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A presença de uma explicação psicologizante (e culpabilizante) em relação a setores da pobreza que não encontram lugar na sociedade contemporânea moveu a proposta desta pesquisa. Tal pobreza, não integrada, é vista como composta de indivíduos que, apesar de estarem aptos ao trabalho, não trabalham, evocando representações ligadas ao universo da vadiagem. Com o aporte de estudiosos das ciências humanas e de fontes documentais, verificou-se que, a despeito de particularidades de acordo com a época histórica, os sentidos da vadiagem no Brasil sempre estiveram associados à permanência de certa parcela da população nos espaços públicos, como ruas e praças. Destaca-se, ainda, a pertinência da temática para o contexto brasileiro fundado sob um modelo de cidadania corporativista, em que aqueles que escapam da figura normativa do trabalhador (TELLES, 2001) são vistos como naturalmente incapazes. Tendo em vista estas questões, o presente estudo tem por objetivo investigar se o discurso da vadiagem está presente entre os frequentadores da Praça da Sé (SP), em relação àqueles que se deixam ficar nas imediações do logradouro em período comercial dos dias úteis. A pesquisa foi realizada utilizando como referencial metodológico a etnografia e a análise documental de jornais, e, como ferramentas, a observação participante aliada a conversas informais. As conversas e a convivência no espaço pesquisado mostraram a presença de uma estigmatização de certa plêiade de pedestres que têm em comum o fato de sentar-se ou deitar-se nas muretas ou no chão da praça. Visto como uma gente acomodada que não quer saber de trabalhar, composta, em sua maioria, por homens negros e pobres, a presença destes no logradouro é vista como fator de degradação, de vergonha e também de perigo. Importante apontar que essas pessoas estavam exercendo atividades visando à sobrevivência, de fato, ninguém ali estava à toa. Neste sentido, observa-se a associação da viração das classes pobres identificada às representações de vadiagem em oposição à norma salarial identificada à figura do trabalhador. No levantamento documental, foi visto que os sentidos em torno da vadiagem foram sendo associados não apenas àqueles que permaneciam nos espaços públicos, mas também àqueles que exerciam trabalhos informais nestes espaços. Não obstante, verifica-se que fatores como precariedade das ocupações, repressão policial, instabilidade nas trajetórias de trabalho, porosidade nas fronteiras do formal, informal e lícito, acabam por, muitas vezes, tornar indeterminadas as delimitações entre trabalhadores e vadios. Indeterminação expressa também nas próprias falas dos entrevistados, carregadas de contradições e ambiguidades quanto à adesão ao código do trabalho enquanto processo identificatório. Conclui-se a presença muito forte no imaginário social das estratégias de culpabilização (GUARESCHI, 2007), que atribui o sucesso ou o fracasso, exclusivamente, ao indivíduo. E coloca em segundo plano as circunstâncias históricas e sociais, o que acaba por legitimar a exclusão social. Conclui-se, também, a associação do espaço da rua (DAMATTA, 1997) como lugar onde vivem os malandros, os pilantras, lugar, por princípio, de desordem moral e violência: preconceito, historicamente, arraigado como visto nas notícias de jornais. Neste cenário, é crucial a exposição pública de certa conduta de ser trabalhador, em que determinados rituais e regras acabam por diferenciar o trabalhador formal, do informal e, ambos, dos acomodados, maloqueiros, pilantras, nóias etc / The existence of a psychologizing (and blame-inducing) explanation for sectors of poverty which have no place in contemporary society has motivated this research. Such unintegrated poverty is seen as comprised of individuals who, despite being able to work, do not work, thus evoking representations linked to the world of vagrancy. With the aid of scholars from the human sciences and documentary sources, it was found that, in spite of characteristics which vary according to specific historical periods, the meanings of vagrancy in Brazil have always been associated with the permanence of a certain part of the population in public spaces, such as streets and squares. It should also be emphasized that the subject at hand is pertinent for the Brazilian context, which is based on a model of corporate citizenship, in which those who do not conform to the normative representation of the worker (TELLES, 2001) are seen as naturally incapable. In view of these issues, this study aims to ascertain if the discourse on vagrancy is present among the passersby in Praça da Sé (in the city of São Paulo) in relation to those who hang out around the square during the business hours of working days. The methodological framework for the research was ethnography and the documentary analysis of newspapers, with the use of participant observation as well as informal conversations as research devices. The conversations and the coexistence in the space under research have shown the stigmatization of a certain plethora of pedestrians who share the habit of sitting or lying down on low walls or on the square floor. Seen as sluggish people who just dont want to work, the presence of this mostly poor, black and male population in the square is seen as a degrading, shameful and also dangerous factor. It is important to note that such people were engaged in subsistence activities; in fact, no one was there at leisure. In this sense, one notes the association between the toughing it out of the poor classes with representations of vagrancy, as opposed to the salary norm which is associated with the representation of the worker. The documentary survey found that the meanings revolving around vagrancy have been associated not only with those who stayed in public spaces, but also with those who performed informal work in such places. Nonetheless, factors such as job precariousness, police repression, instability in work trajectories and a thin line between formal, informal and lawful activities often blur the distinction between workers and vagrants. Such blurring is also manifest in the discourse of the interviewed subjects themselves, which are full of contradictions and ambiguities with regards to the adherence to the code of work as an identity process. It was thus concluded that blameinducing strategies (GUARESCHI, 2007), which ascribe success or failure exclusively to individuals, have a very strong role in the social imaginary, relegating historical and social circumstances to the background and ultimately legitimizing social exclusion. It was also concluded that the association of the street space (DAMATTA, 1997) with a place inhabited by rogues and crooks and of inherent moral disorder and violence is a historically rooted prejudice, as seen in newspaper articles. In this scenario, public display of a certain worker conduct is key, whereby certain rituals and rules eventually help differentiate formal workers from informal ones and both these categories from those who are sluggish, con artists, rogues, crackheads etc

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monica Diniz.pdf: 11212582 bytes, checksum: e1d25a53a180a1ab8cb02d136249458a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research reflect how the procedural documents called the propriety of conduct law that compose the Autos Crimes were used by police in São Paulo and permeated the daily life of the city during the end of Empire. It was through this legal structure that São Paulo police expanded their forms of control before the so-called crimes of conduct , especially idleness and vagrancy and persecuted subjects that is best suited the new society rules and moral. The Costumes of Police / Police of morals worked the street of the capital backed up by decrees and law is a time of social changes political, economic and urban. We seek to discuss as occurred the relationship between the subjects considered criminals and the police, the debate, about the people who acted and the police that reacted, the assessments and the resistances. We reflect on these questions by means of selected documentation between processes of breach of the propriety of conduct law, Code of Postures of the city, Reports of Chiefs of Police, police records and memorialists / Esta pesquisa reflete sobre como os documentos processuais chamados Termos de Bem Viver que compõem os Autos Crimes foram utilizados pela polícia de São Paulo e permearam o cotidiano da cidade durante o fim do Império. Foi através dessa estrutura jurídica que a polícia paulista ampliou suas formas de controle diante dos chamados crimes de conduta , sobretudo, da vadiagem e ociosidade e perseguiu sujeitos que não se adequavam às novas regras sociais e morais. A Polícia dos Costumes atuou nas ruas da capital respaldada por Decretos e Leis em uma época de transformações sociais, políticas, econômicas e urbanas. Procuramos aqui discutir como ocorria a relação entre os sujeitos considerados infratores e a polícia, o debate acerca da modernidade e do trabalho em contraposição ao estigma da vadiagem, sobre o povo que agia e a polícia que reagia, as autuações e as resistências. Buscamos refletir sobre tais questões por meio da documentação selecionada entre processos de infração dos Termos de Bem Viver, Código de Posturas da Cidade, Relatórios de Chefes de Polícia, Registros policiais e Memorialistas

A presença de uma explicação psicologizante (e culpabilizante) em relação a setores da pobreza que não encontram lugar na sociedade contemporânea moveu a proposta desta pesquisa. Tal pobreza, não integrada, é vista como composta de indivíduos que, apesar de estarem aptos ao trabalho, não trabalham, evocando representações ligadas ao universo da vadiagem. Com o aporte de estudiosos das ciências humanas e de fontes documentais, verificou-se que, a despeito de particularidades de acordo com a época histórica, os sentidos da vadiagem no Brasil sempre estiveram associados à permanência de certa parcela da população nos espaços públicos, como ruas e praças. Destaca-se, ainda, a pertinência da temática para o contexto brasileiro fundado sob um modelo de cidadania corporativista, em que aqueles que escapam da figura normativa do trabalhador (TELLES, 2001) são vistos como naturalmente incapazes. Tendo em vista estas questões, o presente estudo tem por objetivo investigar se o discurso da vadiagem está presente entre os frequentadores da Praça da Sé (SP), em relação àqueles que se deixam ficar nas imediações do logradouro em período comercial dos dias úteis. A pesquisa foi realizada utilizando como referencial metodológico a etnografia e a análise documental de jornais, e, como ferramentas, a observação participante aliada a conversas informais. As conversas e a convivência no espaço pesquisado mostraram a presença de uma estigmatização de certa plêiade de pedestres que têm em comum o fato de sentar-se ou deitar-se nas muretas ou no chão da praça. Visto como uma gente acomodada que não quer saber de trabalhar, composta, em sua maioria, por homens negros e pobres, a presença destes no logradouro é vista como fator de degradação, de vergonha e também de perigo. Importante apontar que essas pessoas estavam exercendo atividades visando à sobrevivência, de fato, ninguém ali estava à toa. Neste sentido, observa-se a associação da viração das classes pobres identificada às representações de vadiagem em oposição à norma salarial identificada à figura do trabalhador. No levantamento documental, foi visto que os sentidos em torno da vadiagem foram sendo associados não apenas àqueles que permaneciam nos espaços públicos, mas também àqueles que exerciam trabalhos informais nestes espaços. Não obstante, verifica-se que fatores como precariedade das ocupações, repressão policial, instabilidade nas trajetórias de trabalho, porosidade nas fronteiras do formal, informal e lícito, acabam por, muitas vezes, tornar indeterminadas as delimitações entre trabalhadores e vadios. Indeterminação expressa também nas próprias falas dos entrevistados, carregadas de contradições e ambiguidades quanto à adesão ao código do trabalho enquanto processo identificatório. Conclui-se a presença muito forte no imaginário social das estratégias de culpabilização (GUARESCHI, 2007), que atribui o sucesso ou o fracasso, exclusivamente, ao indivíduo. E coloca em segundo plano as circunstâncias históricas e sociais, o que acaba por legitimar a exclusão social. Conclui-se, também, a associação do espaço da rua (DAMATTA, 1997) como lugar onde vivem os malandros, os pilantras, lugar, por princípio, de desordem moral e violência: preconceito, historicamente, arraigado como visto nas notícias de jornais. Neste cenário, é crucial a exposição pública de certa conduta de ser trabalhador, em que determinados rituais e regras acabam por diferenciar o trabalhador formal, do informal e, ambos, dos acomodados, maloqueiros, pilantras, nóias etc / The existence of a psychologizing (and blame-inducing) explanation for sectors of poverty which have no place in contemporary society has motivated this research. Such unintegrated poverty is seen as comprised of individuals who, despite being able to work, do not work, thus evoking representations linked to the world of vagrancy. With the aid of scholars from the human sciences and documentary sources, it was found that, in spite of characteristics which vary according to specific historical periods, the meanings of vagrancy in Brazil have always been associated with the permanence of a certain part of the population in public spaces, such as streets and squares. It should also be emphasized that the subject at hand is pertinent for the Brazilian context, which is based on a model of corporate citizenship, in which those who do not conform to the normative representation of the worker (TELLES, 2001) are seen as naturally incapable. In view of these issues, this study aims to ascertain if the discourse on vagrancy is present among the passersby in Praça da Sé (in the city of São Paulo) in relation to those who hang out around the square during the business hours of working days. The methodological framework for the research was ethnography and the documentary analysis of newspapers, with the use of participant observation as well as informal conversations as research devices. The conversations and the coexistence in the space under research have shown the stigmatization of a certain plethora of pedestrians who share the habit of sitting or lying down on low walls or on the square floor. Seen as sluggish people who just dont want to work, the presence of this mostly poor, black and male population in the square is seen as a degrading, shameful and also dangerous factor. It is important to note that such people were engaged in subsistence activities; in fact, no one was there at leisure. In this sense, one notes the association between the toughing it out of the poor classes with representations of vagrancy, as opposed to the salary norm which is associated with the representation of the worker. The documentary survey found that the meanings revolving around vagrancy have been associated not only with those who stayed in public spaces, but also with those who performed informal work in such places. Nonetheless, factors such as job precariousness, police repression, instability in work trajectories and a thin line between formal, informal and lawful activities often blur the distinction between workers and vagrants. Such blurring is also manifest in the discourse of the interviewed subjects themselves, which are full of contradictions and ambiguities with regards to the adherence to the code of work as an identity process. It was thus concluded that blameinducing strategies (GUARESCHI, 2007), which ascribe success or failure exclusively to individuals, have a very strong role in the social imaginary, relegating historical and social circumstances to the background and ultimately legitimizing social exclusion. It was also concluded that the association of the street space (DAMATTA, 1997) with a place inhabited by rogues and crooks and of inherent moral disorder and violence is a historically rooted prejudice, as seen in newspaper articles. In this scenario, public display of a certain worker conduct is key, whereby certain rituals and rules eventually help differentiate formal workers from informal ones and both these categories from those who are sluggish, con artists, rogues, crackheads etc

This study explores perceptions of women’s freedom of movement since the 27 May 2015 Constitutional Court ruling CCZ 15/15, outlawing arbitrary arrests of women after dusk on grounds of loitering with intent to solicit for prostitution, focusing on Zimbabwe’s Avenues community. It traces issues surrounding women’s mobility under patriarchy since colonialism which through the 1960 Vagrancy Act marked the inception of its legal regulation premising stereotypic arrests by state agents. Guided by Pragmatic and Feminist philosophy the researcher adopts a Mixed Method Strategy to gather new knowledge on the complex issue. Employing Radical Feminist Theory under Feminism it critiques government efforts and their efficacy towards ensuring gender equality in mobility. The study argues that while useful legal mechanisms and laws have been adopted to enable women’s right to mobility, ideological and physical challenges continue to hamper this realisation. Empowering the Gender Commission with binding powers, ensuring sufficient security in public areas and educating women about their rights are some recommendations proffered to address challenges faced by women in the exercise of their right to movement. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

[pt] Os termos de bem viver, medida preventiva presente no Código de Processo Criminal de 1832, são elaborados como um instrumento da lei que pretendia prevenir a criminalidade. Pessoas acusadas de embriaguez, vadiagem e perturbação da ordem assinavam nas delegacias um comprometimento de, a partir daquela ocorrência, bem viverem em comunhão com a lei, e apareciam nas folhas da imprensa periódica como ociosos suspeitos. A legislação emancipacionista e a crise da ordem escravocrata, especialmente a partir da década de 1870, apontam para o fortalecimento dos termos de bem viver enquanto mecanismo de coação ao trabalho. Usada como ferramenta no combate à ociosidade, a medida preventiva passou a fazer parte do esforço de construir novas definições de ocupação e, também, de encarceramento, diante do fim da forma legítima de coação ao trabalho: a escravidão. Essa dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a construção dos elementos de suspeição em torno das pessoas policiadas por termos de bem viver, para pensar o combate à ociosidade e o trabalho compulsório como parte da lógica de Estado do Segundo Reinado. Com o objetivo de ampliar os estudos a respeito da ociosidade no século XIX, é importante examinar as implicações do controle policial a partir dos termos de bem viver na experiência de trabalhadores e trabalhadoras informais. / [en] The terms of good living, a preventive measure present in the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1832, were drawn up as an instrument of the law intended to prevent crime. People accused of drunkenness, vagrancy, and disturbance of order signed a commitment at the police stations, from that occurrence on, to live well in communion with the law, and appeared in the periodic press sheets as idle suspects. The emancipation legislation and the crisis of the slave order, especially from the 1870s on, point to the strengthening of the terms of good living as a mechanism of coercion to work. Used as a tool to combat idleness, the preventive measure became part of the effort to construct new definitions of occupation and, also, of imprisonment, in face of the end of the legitimate form of coercion to work: slavery. This dissertation aims to analyze the construction of the elements of suspicion around the people policed by terms of good living, in order to think the combat against idleness and compulsory labor as part of the logic of the State of the Second Reign. In order to broaden studies of idleness in the nineteenth century, it is important to examine the implications of police control through the terms of good living in the experience of informal workers.

Cette étude propose une lecture historique et littéraire sur l’Alentejo, la plus vaste province du Portugal, à partir d’un vagabond qui l’a réellement arpentée et d’une forme de vagabondage qui a aidé à forger une image de l’homme de cette région au caractère indomptable et sauvage. Les vastes terres de l’Alentejo aux larges horizons et aux distances illimitées auront un impact sur l’imaginaire autour de l’Alentejo et sur sa représentation au niveau littéraire. Une partie de l’œuvre littéraire de Manuel da Fonseca est attachée à cette région et noue avec elle des liens étroits qui ont produit un univers riche de significations sur les relations sensibles de l’homme à l’espace. Ainsi, la relation indissociable de l’homme de l’Alentejo à sa région y est représentée et est étroitement liée à celle de Manuel da Fonseca avec cette région. La représentation de la vie à partir d’un rapport intime, familier et d’un certain engagement humain envers cette province, a produit un univers littéraire singulier. Une errance, au départ, attachée à la figure du vagabond, le "maltês", et à cette forme de vagabondage, la "maltesia", vient alors se dessiner dans l’espace littéraire montrant que les frontières entre les différents textes, entre les différents personnages et entre les différents sujets de l’énonciation sont fluides et perméables. Les sens de "maltesia" et de "maltês" s’approfondissent, alors, montrant un espace humain dans lequel viennent s’inscrire l’énigme de la vie et de la création littéraire. / This study proposes a reading of Alentejo’s imaginary, the largest province of Portugal, from a vagabond's point of view who actually drifted this region, in a form of vagrancy, which helped to forge the image of a man with a wild and untameable nature. The vast lands of Alentejo with wide horizons and distances have an immeasurable impact on Alentejo’s imaginary and its representation in literature. Part of Manuel da Fonseca’s literary work is closely attached to this region producing a rich universe of meanings on sensitive relationships of man and space. Thus, the inseparable relationship between the man from Alentejo and his region is represented all over his work and bonds to Manuel da Fonseca's own relationship to that region. A representation of life, through a familiar and intimate story, together with a political humanised commitment towards that province, creates a singular literary universe. A drift, initially attached to the wanderer’s figure - the maltês - and its form of vagrancy – maltesia, comes to draw itself in the literary space showing that the boundaries between the different texts and characters can be fluid and permeable. The sense of maltesia and maltês gently deepens, showing a human space which becomes inscribed with the riddle of life and literary creation.

Orientador: Maria Clementina Pereira Cunha / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T00:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garzoni_LericedeCastro_M.pdf: 3445760 bytes, checksum: 0267e87701c6c9bddaeba6191b1c594f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Esta dissertação estuda casos de mulheres reincidentemente presas e processadas por ¿vadiagem¿, nas primeiras décadas do século XX, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo foi analisar a relação entre policiados e policiais no início do período republicano. Por meio dos processos de vadiagem, foi possível acompanhar como diferentes definições de vadiagem eram acionadas, tanto pelos policiais e testemunhas, quanto pelas mulheres e seus defensores. Além disso, as mudanças nos perfis de acusadas e policiais, bem como mudanças nos próprios processos, permitiram observar um aumento progressivo da impessoalidade. Ao serem processadas por vadiagem, as mulheres eram submetidas a diversos julgamentos morais e, com isso, diferentes concepções de honra feminina se tornavam visíveis, bem como suas interfaces com identidades de classe e raça / Abstract: This dissertation is a study of cases of women who were arrested and judged for "vagrancy" in the city of Rio de Janeiro, during the first decades of the twentieth century. This dissertation aims to analyze the relationship between police and population in the early Republic. This kind of police documentation allows us to understand how different definitions of "vagrancy" could be used by both policemen, and witness, as well as arrested women and the men who defended them. The profiles of policemen and "vagrant women" changed along the time, which indicates changes in the kind of relations they established. The female defendants of vagrancy were under moral trials, where different conceptions of female honor would appear, associated with class and race identities / Mestrado / Historia Social da Cultura / Mestre em História

La dispersion, caractérisée par les mouvements d’individus dans l’espace et dans le temps, conduit à la production d’un flux de gènes et permet la connectivité des populations. Comprendre les facteurs qui façonnent les flux de gènes et la structuration des populations est d’une importance capitale pour améliorer les pratiques de gestion et de conservation des espèces. Celles caractérisées par une anadromie facultative, telles que la truite commune (Salmo trutta L.), sont des modèles de choix pour étudier le rôle de la diversité écotypique et comportementale, sous l’effet des activités anthropiques, sur le fonctionnement des populations. En utilisant la génétique des populations cette thèse se propose donc d’analyser la structuration des populations de la truite commune dans le fond du Golfe de Gascogne mais également de déterminer l’influence combinée de la dispersion de la truite de mer, de son comportement reproducteur et des activités anthropiques (repeuplements, transport de reproducteur) sur leur fonctionnement. Cette thèse aborde également la contribution des populations de truites communes (via leur origine natale) au stock de truites de mer capturées par la pêche professionnelle, sur le même site d’étude, en couplant de la génétique des populations et de la microchimie des otolithes. Nos résultats montrent une structuration génétique forte des populations de truite commune avec la présence de sept populations distinctes dans le bassin de l’Adour. Ceci semble être en partie expliqué par un comportement marqué de fidélité au site de naissance des truites de mer, couplé à un mouvement directionnel de celles-ci du sud (Espagne) vers le nord qui ne semble pas résulter en une dispersion effective (i.e. mouvement suivi d’une reproduction). En outre, les repeuplements récents, semblent impacter faiblement la structuration génétique des populations sauvages. Certains flux de gènes détectés localement semblent être dus à d’autres activités anthropiques, telles que le transport de reproducteurs. Les truites de mer capturées par la pêche professionnelle proviennent majoritairement de la population du gave d’Oloron et peu des populations des Nives et du Gave de Pau. La raison pourrait se trouver en premier lieu dans le fait que le Gave de Pau est fortement impacté par la présence de barrières à la migration et en second lieu dans les différences phénotypiques (taille plus petite) présentées par les truites de mer des Nives, par rapport à celle des gaves. Ceci suggère donc une différenciation de cette population et peut expliquer que la pêche professionnelle les capture dans une moindre proportion. Cette thèse a d’autre part pu démontrer les difficultés dans l’assignation d’une origine natale via la génétique lorsque les signatures génétiques sont relativement proches. Elle confirme l’utilité d’un couplage génétique des populations - microchimie des otolithes pour assigner des individus à leur origine natale à une échelle plus fine que le bassin. Les résultats obtenus au cours des trois années de thèse ont permis la détermination de populations génétiquement distinctes dont l’une contribue très largement à l’activité de pêche professionnelle. Ces populations peuvent être considérées comme de potentielles unités de gestion qui pourront servir de base à l‘élaboration de plans de gestion et de conservation. La meilleure compréhension de la biologie et du fonctionnement de la truite commune, et de l’impact des activités anthropiques sur la structuration des populations, acquise lors de cette thèse, pourra également permettre d’améliorer la prise de décisions des gestionnaires locaux pour la conservation et la gestion des populations de truites communes. / Dispersal, characterized by the movements of individuals in space and time leading to gene flows, allows populations to connect. Understanding factors shaping gene flow and population structure is vital to improve management and conservation practices of species. Those characterized by a partial anadromy, such as brown trout (Salmo trutta L.), are models of choice to study the role of ecotypic and behavioral diversity, under anthropic activities on population functioning. By using population genetics, this theses proposes to analyse population structure of brown trout in the Bay of Biscay, but also to determine the combined influence of sea trout dispersal, its reproductive behavior, and anthropic activities (stocking, transport of spawners) on their functioning. This thesis also addresses the contribution of brown trout populations (natal origin) on sea trout stock captured by professional fisheries, on the same study site, by coupling population genetics and otolith microchemistry. Results show a strong hierarchical structure of Brown trout population with seven distinct population detected in Adour basin. This seems to be explained a high site fidelity movement of sea trout together with a directional movement of sea trout from South (Spain) to North. This directional movement did not result into effective dispersal (i.e. movement followed by reproduction). Furthermore, a limited contemporary impact of stocking on genetic structure of wild population is observed. A few cases of inter-population gene flow detected seems to be explained by wild population management, particularly transport of spawners. The majority of sea trout captured by professional fisheries come from Gave d’Oloron and few from Nives and Gave de Pau. The reason is that Gave de Pau is impacted by migration barriers. And also that sea trout from Nives have phenotypic differences (smaller length) from sea trout originated from gaves. This suggest a differentiation of this population and can explained that professional fisheries capture them in smaller proportion.On the other hand, this thesis have been shown the difficulties to assign natal origin by using genetics when population are closed genetically. This confirm the usefulness to coupling population genetics and otolith microchemistry together to assign individuals to their natal origin at a finer scale than basin.Results obtained during these three years of thesis have made it possible the determination of distinct populations one of which contribute in majority of professional fisheries activities. These populations can be considered like potential management units (MUs) which could serve as basis in the elaboration of conservation and management plans. The better understanding of brown trout biology and functioning, and the impact of anthropic activities on population structure, obtained in this thesis, can also improve the decision-making of local managers for brown trout population conservation and management.

The impact of the law on the lives of homeless people in Queensland has, to date, remained largely unexplored by legal academics and researchers. This is despite the fact that homeless people experience a number of legal difficulties that seriously affect their lives. This thesis by published papers aims to make a significant and original contribution to filling this gap in the research evidence by presenting the results of analyses of the legal, theoretical and practical issues that arise in the context of homeless persons' interactions with the legal system in Queensland. Most notably, it is comprised of three pieces of empirical research which identify those areas of law that impact most on homeless people in Queensland and explore the consequences of the operation of these laws on their lives. In sum, this thesis examines the extent of the law's influence on the lives of homeless people in Queensland, and finds that the consequences of the law's operation on homeless people in Queensland are serious. The thesis first examines the effect on Queensland's homeless people of laws which regulate behaviour conducted in public space. The criminal offences of vagrancy, begging and public nuisance are analysed; their historical origins, the reasons for their retention on modern statute books, and arguments in favour of their repeal are discussed. The impact of 'public space law' on homeless people in Queensland is also explored through a survey of 30 homeless people residing in inner-city Brisbane. This part of the thesis concludes that public space law in Queensland results in breaches of homeless persons' human rights, as well as the contravention of rule of law principles. The thesis then explores the impact of the law on homeless persons' experiences of citizenship. Empirical research and theoretical analysis demonstrate that the application of various laws, particularly public space laws, social security laws and electoral laws, encroaches on homeless persons' citizenship rights. The thesis then reports on the results of a unique survey of Queensland's homelessness service providers. This survey is the most extensive piece of empirical research ever conducted on the extent to which various laws impact on homeless people. Respondents were asked to indicate which areas of law impact most adversely on their homeless clients. Based on the research findings outlined above, the hypothesis was that criminal law issues, particularly public space offences, would be proven to impact particularly adversely on homeless people in Queensland. Somewhat unexpectedly, the findings of the survey indicated that fines law, debt law and family law difficulties are those legal difficulties most often encountered by homeless people in Queensland. Difficulties produced by criminal laws, social security laws and electoral laws, while still generally relevant, rated less highly. However, the survey did demonstrate that experiences differ between sub-groups within the homeless population, for example Indigenous homeless people were reported to be most affected by criminal law issues, while young homeless people were reported to be most affected by social security law issues. Together, the five papers which comprise this thesis make an original and substantial contribution to knowledge by identifying empirically for the first time the various laws that have a significant impact on the lives of homeless people in Queensland, and analysing the consequences of this in terms of their effect on homeless persons' citizenship rights, human rights and rule of law entitlements.