bem diferenciados, menores que 20 mm e sem ulceração são candidatos à ressecção endoscópica (RE) por mucosectomia com taxas de MLF praticamente nulas. Com o advento da técnica de dissecção endoscópica da submucosa (ESD) e após observar ausência de MLF em grande série de pacientes no Japão, foi sugerido que os critérios clássicos pudessem ser expandidos, evitando a gastrectomia em alguns pacientes. Em países ocidentais autores e sociedades têm visto com restrição a ESD para critérios expandidos devido à observação de MLF em alguns subgrupos. A análise crítica e validação dos critérios expandidos de RE para tratamento do AGP em coorte brasileira poderá indicar os pacientes com menor risco de metástases linfonodais nesta população, de modo a individualizar o tratamento com excelência e qualidade de vida. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presença MLF em produtos de gastrectomia com linfadenectomia de pacientes elegíveis à ressecção endoscópica seguindo os critérios clássicos e expandidos. MÉTODO: Inclusão de pacientes com AGP submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico com dissecção linfonodal. Estadiamento linfonodal e avaliação de características clínicas, macroscópicas e histopatológicas segundo critérios de RE. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 389 espécimens cirúrgicos de gastrectomia, dentre os quais 135 cumpriam critérios para ressecção endoscópica. Nenhum dos 31 pacientes com critérios clássicos apresentou MLF (N = 31; 0% IC95% 0 - 13,4%). Dos 104 com critérios expandidos, 3 apresentaram MLF (N = 104; 2,9% IC95% 0,7 - 8,6%), todos pertencentes ao grupo de tumores indiferenciados sem ulceração e menores que 20 mm. Dos pacientes com indicação de tratamento cirúrgico houve 50 MLF positivos (N = 254; 19,7% IC95% 15,3 - 25,1%). CONCLUSÃO: Existe risco mínimo de metástases linfonodais quando adotados os critérios expandidos de RE. Este risco é praticamente nulo para os critérios clássicos e quando se exclui o tumor indiferenciado do critério expandido / INTRODUCTION: Early gastric cancer (EGC) is known to present low rate of lymph nodal metastasis (LNM). Gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy is usually curative for EGC. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a well-accepted treatment modality for lesions that meet the classic criteria, a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma measuring less than 20 mm size and without ulceration. Expanded criteria for ESD have been recently proposed, based on null LNM rate from large gastrectomies series coming from Japan. The expanded criteria for ESD are as follows: intramucosal non-ulcerative well-differentiated tumor > 20 mm, intramucosal ulc mo <= 30 mm, intramucosal non-ulcera mo <= 20 mm, or superficially submucosal ( m1) mo <= 30 mm. There is some resistance to adoption of the expanded criteria, since patients with positive LNM have already been reported in western centers. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate LNM staging in patients who met the expanded endoscopic treatment criteria for ESD. METHOD: Evaluation of gastrectomy specimens including LNM staging of patients submitted to gastrectomy for EGC in a 39-year retrospective cohort. A senior pathologist reviewed the histology slides. RESULTS: A total of 389 surgical specimens were included, of whose 135 met criteria for endoscopic resection. None of the 31 patients with classic criteria had LNM. Of the 104 patients with expanded criteria, 3 had LNM (n = 104, 2.9% CI 95% 0.7 - 8.6%), all of them with undifferentiated tumors without ulceration and less than 20 mm. In the patients with surgical criteria there were 50 LNM positive (n = 254; 19.7% CI 95% 15.3 - 25.1%). CONCLUSION: There is minimal risk of LNM in EGC when expanded criteria for ESD are met. This risk is practically nil for the classic criteria and when the undifferentiated tumor is excluded of the expanded criteria. Refinement of the expanded criteria for the risk of LNM may be desirable. Meanwhile the decision to complement the endoscopic treatment with LNM dissection or D2 gastrectomy will have to take into consideration the individual risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality

O presente trabalho de doutorado se propôs a observar a encenação do ato da leitura na obra Bouvard et Pécuchet, de Gustave Flaubert. É o resultado direto de nosso trabalho de mestrado, no qual investigamos sobre a questão da escritura, para que pudéssemos chegar à leitura. Para tanto, contamos não somente com a obra em questão, mas recorremos também a outras obras do autor e à sua correspondência, material vasto para analisar um pouco do que poderia ser Flaubert escritor, autor e leitor, a fim de buscar perceber que as instâncias de autoria e leitura já pareciam estar diluídas no autor francês. Primeiramente, lemos Flaubert e sua obra à luz da estética da recepção, buscando analisar a questão da leitura como efeito. Em seguida, buscamos observar que a leitura estaria mais para um procedimento, e não um efeito, por isso nos valemos dos estudos de Marielle Macé e Jacques Rancière a fim de observar a leitura como uma figura. Por fim, em muito usamos José-Luis Diaz e seus estudos sobre as cenografias autorais românticas com a intenção de propormos uma cenografia de leitura também e como Bouvard et Pécuchet e, em dada medida, Flaubert também, acabam por encenar a figura \"leitura\". / This Doctoral Thesis aims to observe the staging of the reading act in the Gustave Flauberts Bouvard and Pécuchet. It is the direct result of my Master Dissertation, in which I investigated the problems of writing, so that I could reach the reading. For this, I rely not only on the Bouvard and Pécuchet, but also on other Flauberts works and correspondence, a vast material to analyse a little of what Flaubert could be as a writer, an author, and a reader, in order to note that both authorship and reading instances seemed to be already diluted in the French writer. First, I read Flaubert and his work in the light of the Reception Aesthetics, seeking to analyse the problem of reading as an effect. Second, I observed that the reading would be more for a procedure, and not an effect, so I based on Marielle Macés and Jacques Rancières works, in order to observe reading as a figure. Finally, I based on José-Luis Diaz studies on romantic author scenography aiming at proposing a reading scenography too, and how Bouvard and Pécuchet and, to a certain extent, Flaubert as well, end up staging the \"reading\" figure.

O objeto da presente pesquisa é a abordagem estética e pedagógica do Teatro de Figuras Alegóricas, na encenação Chamas na Penugem, sob a coordenação da Profa. Dra. Ingrid Dormien Koudela com alunos do curso de Licenciatura de Teatro. Identifica-se, neste projeto, a concepção da encenação como prática pedagógica e o seu cerne está nas relações existentes entre a criação artística, a pedagogia do teatro e o artista-docente. As proposições do presente trabalho englobam procedimentos referentes ao jogo teatral, à leitura de imagens e aos processos colaborativos. No que tange à leitura da imagem, são analisados os fundamentos estéticos da didática alegórico-diabólica de Peter Brueghel, o Velho relacionados à descrição de uma série de gravuras intituladas Os Sete Vícios Capitais. / The purpose of the present research is the pedagogic and aesthetic approach of the Theather of Allegorical Figures in the staging of Chamas na Penugem (Flames on down), under the coordination of the PhD Professor Ingrid Dormien Koudela with students of the Theater Degree Course. It can be noticed in this project the conception of staging as a pedagogic practice, and its essential part is in the existing relationship between the artistic creation, the theater pedagogy and the artist-teacher. The propositions of the present paper gather procedures referring to the theater game, the image reading and the collaborative processes. Particularly related to the image reading, is the aesthetic foundations of the diabolic-allegorical didactics of Peter Brueghel, the Elder, related to the description of a set of pictures called The Seven Deadly Sins.

Considerando o Leitmotiv um dos procedimentos dramáticos mais importantes para a composição musical, contido nas obras artísticas e teóricas do encenador alemão Richard Wagner, o presente trabalho investiga a possibilidade de seu emprego prático em obras teatrais contemporâneas e não dramáticas. Realiza-se, em um primeiro momento, um estudo sobre as definições e arqueologias do termo localizadas no gênero dramático operístico. Acompanha tal estudo, a abordagem das acepções do gênero dramático na linguagem operística e teatral, adotando como norte teórico pensadores como Immanuel Kant, Joseph Kerman e Peter Szondi. A fim de atualizar os possíveis sentidos do termo na produção teatral contemporânea, associamos ao Leitmotiv os conceitos de: Esquizofonia, difundido pelo compositor Raymond Murray Schafer; Environment, desenvolvido pelo criador Renato Cohen; e, por fim, o conceito de Ritornelo, dos pensadores Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari. Ainda, associamos os conceitos contemporâneos a três espetáculos teatrais de produção recente: a adaptação ucraniana da obra Woyzeck de Georg Büchner, feita pelo encenador Andriy Zholdak; a instalação operística Trem Fantasma, concebida pelo alemão Christoph Schlingensief a partir da ópera Navio Fantasma, de Richard Wagner; e a obra em episódios do grupo norte-americano Nature Theater of Oklahoma, encenada por Pavol Liska e Kelly Copper, intitulada Life and Times. A fim de investigar o procedimento no âmbito da criação artística, realizamos um estudo sobre os processos de criação dos espetáculos Manter em local seco e arejado e Mantenha fora do alcance de crianças, ambos do grupo paulistano [pH2]: estado de teatro, encenados pelo pesquisador, que possuem como metodologia principal a ideia central da dissertação: a encenação de Leitmotive. / The Leitmotiv, as presented on the artistic and theoretical works of the German director Richard Wagner, is possibly one of the most important dramatic procedures of musical composing. Considering so, the present thesis analyses the range of its usage in contemporary and non-dramatic theatrical pieces. At first, we conduct a study regarding the term\'s definitions and archaeologies within the dramatic opera. Alongside, we investigate the conceptions of the dramatic genre in the operatic and theatrical languages, taking as basis the literature of Immanuel Kant, Joseph Kerman, and Peter Szondi. In order to update the term\'s possible meanings within the theatrical contemporary production, we associate to Leitmotiv the following concepts: Schizophonia, published by the composer Raymond Murray Schafer; Environment, conceived by Renato Cohen; and, lastly, Ritornello, as described by the philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. Furthermore, we investigate the contemporary concepts in three recently presented shows: the adaptation of Georg Büchner\'s Woyzeck, by the Ukrainian director Andriy Zholdak; the operistic installation Trem Fantasma [Ghost Train], created by the German artist Christoph Schlingensief, based on Wagner\'s opera The Flying Dutchman; and Life and Times, a production from the North-American performance group Nature Theater of Oklahoma, under the direction of Pavol Liska and Kelly Copper, presented in several episodes. To plunge into the operating of such procedure in the midst of artistic creation, we examine the creative processes of two plays in which the researcher took part, both from the Brazilian group [pH2]: estado de teatro, called Manter em local seco e arejado and Mantenha fora do alcance de crianças, developed by a method focused on the main idea of this thesis: staging the Leitmotive.