A compreensão da infância como uma etapa dotada de especificidade e destinada à proteção e à separação dos perigos e demandas do mundo é produto de uma realidade histórica e cultural, assim como a noção de escolarização e sua centralidade para a formação da criança. Ambos invenções modernas, o conceito de infância e a forma escolar são o fulcro da pedagogia e de seu discurso. Por se caracterizar pela forma prescritiva e programática e por traduzir um ideal de formação, o discurso pedagógico pressupõe uma noção de infância, ao passo que também produz uma representação da infância. Esta tese investiga as rupturas e mutações nas representações da infância delineadas no discurso pedagógico moderno e contemporâneo. Com o intuito de examinar e descrever essas diferentes imagens sobre o mundo infantil, sobre a criança e sobre sua relação com os adultos, esta investigação propôs três categorias analíticas: infânciaquarentena, que corresponde à representação da infância como um estágio da vida a ser superado em virtude de constituir-se como o locus da ausência ou insuficiência da racionalidade e da maestria de si; infância singularizada, que diz respeito às concepções de cunho puericêntrico que representam a criança como um sujeito peculiar, inocente e dotado de qualidades específicas; e infância ensimesmada, que consiste na representação de um universo infantil praticamente autorrealizado, dotado de um fim em si mesmo e no qual a criança é vista como cidadã e produtora de cultura. Entende-se que as transformações das imagens da infância têm uma estreita ligação com determinados aspectos das sociedades modernas, a saber: as alterações no modo de relacionar-se com o tempo e o processo progressivo de individualização dos sujeitos no contexto da modernidade. Nesse sentido, a compreensão pedagógica de uma infância cada vez mais centrada em si vincula-se à ascensão e ao declínio da ideia de progresso, à eleição do presente como tempo que ordena as relações dos adultos com o mundo e com as novas gerações e, por fim, ao movimento de crescente individualização dos sujeitos e assunção de seus desejos e necessidades como valores centrais. / The understanding of childhood as a life stage endowed with specificities and oriented to the protection and isolation from the worlds dangers and demands is a product of historical and cultural reality, as is the notion of schooling and its centrality in childrens development. Both modern inventions, the concepts of childhood and schooling are the fulcrum of pedagogy and its discourse. Being characterized by its prescriptive and programmatic form and representing an ideal of development, the pedagogical discourse presumes a specific notion of childhood, at the same time producing a certain representation of childhood. This thesis investigates the disruptions and changes in the representations of childhood outlined in modern and contemporary pedagogical discourses. In order to examine and describe these different images of the child, its world, and its relationship with adults, this research proposes three analytical categories: quarentine childhood, which corresponds to the representation of childhood as a stage in life to be overcome, since it is the locus of absence or insufficiency of racionality and of self-command; singularized childhood, which regards puero-centric conceptions that represent the child as a distinctive and innocent individual, endued with specific qualities; and self-absorbed childhood, consisting in the representation of a virtually selfdetermined universe of the child, with an end in itself, and in which children are seen as citizens and producers of culture. Transformations in the images of childhood are considered closely related to certain aspects of modern society, namely: changes in the way we relate to time, and the gradual process of individualization of subjects in the context of modernity. In this sense, the pedagogical understanding of an increasingly selfcentered childhood is related to the rise and fall of the idea of progress; to the choosing of the present as the time that orders the relationships of adults with the world and the new generations; and, at last, to the movement toward the individualization of subject and the assumption of their needs and wants as core values.

Neste trabalho procuramos examinar a maneira pela qual o discurso filosófico de Mau-rice Merleau-Ponty é contruído. Num primeiro momento, os temas da linguagem e tem-poralidade são analisados tendo em vista sua participação na interrogação filosófica em geral. O principal interlocutor que escolhemos para este passo é Henri Bergson. Em segundo lugar, tentamos trazer para a discussão avaliações distintas acerca do fazer lite-rário, as quais foram empreendidas por autores com quem Merleau-Ponty dialogou em sua obra. Essa interlocução, aliás, esclarece também a importância da presença da não-filosofia no discurso filosófico merleau-pontyano. Por fim, buscamos traçar alguns pa-ralelos com a obra romanesca de Proust, escritor muito presente nos textos de Merleau-Ponty, a fim de levantar questões acerca da proximidade entre narrativa literária e filo-sofia, tanto no que diz respeito à construção discursiva, quanto à função da temporali-dade. / In this academic work we examine the way by which Maurice Merleau-Ponty\'s philoso-phical discourse is constructed. Firstly, the themes of language and temporality are analised in regards to its part in philosophical questioning in general. The main interlocutor chosen for this section is Henri Bergson. Secondly, we try to bring into discussion distinct avaliations of literary practice, made by authors Merleau-Ponty stablished dialogue with in his work. Such dialogue, by the way, sheds light on the importance of non-philosophy in Merleau-Ponty\'s philosophical discourse. Finally, we attempt to trace some parallels with Proust\'s romanesque work a writer very frequent in Merleau-Ponty\'s work in order to rise questions on the proximity between literary narrative and philosophy, in what concerns discoursive construction as well as the function of temporality.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-09T13:09:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Cecília Moreira Elias - 2016.pdf: 2248849 bytes, checksum: 3a00dc2ddeb831a62e6d8d66a808cbc0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-09T13:10:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Cecília Moreira Elias - 2016.pdf: 2248849 bytes, checksum: 3a00dc2ddeb831a62e6d8d66a808cbc0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-09T13:10:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Cecília Moreira Elias - 2016.pdf: 2248849 bytes, checksum: 3a00dc2ddeb831a62e6d8d66a808cbc0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-11 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / We propose in this research , reflect on the elaborations of time and of historical consciousness represented in parables that make up the courseware of History and Geography , Spiritualist School " The School that Educates " - Plans Course and Unit , aimed at \ the teachers (as) the elementary school , the school " Allan Kardec " , located in the city of Catalão - GO . The material adopted by spiritualists schools at the national level corresponds to cross- proposal to the common core content of elementary school , so by questioning about the time and historical consciousness , we discussed also about the multiple perspectives that can be worked in space the classroom to avail himself of parables as a teaching tool . The main basis for our discussion we base on the theoretical concepts defended Jörn Rüsen (2010 ) , Mikhail Bakhtin (2011 ) and José Carlos Reis ( 2009) . / Propomos, nesta pesquisa, refletir sobre as elaborações de tempo e da consciência histórica representadas em parábolas que compõem o material didático de História e Geografia, Escola Espírita “A Escola que Educa” – Planos de Curso e Unidade, destinado aos/às professores (as) do ensino fundamental I, da escola “Allan Kardec”, situada na cidade de Catalão – GO. O material adotado por escolas espíritas em nível nacional corresponde como proposta transversal aos conteúdos de núcleo comum do ensino fundamental I, portanto, através da problematização sobre o tempo e a consciência histórica, debatemos também sobre as múltiplas perspectivas passíveis de serem trabalhadas no espaço da sala de aula ao valer-se de parábolas como instrumento pedagógico. Como principal base para a nossa discussão, nos pautamos nas concepções teóricas defendidas Jörn Rüsen (2010), Mikhail Bakhtin (2011) e José Carlos Reis (2009).

Tendo como pano de fundo as novas temporalidades do capitalismo flexível, que se assentam nas condições de curto prazo, de volatilidade, de flexibilidade e de impossibilidade de distinguir tempo-trabalho de tempo-livre, o presente estudo pretende destacar a grande dificuldade, para o sujeito, de construir uma narrativa coerente para sua vida, especialmente no campo do trabalho. A incredulidade dos grandes relatos (ou das metanarrativas), a perda da narrativa tradicional e uma espécie de miséria simbólica, abordadas nessa tese, a partir das considerações de Walter Benjamin, Richard Sennett e Sigmund Freud, foram condições sublinhadas como predicados da cultura contemporânea que ensejam consequências do ponto de vista psíquico. As diversas modalidades de sofrimento psíquico na atualidade apontam, em seu conjunto, para grandes dificuldades no plano da simbolização e essa característica nos endereça para o campo do traumático, conforme proposto pela teoria freudiana. Mas se, por um lado, pudemos encontrar condições potencialmente traumáticas a partir dos novos modos de regulação do trabalho na atualidade, por outro, foi possível pensar, como hipótese, que o sujeito imerso nas novas temporalidades e nas novas regras da cultura organizacional contemporânea, mas ainda ávido por buscar algum sentido na sua relação com o trabalho , procura por narrativas emprestadas, ainda que sejam fragmentadas e empobrecidas em sua dimensão simbólica. As peculiaridades desse comodato foram ponderadas a partir da consideração de alguns elementos do livro O Monge e o executivo uma história sobre a essência da liderança servidora. Pudemos examinar que a literatura prescritiva dos best-sellers de autoajuda tem fornecido, no âmbito dessa hipótese de empréstimo, novos modelos para o sujeito, especialmente no que concerne a uma ideologia de autocriação de si mesmo. Foi a partir desse contexto, que pudemos chegar à conclusão que o sujeito à deriva expressão cunhada com tanta precisão por Sennett , está alojado entre a onipotência e o desamparo / On the context of the new temporality of flexible capitalism, based on short-term conditions, volatility, flexibility and inability to distinguish working time from free-time, this study aims to highlight the enormous challenge for people today, that is, to build a coherent narrative for their lives, especially in the labor area. The unbelief of the grand narratives (or metanarratives), the loss of traditional narrative and a sort of symbolic misery, addressed in this thesis and based on the considerations of Walter Benjamin, Richard Sennett and Sigmund Freud, were conditions underlined as predicates of contemporary culture, thus triggering consequences on psychological scope. The various forms of psychological distress at the present time point, as a whole, to major difficulties in the symbolization; this feature directs us to the traumatic issue, as proposed by Freudian theory. Nevertheless, if we find on one hand potentially traumatic conditions from the new forms of labor regulation at the present time, on the other hand it is possible to hypothesize that today man - immersed in new temporalities and new rules of contemporary organizational culture but still eager to get some direction in their relations with work - search for \"borrowed narratives\", although fragmented and impoverished in its symbolic dimension. The peculiarities of this loan were considered from some elements of the book The Servant: A Simple Story about the True Essence of Leadership. We examine the prescriptive writing of this self-help best-seller literature under that loan hypothesis, new models for the man today, especially regarding a \"self-creation ideology.\" It was from this context that we come to the conclusion that the man adrift - coined so by Sennett - is set between omnipotence and helplessness

A existência de sistemas verbais diferentes, e conseqüentemente usos verbais distintos, gera dificuldades para o tradutor de prosa literária no par de línguas alemão português, levando-o a estratégias, soluções e adaptações que procurem preservar as equivalências semânticas e estilísticas do enunciado original. Partindo dos estudos realizados por gramáticos normativos, estruturalistas, bem como da análise do discurso; esta pesquisa mostra, em sua primeira etapa, um panorama teórico a respeito dos estudos sobre a expressão lingüística da temporalidade, bem como a respeito do emprego e das funções das formas verbais no par de línguas português-alemão. Em sua segunda parte, o presente trabalho contrasta e descreve os sistemas verbais do português e do alemão, identificando potenciais problemas de tradução das formas verbais no par de línguas em questão. Por fim, tendo como base um corpus constituído para a pesquisa, composto por textos literários em prosa, será realizada a análise das ocorrências detectadas nos textos e das estratégias de tradução adotadas. / The existence of different verbal systems, and therefore different uses of the words, it creates difficulties for the translator of literary prose in the German-Portuguese language pair, leading him to strategies, solutions and adjustments that seek to preserve the semantic and stylistic equivalence of the original wording. Based on studies of normative and structural grammars and of discourse analysis, this research shows, in its first stage, an overview about the theoretical studies on the linguistic expression of temporality and about the uses and functions of verbal forms in Portuguese and German. In its second part, this paper describes and contrasts the verbal systems of Portuguese with German, identifying possible problems on the translation of their tenses. Finally, the corpus-based research composed of literary texts in prose; it will analyze the events detected in the texts and the translation strategies adopted.

[pt] A pesquisa Tempos de Acaso: a temporalidade descontínua e a tematização do acaso no cinema contemporâneo trata dos modos de representação do tempo nas narrativas cinematográficas da última virada de século. Para analisá-las, partiremos de uma reflexão sobre as mudanças na experiência temporal da sociedade moderna ocidental desde o final do século XIX, buscando traçar um panorama da temporalidade atual. Durante essa discussão, abordamos a perda da fé no progresso e no ideal de projeto da modernidade. Diante da crise desse tipo de pensamento, o homem contemporâneo se vê sem direção. De acordo com essa idéia central, chegamos à tematização do acaso, que acreditamos estar diretamente relacionada com a temporalidade descontínua, devido a sua crescente importância frente à descrença na ordem causal e linear moderna. Nesse sentido, buscamos nas narrativas aqui analisadas - Amores brutos e 21 gramas, de Alejandro González Iñárritu e Os amantes do Círculo Polar e Lucía e o sexo de Julio Medem - alguns dos modos possíveis de representação do tempo nos nossos dias. Esses filmes, que apresentam quebras na linearidade cronológica e têm no acaso um desencadeador das histórias, são encarados nesta pesquisa como emblemáticos de algumas dessas maneiras de pensar a temporalidade atualmente. / [en] The research Times of Chance: the discontinuous temporality and the thematization of chance in contemporary film analyses how time has been represented in contemporary film narratives. In order to give a panorama of temporality as it is perceived nowadays, first we discuss the changes related to the way modern western society has experienced time since the late nineteenth century, taking into consideration the loss of faith in progress as well as in the ideals of modernity. Based on this main idea, we then approach the thematization of chance, which we believe to be directly linked to what we call discontinuous temporality, because of the disbelief in the modern linear order and in the idea that one event causes the next (and so forth). Therefore, in the narratives - Love`s a Bitch and 21 grams, by Alejandro González Iñárritu, and The Lovers of the Artic Circle and Sex and Lucía, by Julio Medem, - we analize some of the possible representations of time in our age. These films, which break the linear timeline and have chance as a trigger of stories, are considered emblematic of some of the ways current temporality might be faced.

Figures du sujet dans le roman fin de siècle des années 1990-2000, interroge, dans une perspective socio-poétique, les dispositions que prend le sujet dans deux espaces littéraires et culturels, à partir d’une étude synchronique de quelques romans tunisiens et français contemporains : Hayet ou la passion d’Elles d’Anouar Attia, Un an de Jean Echenoz, Monsieur L… d’Azza Filali, La Télévision de Jean-Philippe Toussaint et Dondog d’Antoine Volodine. Notre point de départ a été le constat d’une orientation post-formaliste dans les discours critiques littéraire et philosophique qui marquent un « retour spectral » du sujet historique. Des problèmes esthétiques, épistémologiques et poétiques sont mis en relation. Plus qu’une crise du personnage, une déficience ludique du narrateur est notée dans le corpus français. Dans une perspective sociocritique, le déficit du narrateur renvoie à une crise des institutions plutôt qu’à un abandon du projet politique de la modernité. Dans les romans tunisiens, la crise du sujet personnage est isolée. L’autorité du narrateur est maintenue, tout en étant déjouée pour signifier un écart et un désir : créer les conditions de possibilité d’une ouverture de l’expérience. La « narration discordante » est l’expression d’un problème de lisibilité du monde de la fiction. Toutefois, d’un point de vue pragmatique, les stratégies narratives de la discordance deviennent ce qui aiguise la présence du sujet lecteur, sollicité pour une contribution à la lisibilité de l’histoire. Nous y lisons, dans les deux cultures, une invitation du discours littéraire au sujet historique à tenter de tracer les contours d’une modernité politique inédite. / This thesis which is based on a socio-poetic study tries to examine the space the subject occupies in the literary and cultural spheres through an exploration of some contemporary French and Tunisian novels, namely Anouar Attia’s Hayet ou La passion d’Elles, Jean Echenoz’s Un An, Azza Filali’s Monsieur L…, Jean-Philippe Toussaint’s La television, and Antoine Volodine’s Dondog. The starting point is the result of a post-formalist analysis of the critical discourses of literary and philosophical documents revealing a “spectral comeback” of the historical subject. A playful deficiency of the narrative voice is to be noticed in the French corpus and it is not due to a crisis within the characters. From a socio-critical perspective this deficiency is the outcome of a crisis within the institutions and not a removal of a political project from the modern era. In the Tunisian case, on the other hand, the crisis within the subject is an isolated case. The authority of the narrator is maintained but it is thwarted to represent a deviation and a desire, they are meant to pave the way for creating an experience. The discordant narrative is a manifestation of failure to read the world inside fiction. Yet, from a pragmatic perspective, the discordant narratives try to invite the reading text who is to participate in the reading of history. In both cultures, we find that there is this invitation of the literary discourse to try to trace the outline of an original political change.

Le travail de thèse cherche à dresser une passerelle entre la question du changement organisationnel et celle des risques, à travers l'étude d'une phase complexe du cycle de vie d'une installation nucléaire : le passage du fonctionnement au démantèlement. Ce dernier clôt une dynamique d'exploitation et en hérite les habitudes, les circuits de communication et de décision, mais s'accompagne d'un changement organisationnel conséquent que les acteurs doivent apprendre et intégrer. Il s'agit donc d'interroger la dynamique de transformation organisationnelle en la replaçant dans un mouvement plus global d'évolution d'une installation dans le temps. Nous cherchons à comprendre dans quelle mesure l'organisation mise en place répond ou non aux besoins de l'installation et de ses acteurs. La thèse montre que la transition s'inscrit dans une temporalité propre où les conséquences et la compréhension du changement ne sont pas homogènes. La transition s'accompagne d'une appropriation différée des nouveaux circuits de décision ainsi que d'une recomposition des réseaux d'acteurs. Cette recomposition met en évidence une tendance au contournement temporaire des structures légitimes de l'organisation qui permet la synthèse progressive des nouvelles contraintes et des anciens univers référentiels des acteurs. / The thesis seeks to establish a bridge between the issue of organizational change and safety, through the study of a complex phase of the life cycle of a nuclear facility: the transition from operation to decommissioning. Decommissioning closes an operating dynamics and inherits habits, communication channels and decision, but is accompanied by an organizational change plant operatives must understand and take possession of. The thesis therefore examines the dynamics of organizational transformation by taking into account a broader movement of evolution of a system over time. We seek to understand how the organization does or does not meet the needs of the facility and its actors. We show that the transition follows in its own temporality and that the consequences and their understanding are not homogeneous. The transition is accompanied by a deferred appropriation by the plant operatives of the new decision circuits, and a radical recomposition of operatives networks. This reconstruction reveals a trend towards a temporary bypass of legitimate organizational structures, as well as a gradual synthesis of the old and new referential universes for the plant operators.

Cette thèse est basée sur une approche empirique des espaces urbains, enrichie de nos réflexions personnelles et de nos recherches. Notre questionnement principal concerne les liens entre forme et usage, par exemple dans quelle mesure la configuration d’une ville, ou d’un quartier, est déterminée par les activités humaines et les modes de vie actuels et à venir de ses habitants. Nous avons retenus plusieurs exemples significatifs dans différentes métropoles, surtout à Berlin, mais aussi à Helsinki, Londres, Montréal et New York. Avec notre position d’architecte--‐photographe, nos itinéraires sont un bon moyen d’explorer et d’essayer de comprendre les espaces urbains. En tant que photographe et témoin de situations urbaines singulières, nous sommes ancrés dans le présent, et nous recherchons ce qui façonne l’identité d’un lieu particulier, nous traduisons nos observations par la photographie qui nous aide ultérieurement à développer notre réflexion et à organiser nos arguments. En tant qu’architecte, nous examinons ces situations urbaines, nous analysons les principes et les objectifs urbains et architecturaux qui les sous--‐tendent de manière à identifier les modes d’articulation entre forme et usage. Nous plaçons ainsi les processus de transformation urbaine dans leur ouverture à l’évolution de la société. Les itinéraires urbains nous conduisent à percevoir et à penser la ville dans ses rapports de proximité en tant qu’espace pour la vie / This thesis is based on an empirical approach of urban spaces, enriched with our personal reflections and research. Our main questions deal with form and usage, i.e. to what extent the configuration of a city, or a smaller area, is determined by human activities and people’s current or expected way of life. We have selected some meaningful examples in big cities, mostly in Berlin, but also in Helsinki, London, Montréal and New York. Our routes, with our status of architect and photographer, are a good means to explore and try to understand urban spaces. As a photographer and witness of situations, we keep evidence of the present, we transmit the atmosphere of a particular place which shapes its identity, we capture precious data which afterwards help us to develop our reflection and organize our arguments. As an architect we examine these situations on a given area, we analyze the underlying principles and objectives in urban and architectural achievements so that we can identify the connection between form and usage. We clearly understand that urban development projects must be malleable and open to the evolution of society. Urban routes are a good introduction to a close approach and perception of the city regarded as a space for life

Si la religion de Rimbaud implique obligatoirement l’analyse de son anticléricalisme assumé et de sa relation tumultueuse avec le christianisme de son enfance, notamment dans les Premières poésies et Une saison en enfer ; elle implique également, comme nous souhaitons le proposer, en parallèle, dans notre étude, une ouverture de la notion, dans son acception philosophique, permettant de l’élargir à l’ensemble du corpus rimbaldien : Derniers vers et Illuminations. Il s’agit de s’intéresser au sens de l’existence, tel que conçu par Rimbaud à travers son oeuvre poétique, et plus particulièrement aux notions de Temps, de Mémoire et d’Espace : du poète dans son cosmos. Ainsi se dessine une mise en évidence de la manière dont Rimbaud suggère sa vision du monde, simultanément négative et positive : dans son opposition au Christianisme et à son pendant social Bourgeois, ou dans son affirmation d’une réalité différente dans l’Idylle voire l’urbanisme. À cela s’ajoute la question d’une religion dont le mécanisme cyclique pourrait permettre à l’oeuvre d’exister en tant qu’ensemble lié malgré son apparence disjointe. / Writing about the Religion of Rimbaud, implies, by necessity, an analysis of his anticlericalism and his tumultuous relationship with the religion of his youth : Christianity. However if these notions structure our study of Premières poésies and Une saison en enfer, they could not perform in the case of Derniers vers and Illuminations. Making us realize the necessity of opening the religious notion to its philosophical aspect. Then through its poetical work, Rimbaud suggests an interrogation on the sense of the existence and especially on Time, Memory and Space ; that is to say on the Poet and its cosmos. Appears at that moment, simultaneously positive and negative, his vision of the world : his opposition to Christianism and to its social conservative equivalent (Bourgeoisie) but also his affirmation of another reality in Idyll or urbanism. Moreover this religion could link his poetical work as a whole despite its heterogeneous apparence