Submitted by Rachel Pereira (rachelprr@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-06T18:40:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel-Merigoux-Tese-de-doutorado.entregue-gravado-cd.pdf: 2050684 bytes, checksum: 8de8c55d9ee41a7f60baaee2c8d811a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-06T18:40:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel-Merigoux-Tese-de-doutorado.entregue-gravado-cd.pdf: 2050684 bytes, checksum: 8de8c55d9ee41a7f60baaee2c8d811a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A existência de uma barreira da linguagem, transponível por uma “tradução” em que se perde a verdade pura, justifica geralmente a Divulgação Científica (DC). Problematizamos esse pressuposto retraçando as diferenças teóricas entre as linguagens ditas científica e leiga, bem como sua construção sócio-histórica. Concebemos a DC como parte de uma Comunicação Científica estendida, intra e extrapares, na perspectiva da acumulação de conhecimento, pautados mormente pelos conceitos de reprodução e capital simbólico de Bourdieu. Apreendemos cientista e leigo como atores comparáveis, embora socialmente distintos, recusando qualquer separação a priori, absoluta, natural ou anistórica entre eles. Os primórdios da DC são geralmente datados dos diálogos de Galileu e Fontenelle no século 17. Mas os modernos defendem primeiro o sigilo. Herdeiros do “Mênon” de Platão, aderem a uma filosofia pitagórica tão restrita ao par quanto o “artificial” latim, mesmo quando opõem a este o logos inato, vivo e dialético, representado pelos romances. Contra o poder central papal e o monopólio escolástico das universidades, a quantificação moderna do mundo legitimava os soberanos das nações europeias mercantilistas nascentes, patrocinadores das academias científicas oficiais. A linguagem do Livro da Natureza de Galileu é absolutamente divina: afirma um universo unificado e unívoco, acima das disputas clericais e interpretações qualitativas da Bíblia, mas nega à expressão leiga qualquer verdade científica, inviabilizando a Divulgação. Em vista disso, a DC surge na Atenas dos séculos 5 e 4 a.C., quando a retórica faz a dialética privada entrar na arena pública, governada por escolhas democráticas. Aristóteles seculariza a verdade filosófico-científica, imputando-a a um ato de fala humano, explicitamente regrado pela univocidade sistemática (uma palavra=um sentido), a qual distingue até hoje a linguagem científica da leiga. A definição do Termo impõe à determinação bivalente da verdade tanto quanto à sua comunicação a seleção de um único sentido correto entre aqueles possíveis, prefigurando uma teoria da informação, sem estatísticas. Associada à escrita e ao dialógico agonístico, a univocidade perpetua a ordem social pelo desempate e acerto simbólicos. Oposta à violência física e ambiguidade oraculares, transmite a verdade segundo um ideal de reprodução sem perda. Traduz partes do discurso profano em símbolos impessoais eternos, equivalentes às entidades pitagóricas imateriais e sagradas. Essas, demostradas pelo ato de fala, podem ser trocadas na ágora como bens simbólicos “purificados” entre cidadãos “pares”. A posse da verdade torna-se publicamente perceptível, “qualificando” o leigo pelo “déficit” simbólico, espiritual, moral, cognitivo, social. As linguagens lógico-matemáticas seguem ocultando as marcas linguísticas (pessoa, tempo e modalidade) do ator mortal que as profere. Na perspectiva quantitativa, histórica e progressista da Modernidade, a expressão da experiência e verdades antes incomensuráveis, torna-se unificada, previsível, replicável, incrementável, universal e capitalizável como divisas simbólicas. Antes portado apenas pela voz do filósofo, o ideal de reprodução é impulsado pela mecanização dos meios de comunicação: desde a imprensa até o sinal da comunicação digital, a verdade transmite-se com menor perda física, tempo e intervalo, a um público sempre mais numeroso e distante, enquanto a reprodução sócio-simbólica do cientista cresce exponencialmente. Contudo, nunca foram comprovadas a existência de uma comunicação absolutamente sem perda ou de uma unidade de sentido a priori ou naturalmente présegmentada, refutando uma diferença linguística irreversível entre científicos e leigos. Como o Hípaso de Metaponte da lenda pitagórica, divulgador efetivo da “imperfeição” dos números irracionais e origem humana da ciência, hoje os hackers expõem as falhas da linguagem computacional unívoca, a qual separa as sociedades ditas imaterial e material na “nova” ordem tecnológica informacional. / Science Popularization (SP) is generally justified by a language barrier, overcame by a “translation” that loses “pure” truth. We discuss this presupposition tracing the theoretical differences between so-called scientific and common languages, as well as their socio-historical construction. We assume SP is part of a Scientific Communication extended to both peers and non peers, in the perspective of knowledge accumulation, mainly based on Bourdieu's notions of symbolic capital and reproduction. We comprehend Scientists and laypersons as comparable actors, nevertheless socially distinct and not separated by any a priori, absolute, natural or innate characteristic. While it is admitted that early SP dates back to Galileo's and Fontenelle dialogs, the moderns prove firstly to be secretive. Heirs of Plato's Meno, they stick to a Pythagorean philosophy, as restricted to peers as the “artificial” Latin, even when they oppose to this the dialectic, innate and living logos, represented by romances. Against central papal power and scholastic university monopoly, moderns' universe quantification legitimates the emerging Mercantile European nations' sovereigns, who funded the official academies of science. The language of Galileo's Book of Nature is absolutely divine, above clergymen disputes and qualitative Bible interpretations. But it denies any scientific validity to lay expression of truth, then obstructing SP. Considering this, SP emerges in Athena during 6th-5th centuries BC, when rhetoric makes private dialectic enter the public arena, governed by democratic choices. Aristotle secularizes philosophico-scientific truth, imputing it to a human speech act, explicitly ruled by systematic univocity (one word=one meaning), which until now distinguishes scientific from common language. Term definition imposes to bivalent determination of truth and its communication the selection of a single correct meaning among possible ones, prefiguring an information theory yet without statistics. Combined with writing and agonistic dialog, univocity perpetuates social order trough symbolic settlement. Contrary to oracular ambiguity and physical violence, it transmits and accumulates truth according to an ideal of lossless reproduction. It translates parts of profane discourse into impersonal and eternal symbols, equivalent to Pythagorean entities, immaterial and sacred. Demonstrated trough a speech act, these can be exchanged in the agora, as “purified” symbolic goods, between citizen “peers”. Truth possession turns publicly perceptible, “qualifying” layperson by his symbolic, spiritual, moral, cognitive, then social “deficit”. Still, logico-mathematical languages hide the linguistic markers (person, tense, modality) of the mortal actor who utters them. In the quantitative, historical and progressive perspective of Modernity, the expression of incommensurable experiences and truths becomes unified and predictable, universal replicas that can be incremented and capitalized as symbolic currencies. Once restricted to philosophers' voice reach, the ideal of reproduction is boosted by the mechanization of communication techniques. From printing to the signal of digital communication, truth is transmitted with decreasing physical loss, time and interval, to an always more numerous and distant public, while scientists socio-symbolic reproduction grows exponentially. Nevertheless, neither lossless communication nor naturally pre-segmented or a priori units of meaning have ever proven to exist in absolute, refuting any impassable linguistic differences between laypersons and scientists. Just as Hippasus of Metapontum in the Pythagorean legend indeed popularized the “imperfection” of irrational numbers, betraying the human origin of Science, today's hackers expose the flaws of the univocal computing language, which divides our “new” informational and technological order into the so-called immaterial and material societies.

This doctoral thesis centres on six children, aged four to nine, who relatively recently immigrated to Sweden. The children’s encounters with literacy are in focus. These children are not only new arrivals to Sweden, they also have in common that Swedish is their second language and that their parents have had little or no formal education prior to arriving in Sweden. The study draws on sociocultural approaches to literacy, and more specifically the field of New Literacy Studies. In this study, reading and writing are viewed as social practices comprising different related sociocultural aspects such as norms, values, habits, traditions and ideologies, and the study concentrates on social and ideological perspectives on literacy. Bourdieu’s notions of habitus and symbolic capital have also been used for the analysis. The empirical material was collected through an ethnographic approach. Each child was followed for one year, particularly at school/preschool. The children’s homes were also visited, and their parents and teachers were interviewed. Observations involved different degrees of participation and were documented through field notes and photographs. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. In addition, artefacts and school material from the field were collected or photographed. A qualitative content analysis of the collected data was performed. The analysis show that sociocultural incongruence, coupled with flawed communication between the schools and the homes, caused the children less continuity between school and home practices. Though, the results also show, that the children studied to a considerable extent adapted to the monolingual, homogenous norms when they participated in school practices. These children are therefore highly adaptable, while their teachers found it much harder to handle or even be aware of sociocultural incongruences. / I denna avhandling studeras litteracitetspraktiker hos en grupp nyanlända barn i åldrar mellan fyra och tio år. Det specifika för barnen är att deras föräldrar inte har någon eller endast en kort skolbakgrund från ursprungslandet. Under ett års tid har barnen följts i förskolan eller skolan samt i hemmet. Deras föräldrar och lärare har också intervjuats. Avhandlingens syfte är att skapa förståelse för hur samspelet runt barnens språkande ter sig samt vilka förutsättningar och villkor som råder för detta samspel. Studien visar hur barnen skapar kontinuitet mellan hemmet och skolan, trots att deras tidigare erfarenheter och modersmål har en ytterst perifer plats i skolans och förskolans litteracitetspraktiker och trots att kommunikationen mellan skolan/förskolan och hemmet haltar. Barnen och deras föräldrar strävar efter att anpassa sig till de svenskspråkiga och monokulturella normer som skolans och förskolans litteracitetspraktiker vilar på. Avhandlingens bidrag är att öka kunskapen om hur nyanlända barn, och i synnerhet barn till föräldrar utan eller med endast kort skolbakgrund, bättre kan tas emot i skolan och förskolan.

Dans la communauté scientifique, le statut d’auteur est associé à la reconnaissance et à la crédibilité auprès des pairs puisque l’autorat constitue un facteur essentiel dans la prise de décisions pour l’embauche et la promotion d’un chercheur, ainsi que dans l’attribution de prix et de financement. Par ailleurs, dans les publications savantes, il est pratique courante de remercier les individus, institutions et organismes subventionnaires qui ont contribué de diverses façons aux travaux de recherche menant à la publication. Bien qu’ils puissent être considérés comme un simple acte de courtoisie, les remerciements peuvent également être perçus comme un marqueur de capital symbolique. Les remerciements permettent de souligner des contributions extrêmement variées, de nature cognitive, technique et sociale, mais qui ne satisfont généralement pas les critères d’autorat. En ce sens, les remerciements permettent de mieux comprendre le rôle des individus et des organisations qui ont contribué à la recherche. Dans ce contexte, notre recherche vise à décrire les fonctions des remerciements dans le système de la reconnaissance scientifique pour mieux comprendre leur valeur, du point de vue du crédit scientifique, ainsi qu’à explorer les facteurs qui peuvent influencer leurs caractéristiques dans le contexte des pratiques d’attribution du crédit scientifique. Notre étude s’intéresse d’abord à la distribution du crédit scientifique parmi l’ensemble des contributeurs d’un projet de recherche, soit les auteurs et les remerciés. L’analyse du nombre de contributeurs par article montre que les importantes différences disciplinaires traditionnellement observées en matière de collaboration sont grandement réduites lorsque les remerciés sont pris en compte. Nos analyses des caractéristiques des individus remerciés montrent que les disparités de genre, maintes fois démontrées en matière d’autorat, sont également présentes dans les remerciements où les femmes sont sous-représentées. De plus, les femmes ont tendance à remercier une proportion plus élevée de femmes que les hommes. En ce qui concerne le statut académique, nos résultats montrent que les individus remerciés qui ont déjà publié ont tendance à occuper une position plus élevée dans la hiérarchie académique que le reste des auteurs. Notre analyse comparative du contenu des remerciements souligne d’importantes tendances disciplinaires en matière de types de contributions remerciées. Nos résultats fournissent la première démonstration empirique à grande échelle des variations qui existent entre les disciplines dans le contenu des remerciements. Finalement, notre analyse qualitative des termes contenus dans les remerciements met en lumière trois fonctions principales des remerciements : la description des contributions, la déclaration des responsabilités, ainsi que l’expression de la voix de l’auteur. / In the scientific community, authorship is associated with recognition and credibility and thus plays a central role in decisions related to the hiring and promotion of a researcher, and in the attribution of prizes and funding. In scholarly publications, it is also common practice to acknowledge individuals, institutions, and funding organizations that contributed in various ways to a research project. Although they can be considered as a simple scholar’s courtesy, acknowledgements can also be perceived as a marker of symbolic capital. Acknowledgements shed light on extremely diverse contributions, of cognitive, technical and social nature, that generally do not meet authorship criteria. As such, acknowledgements allow for a better understanding of the role played by individuals and organizations that contribute to research. In this context, our research aims to describe acknowledgements’ functions within the reward system of science to better understand their value, in terms of scientific credit, and to explore factors that can influence their characteristics in the context of credit attribution practices. Our study addresses scientific credit distribution among all contributors of a research project, authors and acknowledgees. Our analyses of the number of contributors per paper show that the important disciplinary differences in team size, which traditionally characterize collaboration, are greatly reduced when considering acknowledgees as contributors. Our analyses of acknowledgees’ sociodemographic characteristics show that gender disparities, repeatedly demonstrated in terms of authorship, are also present in the acknowledgements, where women are also under-represented. Moreover, women tend to acknowledge a higher proportion of women than men do. Regarding academic status, our results show that acknowledgees who have already published tend to have a higher position in the academic hierarchy than the rest of authors. Our comparative analysis of acknowledgements’ content highlights important disciplinary trends in terms of types of contributions mentioned. Our results constitute the first large-scale empirical demonstration of disciplinary variations in the content of acknowledgements. Finally, our qualitative analysis of acknowledgements’ content emphasises three main functions of acknowledgements: the description of contributions, the responsibility disclaimers, and the expression of the authorial voice.

Syfte och frågeställningar Målet med denna studie var att undersöka hur elever upplever omklädningsrummet och omklädningssituationeni skolan samt vad som påverkar upplevelsen. Syftet med studien var således att problematisera tidigareforskningsresultat kring upplevelsen av omklädningssituationen kopplad till prestation inom ämnet samt attutifrån den förståelse som dessa resultat genererar kunna föreslå åtgärder. Utifrån detta syfte formuleradesforskningsfrågorna “Hur upplever högpresterande respektive lågpresterande elever omklädningssituationen?” samt “Vilka faktorer anser högpresterande respektive lågpresterande elever påverkar situationen?” Teori och metod Studien utfördes i form av en komparativ undersökning med sex respondenter från en gymnasieskola iStockholms innerstad. Dessa var indelade i två elevgrupper utifrån hög/låg närvaro, höga/låga betyg samttidigare idrottsbakgrund. Materialet skapades genom kvalitativa intervjuer av reflexiv och semistruktureradkaraktär, transkriberades sedan med orthographic och analyserades slutligen med inspiration från kvalitativ ochtematisk meningsinnehållsanalys. Det teoretiska ramverket för analysen bottnade i strukturalistisk,poststrukturalistisk och poststrukturalistisk feministisk teoribildning inspirerad av bland annat Pierre Bourdieu, Michel Foucault, Jean-Paul Sartre och Jean Baudrillard. Resultat Gemensamt för eleverna i båda grupperna är att de inte använder skolans duschar och även till viss del undvikerskolans omklädningsrum. Sammanhanget kring både dusch och ombyte upplevs som mer eller mindreobekvämt, onormalt och exponerande. Det sociala sammanhanget, nakenhet i grupp och den egna kroppen iandras ögon ses som centrala faktorer. Även tidsbrist, schemaläggning och behovet att ta med sig en handdukmenas påverka. De två elevgruppernas upplevelser verkar enbart skilja sig i viss mån från varandra. Dehögpresterande eleverna ser skolämnet som något positivt, ser det fysiska rummet som bristfälligt och önskarförändringar i schemat i högre grad. De lågpresterande eleverna verkar i högre grad se handduken som ett problem. Slutsatser Den vanligaste orsaken till att undvika dusch eller ombyte verkar handla om vad som anses normalt, snarare änupplevt obehag på grund av nakenhet. De elever som har större erfarenhet av idrottsverksamhet utanför skolanverkar dock vara mer bekväma med både ombyte och nakenhet i grupp, något som förklaras genom habitus ochsymboliskt kapital. Nakenhet och exponering är dock centrala faktorer för vissa elever. Upplevelsen av att kroppen som både objekt och subjekt inte lever upp till de förväntade kraven skapar tillsammans med en upplevelse av övervakning och dömande blickar ett beläggande av skuld- och skam på sig själv. Ett samband mellan hög frånvaro, låga betyg, en negativ inställning till ämnet och obehag kopplat till omklädningsrummet motsägs delvis av denna studie. Det är snarare upplevelsen av normalitet i sammanhanget som påverkar valet attanvända dusch- och omklädningsrum eller inte, oavsett närvaro, betyg eller inställning. / Aim and research questions The aim of this study was to investigate how students experience their school’s changing room and whatinfluences this experience. The purpose of the study was thus to problematize previous research results regarding the experience of the changing situation linked to performance within the school subject and to beable to propose measures based on the understanding these results generate. Based on this aim, the following research questions were formulated: "How do high-achieving and low-achieving students experience the changing situation?" and "Which factors do high-achieving and low-achieving students think influence thesituation?". Theory and method The study was carried out in the form of a comparative survey with six respondents from an upper secondaryschool in inner city Stockholm. These were divided into two student groups based on high/low attendance,high/low grades and previous sports background. The material was created through qualitative interviews of areflexive and semi-structured nature, then transcribed using orthographic and finally analyzed with inspirationfrom qualitative and thematic content analysis. The theoretical framework for the analysis was rooted instructuralist, poststructuralist and poststructuralist feminist theorizing inspired by, among others, Pierre Bourdieu, Michel Foucault, Jean-Paul Sartre and Jean Baudrillard. Results Common to the students in both groups is that they do not use the school's showers and also to some extentavoid the school's changing rooms. The context surrounding both showering and changing is experienced asmore or less uncomfortable, abnormal and exposing. The social context, group nudity and one's own body in theeyes of others are seen as central factors. Lack of time, scheduling and the need to bring a towel are also said tohave an effect. The experiences of the two student groups only seem to differ from each other to a certain extent. The high-achieving students see the school subject as something positive, see the physical space as deficient anddesire changes in the schedule to a greater degree. The low-achieving students seem to see the towel as aproblem to a greater extent. Conclusions The most common reason for avoiding showering or changing appears to be about what is considered normal, rather than perceived discomfort due to nudity. However, the students who have more experience of sportsactivities outside school seem to be more comfortable with both changing and nudity in a group, something thatis explained by habitus and symbolic capital. However, nudity and exposure are central factors for somestudents. The experience that the body as both object and subject does not live up to the expected requirements,together with an experience of surveillance and judgmental looks, creates a coating of guilt and shame ononeself. An association between high absenteeism, low grades, a negative attitude towards the school subjectand discomfort linked to the changing room is partially contradicted by this study. Rather, it is the experience ofnormality in the context that influences the choice to use the shower and changing rooms or not, regardless of attendance, grade or attitude.

Die Dissertation versucht herauszufinden, ob Ungleichheiten im reformierten China aus dem vergangenen staatssozialistischen System heraus reproduziert werden und wie in diesem Falle diese Reproduktion von Ungleichheit funktioniert. Die soziokulturelle Perspektive erlaubt eine Interpretation von Ungleichheit als ungleiche Verteilung symbolischen Kapitals, was konkret heißt, dass die strukturelle Ursache für Ungleichheit in der symbolischen Vermittlung menschlichen Handelns liegt. Die symbolische Vermittlung über den Habitus wurde von Pierre Bourdieu systematisch untersucht, um die Funktionsweise der Reproduktion von Ungleichheiten zu erklären. Als Ausdruck der Logik menschlichen Handelns, welches durch Wissen und Erfahrung in einer symbolischen Welt entsteht, organisiert der Habitus das menschliche Handeln, um die Bedingungen seines Entstehens zu reproduzieren. Im Falle Chinas seit Beginn der Reformpolitik sind Hierarchien des staatssozialistischen Systems in Form von post-transformativen symbolischen Ungleichheiten erhalten geblieben. Diese Strukturen werden in der Dissertation als eine sozialistische Soziokultur definiert, die menschliches Handeln im veränderten Umfeld des Marktes vermittelt. Die sozialistische hierarchische Ordnung differenziert chinesische Bürger entlang der Trennlinien sozialistischen symbolischen Kapitals. Die Ergebnisse der multiple correspondence analysis zeigen, dass sowohl im Kontext des urbanen als auch des ländlichen Chinas die Beständigkeit des staatssozialistischen hierarchischen Systems eine wichtige Rolle für die heutige soziale Struktur spielt. Auf den Ergebnissen der quantitativen Forschung, die menschliches Handeln wird in der meritokratischen Gesellschaft durch sozialistische hierarchische Vermächtnisse symbolisch ausgehandelt. Gleichzeitig funktioniert die Persistenz des Habitus des staatssozialistischen hierarchischen Systems als unsichtbarer Mechanismus der Reproduktion von Ungleichheiten im China der Reformpolitik. / This study specifically aims to explore whether or not inequality in today's China is reproduced from the historical state-socialist class system and, if so, how the reproduction of inequality happens. The sociocultural perspective allows for the interpretation of inequality as an unequal distribution of symbolic capital, which reveals that the symbolic mediation of human practice is the structural root of inequality. This symbolically mediated practice is called habitus, which has been systematically developed by Pierre Bourdieu and utilized to explain how the reproduction of inequality happens. As the embodied logic of human practice that is acquired from knowledge and experience within a symbolic world, habitus organizes human practice to seek out and reproduce the conditions from which the habitus has developed. With regard to the case of China in this dissertation, some state-socialist hierarchical arrangements are maintained in the form of symbolic inequalities under reform, and are defined together as a socialist socioculture that is hypothesized to mediate human practice in a market environment. These socialist hierarchical arrangements distinguish Chinese citizens along the lines of socialist symbolic capital. Empirically, the results of multiple correspondence analysis demonstrate that in both rural and urban China, the persistence of the state-socialist hierarchical system plays an important role in informing the social structure, even with the rise of emerging classes. Following the findings from the quantitative research, it was found that human practice in a meritocratic society is symbolically mediated by the socialist hierarchical legacies. Meanwhile, the maintenance of habitus acquired from the state-socialist hierarchical system is an invisible mechanism for reproducing inequality under reform.

Employing Cornish Cultures for Community Resilience. Can cultural distinctiveness be used to strengthen community bonds, boost morale and equip and motivate people socially and economically? Using the witness of people in Cornwall and comparative experiences, this discussion combines a review of how cultures are commodified and portrayed with reflections on well-being and ‘emotional prosperity’. Cornwall is a relatively poor European region with a cultural identity that inspires an established ethno-cultural movement and is the symbolic basis of community awareness and aspiration, as well as the subject of contested identities and representations. At the heart of this is an array of cultures that is identified as Cornish, including a distinct post-industrial inheritance, the Cornish Language and Celtic Revivalism. Cultural difference has long been a resource for cultural industries and tourism and discussion of using culture for regeneration has accordingly concentrated almost exclusively on these sectors but an emergent ‘regional distinctiveness agenda’ is beginning to present Cornish cultures as an asset for use in branding and marketing other sectors. All of these uses ultimately involve commodification but culture potentially has a far wider role to play in fostering economic, social, cultural and environmental resilience. This research therefore uses multidisciplinary approaches to broaden the discussion to include culture’s primary emotional and social uses. It explores the possibility that enhancing these uses could help to tackle economic and social disadvantage and to build more cohesive communities. The discussion centres on four linked themes: multiple forms of capital; discourse, narrative and myth; human need, emotion and well-being; representation and intervention. Cultural, social, symbolic and human capital are related to collective status and well-being through consideration of cultural practices, repertoires and knowledge. These are explored with discussion of accompanying representations and discourses and their social, emotional and economic implications so as to allow tentative suggestions for intervention in policy and representation. A key conclusion is that culture may be used proactively to increase ‘emotional capital’.

This thesis challenges core assumptions associated with the peer production of culture using the web-based collaborative film production platform Wreckamovie to understand how peer production works in practice. Active cultural participation is a growing political priority for many governments and cultural bodies, but these priorities are often implemented without a basis in empirical evidence, making it necessary for rigorous scholarship to tackle emerging networked cultural production. Existing work portrays peer production efforts as unrealistically distinct from proprietary, market-based production, incorrectly suggesting that peer production allows distributed, non-monetarily motivated, collaboration between self-selected individuals in hierarchy-free communities. In overcoming these assumptions, this thesis contributes to the development of a consolidated theoretical framework encompassing the complicated and multifaceted nature of networked cultural production. This theoretical framing extends Bourdieu’s theory of cultural production and reconciles it with Becker’s Art Worlds framework, and further embeds and draws on Benkler’s notion of commons-based peer production. Concretely, this research tackles the emergence of new collaborative production models enabled by networked technologies, and theorizes the tensions and challenges characterizing such production forms. Secondly, this thesis redefines cultural participation and considers the divisions of labour in online filmmaking materializing from the interactions between professional and non-professional filmmakers. Finally, this study considers the social economies surrounding networked cultural production, including crowdfunding, and characterizes associated conversions of capital, such as the conversion of symbolic capital into financial capital. Methodologically, this thesis employs an embedded case study strategy. It examines four feature film productions facilitated by the online platform Wreckamovie, as well as the online community within which these productions are embedded. The four production cases have completed all production stages, and have resulted in completed cultural goods during the course of data collection. This study’s findings were derived from two and half years of participant observations, interviews with 29 Wreckamovie community and production members, and the examination of archived production-related discourses (2006-2013). Ultimately, this study makes concrete proposals towards a theory of networked cultural production with clear policy implications.

Ce mémoire analyse la réception de l’auteur autrichien Thomas Bernhard (1931-1989) au regard des scandales qui ont marqué sa carrière. Tantôt identifié comme l’imprécateur de l’Autriche, tantôt comme écrivain exceptionnel, il aura remis en question le rôle de son pays dans le national-socialisme et multiplié les attaques ad hominem. Il aura tenu un rôle ambigu dans l’espace public. Tout en insistant sur le caractère fictif de ses œuvres, il se mettait en scène de façon provocatrice dans le discours public ainsi que dans sa fiction. Ce mémoire s’intéresse au fonctionnement du scandale en tant qu’événement social complexe ayant lieu dans l’espace public. Les chercheurs s’entendent pour considérer le scandale comme un trouble ou une irritation résultant d’une transgression, apparente ou avérée. Il s’agit en outre d’un phénomène intégré dans l’ordre social et géré par les médias, caractérisé par l’actualisation des valeurs morales. Dans la présente étude, il est postulé que le capital symbolique (cf. Bourdieu) joue un rôle d’a priori et de catalyseur dans les scandales. Une accumulation initiale de capital symbolique assure une visibilité médiatique automatique. Le capital d’identité de Thomas Bernhard – soit la personnalisation du capital symbolique – est hybride et complexe, de sorte qu’il est difficilement appréciable. La difficile appréciation du capital de l’auteur se traduit par l’incertitude des journalistes et du public quant à son message : réactions dispro-portionnées, critique du particulier perçue comme mise en cause de l’universel. Toute dé-claration, toute œuvre de Bernhard est assujettie à ses prestations « scandaleuses » antérieu-res. Ce mémoire insiste sur le caractère autoréférentiel du scandale et s’intéresse aux actes de langage performatifs (cf. John L. Austin). Le corpus comporte des romans de Bernhard, leurs recensions, des articles de quotidiens, des lettres de lecteurs, des documents juridiques ainsi que la correspondance entre Bernhard et Siegfried Unseld. / This master’s thesis analyzes the reception of the Austrian author Thomas Bernhard (1931-1989) and focuses on the scandals that punctuated his career. Acclaimed exceptional writer, he was, however, often referred to as Austria’s injurer. He called into question the in-volvement of his country in National Socialism and proliferated ad hominem attacks on politicians. His role in the public sphere was ambiguous: whilst insisting on the fictive character of his works, he staged himself provocatively. The purpose of this master’s thesis is to show the functioning of scandals as com-plex social events taking place in the public sphere. Scholars consider scandals as public offenses resulting from real or apparent transgressions. Scandals are integrated into the so-cial order and are handled by the media. They trigger actualization of moral values. This study postulates that symbolic capital (cf. Bourdieu) plays a role in scandals. It is both the prerequisite and the catalyst for successful scandalization. An initial accumula-tion of symbolic capital insures quasi automatically media attention. The identity capital of Thomas Bernhard – i.e. the personalization of his symbolic capital – is hybrid and intricate. This renders its interpretation difficult. The complexity of the capital configuration leads to an ambivalent appreciation of the author’s message by journalists and the public. Reactions are disproportionate and Bernhard’s particular though hyperbolic criticism is perceived as a questioning of universal values. Each and every declaration or work by Bernhard is subor-dinated and appreciated in regards to his preceding “scandalous” achievements. This mas-ter’s thesis emphasizes the autorefential nature of scandals and devotes a special interest to performative speech acts (cf. John L. Austin). The corpus includes some of Bernhard’s plays and novels, book reviews, newspaper articles, letters to the editor, court transcripts and Bernhard’s correspondence with his publisher Siegfried Unseld. / Diese Magisterarbeit untersucht die Rezeption des Autors Thomas Bernhard (1931–1989) angesichts der Skandale, die seine Karriere kennzeichneten. Bernhard galt zugleich als Österreich-Beschimpfer und als außergewöhnlicher Literat. Er stellte die Rolle Österreichs im Nationalsozialismus in Frage und griff wiederholt prominente Österreicher persönlich an. Einerseits bestand er auf den fiktionalen Charakter seiner Werke, andererseits inszenier-te er sich provokativ in der Öffentlichkeit. Das Interesse der Arbeit gilt dem Funktionieren des Skandals als komplexes sozia-les Ereignis, das in der Öffentlichkeit obwaltet. Konsens herrscht in der Forschung darüber, dass ein Skandal ein auf einem realen oder vermuteten Normbruch beruhendes Ärgernis ist. Es handelt sich um ein im Gesellschaftssystem eingeschriebenes Phänomen, das von den Medien behandelt und zum Auslöser von Kontroversen über normative Fragen wird. Diese Arbeit geht von der Annahme aus, dass das symbolische Kapital (vgl. Bourdieu) eine Vorbedingung des Skandals ist. Eine ursprüngliche Akkumulation symbolischen Kapitals sichert mediale Aufmerksamkeit. Das Identitätskapital Bernhards – die Personalisierung seines Kapitals – war hybrid und komplex, sodass es nur schwierig einzuschätzen war. Diese erschwerte Einschätzung seines symbolischen Kapitals führte zur Unsicherheit der Journalisten und des Publikums bezüglich seiner Botschaft: Immer wieder kam es zu überzogenen Reaktionen. Vor allem Bernhards hyperbolische Kritik des Beson-deren wurde pauschal als Infragestellung des Allgemeinen (des Österreichischen) wahrge-nommen. Jedwede Äußerung und jedwedes Werk Bernhards wurde vor dem Hintergrund seiner vorhergehenden »skandalösen« Leistungen gedeutet. Diese Arbeit betont den selb-streferentiellen Charakter und den pragmatischen Gehalt (vgl. John L. Austin) des Skan-dals. Der Korpus erfasst Texte von Bernhard, Rezensionen, Zeitungsartikel, Leserbriefe, Gerichtsprotokolle, Rechtsprechung und Bernhards Briefwechsel mit seinem Verleger Siegfried Unseld.

En 1989, la Pologne, la Hongrie, la Tchécoslovaquie et la République démocratique allemande (RDA) furent secouées par des mouvements de protestations qui précipitèrent la dissolution de leur régime communiste. Il est souvent admis, dans l’historiographie comme dans la mémoire populaire, que les intellectuels, dont plusieurs écrivains, ont joué un rôle déterminant lors de ces bouleversements. Or, l’analyse de la révolution en Allemagne de l’Est et des prises de position de son intelligentsia littéraire démontre qu’une telle conclusion s’applique mal à cet État : les auteurs phares de la RDA, qui se sont pourtant présentés pendant et après la révolution comme des victimes et des opposants au régime, n’ont jamais partagé les revendications anticommunistes de leurs concitoyens et ont conservé un discours socialiste. Ce mémoire entend expliquer cette réaction particulière des écrivains les mieux établis de l’Allemagne de l’Est – soit Christa Wolf, Heiner Müller, Stefan Heym, Volker Braun et Christoph Hein. En étudiant leurs textes non fictifs et en analysant la relation qu’ils entretenaient avec le régime, la population et l’idéologie promue en RDA, nous démontrerons que ces auteurs avaient développé, avant l’ouverture du mur de Berlin, une stratégie d’action alliant loyauté socialiste et critique de l’autoritarisme, ce qui leur avait permis de cumuler un important capital social et culturel. À l’automne 1989 et lors du processus de réunification allemande, l’intelligentsia littéraire a en fait agi en fonction de cette même stratégie ; celle-ci, toutefois, n’était pas adaptée aux nouvelles conditions sociales. / In 1989, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) were shaken by protest movements that precipitated the dissolution of their communist regimes. It is often accepted in historiography as in the popular memory that intellectuals, amongst whom many writers, played a key role in these revolutionary changes. However, analysis of the revolution in East Germany and of its literary intelligentsia’s stance demonstrates that such a conclusion cannot apply to this state: the leading authors of the GDR, who presented themselves during and after the revolution as opponents and victims of the regime, never shared the anti-communist claims of the citizens, and maintained a socialist discourse. This master’s thesis intends to explain this particular reaction of the most influential East German writers – especially Christa Wolf, Heiner Müller, Stefan Heym, Volker Braun and Christoph Hein. By studying their non-fictional texts and analysing the relationship they had with the regime, the people and the ideology promoted in the GDR, we will demonstrate that these authors had developed, before the opening of the Berlin Wall, a strategy that combined a socialist loyalty and a critic of the authoritarianism, which allowed them to accumulate significant social and cultural capital. In the Fall of 1989 and during the process of German reunification, the literary intelligentsia acted accordingly to that same strategy which, however, was not adapted to the new social conditions.

Ce mémoire analyse la réception de l’auteur autrichien Thomas Bernhard (1931-1989) au regard des scandales qui ont marqué sa carrière. Tantôt identifié comme l’imprécateur de l’Autriche, tantôt comme écrivain exceptionnel, il aura remis en question le rôle de son pays dans le national-socialisme et multiplié les attaques ad hominem. Il aura tenu un rôle ambigu dans l’espace public. Tout en insistant sur le caractère fictif de ses œuvres, il se mettait en scène de façon provocatrice dans le discours public ainsi que dans sa fiction. Ce mémoire s’intéresse au fonctionnement du scandale en tant qu’événement social complexe ayant lieu dans l’espace public. Les chercheurs s’entendent pour considérer le scandale comme un trouble ou une irritation résultant d’une transgression, apparente ou avérée. Il s’agit en outre d’un phénomène intégré dans l’ordre social et géré par les médias, caractérisé par l’actualisation des valeurs morales. Dans la présente étude, il est postulé que le capital symbolique (cf. Bourdieu) joue un rôle d’a priori et de catalyseur dans les scandales. Une accumulation initiale de capital symbolique assure une visibilité médiatique automatique. Le capital d’identité de Thomas Bernhard – soit la personnalisation du capital symbolique – est hybride et complexe, de sorte qu’il est difficilement appréciable. La difficile appréciation du capital de l’auteur se traduit par l’incertitude des journalistes et du public quant à son message : réactions dispro-portionnées, critique du particulier perçue comme mise en cause de l’universel. Toute dé-claration, toute œuvre de Bernhard est assujettie à ses prestations « scandaleuses » antérieu-res. Ce mémoire insiste sur le caractère autoréférentiel du scandale et s’intéresse aux actes de langage performatifs (cf. John L. Austin). Le corpus comporte des romans de Bernhard, leurs recensions, des articles de quotidiens, des lettres de lecteurs, des documents juridiques ainsi que la correspondance entre Bernhard et Siegfried Unseld. / This master’s thesis analyzes the reception of the Austrian author Thomas Bernhard (1931-1989) and focuses on the scandals that punctuated his career. Acclaimed exceptional writer, he was, however, often referred to as Austria’s injurer. He called into question the in-volvement of his country in National Socialism and proliferated ad hominem attacks on politicians. His role in the public sphere was ambiguous: whilst insisting on the fictive character of his works, he staged himself provocatively. The purpose of this master’s thesis is to show the functioning of scandals as com-plex social events taking place in the public sphere. Scholars consider scandals as public offenses resulting from real or apparent transgressions. Scandals are integrated into the so-cial order and are handled by the media. They trigger actualization of moral values. This study postulates that symbolic capital (cf. Bourdieu) plays a role in scandals. It is both the prerequisite and the catalyst for successful scandalization. An initial accumula-tion of symbolic capital insures quasi automatically media attention. The identity capital of Thomas Bernhard – i.e. the personalization of his symbolic capital – is hybrid and intricate. This renders its interpretation difficult. The complexity of the capital configuration leads to an ambivalent appreciation of the author’s message by journalists and the public. Reactions are disproportionate and Bernhard’s particular though hyperbolic criticism is perceived as a questioning of universal values. Each and every declaration or work by Bernhard is subor-dinated and appreciated in regards to his preceding “scandalous” achievements. This mas-ter’s thesis emphasizes the autorefential nature of scandals and devotes a special interest to performative speech acts (cf. John L. Austin). The corpus includes some of Bernhard’s plays and novels, book reviews, newspaper articles, letters to the editor, court transcripts and Bernhard’s correspondence with his publisher Siegfried Unseld. / Diese Magisterarbeit untersucht die Rezeption des Autors Thomas Bernhard (1931–1989) angesichts der Skandale, die seine Karriere kennzeichneten. Bernhard galt zugleich als Österreich-Beschimpfer und als außergewöhnlicher Literat. Er stellte die Rolle Österreichs im Nationalsozialismus in Frage und griff wiederholt prominente Österreicher persönlich an. Einerseits bestand er auf den fiktionalen Charakter seiner Werke, andererseits inszenier-te er sich provokativ in der Öffentlichkeit. Das Interesse der Arbeit gilt dem Funktionieren des Skandals als komplexes sozia-les Ereignis, das in der Öffentlichkeit obwaltet. Konsens herrscht in der Forschung darüber, dass ein Skandal ein auf einem realen oder vermuteten Normbruch beruhendes Ärgernis ist. Es handelt sich um ein im Gesellschaftssystem eingeschriebenes Phänomen, das von den Medien behandelt und zum Auslöser von Kontroversen über normative Fragen wird. Diese Arbeit geht von der Annahme aus, dass das symbolische Kapital (vgl. Bourdieu) eine Vorbedingung des Skandals ist. Eine ursprüngliche Akkumulation symbolischen Kapitals sichert mediale Aufmerksamkeit. Das Identitätskapital Bernhards – die Personalisierung seines Kapitals – war hybrid und komplex, sodass es nur schwierig einzuschätzen war. Diese erschwerte Einschätzung seines symbolischen Kapitals führte zur Unsicherheit der Journalisten und des Publikums bezüglich seiner Botschaft: Immer wieder kam es zu überzogenen Reaktionen. Vor allem Bernhards hyperbolische Kritik des Beson-deren wurde pauschal als Infragestellung des Allgemeinen (des Österreichischen) wahrge-nommen. Jedwede Äußerung und jedwedes Werk Bernhards wurde vor dem Hintergrund seiner vorhergehenden »skandalösen« Leistungen gedeutet. Diese Arbeit betont den selb-streferentiellen Charakter und den pragmatischen Gehalt (vgl. John L. Austin) des Skan-dals. Der Korpus erfasst Texte von Bernhard, Rezensionen, Zeitungsartikel, Leserbriefe, Gerichtsprotokolle, Rechtsprechung und Bernhards Briefwechsel mit seinem Verleger Siegfried Unseld.