Este presente trabalho compara as construções existenciais do português do Brasil com as construções existenciais do espanhol. A pesquisa se situa no âmbito da Lingüística Histórica, da análise sintática e semântica dos verbos HAVER e TER no espanhol e português atual e arcaico. As construções existenciais ou de tempo composto no español ocorrem de modo distinto das do português, TER no espanhol somente constrói sentenças que expressam relações de posse. Levando em conta a origem das línguas portuguesa e espanhola e ainda as realizações de TER e HAVER no português e no espanhol arcaico, o objetivo deste trabalho é entender porque no espanhol não podemos formar sentenças existenciais como as do Português: 1. Por causa do feriado, há somente três alunos na sala. 2. Por causa do feriado, têm somente três alunos na sala. 3. Hay dos alumnos en el aula. 4. *Tiene una mujer en la cocina. No espanhol, o verbo TER somente é usado nas construções possessivas: 5. Yo tengo un gato y una perrita. Tendo como base princípios da teoria gerativa, busco fazer uma análise das estruturas sintática e semântica desses verbos e suas realizações, a fim de compreender as diferenças e semelhanças que existem nas construções existências no português e no espanhol. / This present study compares the construction of existential phrases in brazilian Portuguese with the construction of existential phrases in Spanish. This research is under the Historical Linguistics, syntactical and semantic analysis of verbs HAVER and TER in Spanish and Portuguese current and archaic. The existential phrases or time composed in Spanish occur distinctly from Portuguese, TER in Spanish only builds sentences that express relations of possession. Taking into account the origin this two languages and even the achievements of TER and HAVER in Portuguese and Spanish archaics, the objective of this work is to understand why in Spanish we can not form existential sentences as those in Portuguese: 6. Por causa do feriado, há somente três alunos na sala. 7. Por causa do feriado, têm somente três alunos na sala. 8. Hay dos alumnos en el aula. 9. *Tiene una mujer en la cocina. In Spanish, TER is only used to build possessive sentences: 10. Yo tengo un gato y una perrita. Based on principles of the generative theory, I make an analysis of the syntactic and semantics structures of those verbs and their achievements in order to understand the differences and similarities that exist in those constructions in Portuguese and Spanish.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-09-12T19:49:50Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-09-13T13:06:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-13T13:06:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-12-01 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Não obstante o ensino da gramática normativa perfazer, há tempos, uma trajetória marcada por extensos conteúdos nos currículos escolares, somando-se a um sem-fim de regras e exceções para que se formem indivíduos hipotética e potencialmente aptos como usuários da língua, abre-se a discussão atual do que tem sido feito, de que forma e quais resultados têm alcançado êxito, a fim de buscar o efetivo aprendizado de conhecimentos linguísticos sobre o português por parte dos alunos, levando-se em consideração a perspectiva da análise linguística (MENDONÇA, 2006). Nesse sentido, adotou-se, nessa pesquisa, fundamentada nos parâmetros epistemológicos da pesquisa-ação (MORIN, 2004) e realizada no âmbito do mestrado profissional em Letras, a perspectiva de ensino de gramática baseada nos estudos de Mendonça (2006) e de Bezerra & Reinaldo (2013), em que o ensino dos aspectos linguísticos deve ser aplicado ao uso. A fim de que isso ocorra, propõe-se a relação entre o ensino dos gêneros textuais e a análise linguística. Para tanto, a presente pesquisa investigou o ensino dos modos e tempos verbais nos livros didáticos de língua portuguesa do ensino fundamental II, aprovados pelo PNLD de 2010 e de 2014. Assim, analisou-se se o ensino dos tempos e modos verbais pauta-se, de fato, por uma abordagem mais recente da aplicação do uso, baseado principalmente nos gêneros textuais; afinal, nos comunicamos por meio dos gêneros (BAKHTIN, 2000). Constatada a desconexão entre o ensino dos verbos e sua proeminência nos gêneros textuais, propôs-se a aplicação, com base no uso verbal nos gêneros publicidade e propaganda, a duas turmas de alunos do 8º ano do ensino fundamental II. Dessa forma, os verbos foram explorados sob a perspectiva discursiva nos gêneros publicidade e propaganda, tanto no que tange à compreensão quanto no que diz respeito à produção, com a finalidade de ressaltar os usos verbais nesses gêneros, os quais instanciam atos diretivos de fala (AUSTIN, 1990). Para isso, foi proposta mudança de paradigma para a análise desses itens linguísticos, alterando-se o foco de um ensino normativo para um ensino baseado no uso real das formas verbais, associando-as ao objetivo comunicativo dos gêneros/tipos textuais da publicidade e propaganda. Os resultados obtidos por meio da aplicação mostraram que o uso da análise linguística, associado à produção dos gêneros com ênfase no uso verbal promoveu o aprendizado significativo dos discentes, fazendo-os agir como protagonistas e agentes modificadores da realidade. / Notwithstanding the normative grammar teaching has been performing, for long a journey characterized by a comprehensive content in the school curriculum, along with an endless number of rules and exceptions, aiming to educate individuals enabling them to be potentially and hypothetically language users, we start a current debate about what has been done, how and which are the successful outcomes, in order to seek for an effective learning of linguistic knowledge about Portuguese by students, taking into consideration the perspective of linguistic analysis (MENDONÇA, 2006). In this regard, it was adopted in this research, based on the epistemological parameters of the research-action (MORIN, 2004) and carried out in the scope of the professional master in Letters, the grammar teaching perspective based on the studies of Mendonça (2006) and Bezerra & Reinaldo (2013), which states that the linguistic aspects taught must be linked to their use. We suggest a correlation between the textual genres and the linguistic analysis to enable this mentioned connection. For this purpose, the current research investigated the teaching of the verb tense and mode in Portuguese language text books of Elementary School II endorsed by PNLD in 2010 and in 2014.Thus it was analyzed the teaching of verb tense and mode, and we realized that indeed, it pursued a modern approach, mainly founded on textual genres; once we communicate by them (BAKHTIN, 2000). Once it is detected the disconnection between the way verbs are taught and its prominence on textual genres, it is requested the application of verbs relying on the verb use on publicity and advertisement, in two students groups of the 8th year of elementary School II. With that in mind, the verbs were worked on the discursive perspective in the genres publicity and advertisement, concerning the understanding of verbs and the act of producing them, aiming to highlight the verbal use in these genres, which instantiate guiding speech acts (AUSTIN, 1990). In order to achieve that, it was suggested a paradigm shift to analyze these linguistic items, altering the focus from a normative education to the one grounded on the use of real verb tenses, associating them with the communicative goal of the textual genres/types of publicity and advertisement. The results obtained by means of application has shown that the use of linguistic analysis, combined with the genres production, emphasizing the verbal use, has promoted a meaningful learning performance presented by students, leading them to act as protagonists and change agents of the reality.

The term ‘Object Shift’ means that a weak object pronoun has been raised to a position to the left of a sentence adverbial. Primarily, there are two positions to which a weak object pronoun can be raised; one of them is called Long Object Shift. In this paper, I primarily deal with finite verb frequencies in sentences with Long Object Shift in Swedish. Also, in order to further define the verbs in these sentences I discuss verb semantic and syntactic valence in relation to the shifted object. Furthermore, I discuss the search methods which have generated sentences with Long Object Shift in written sources in Swedish; an equivalent study has never been done before.   The most salient results of my study indicate that: verbs with physical denotation, and specifically vänta, möta and slå, frequently recur in sentences with Long Object Shift in written sources in Swedish; monotransitive verbs appear more often than ditransitive ones; shifted objects are most often assigned the semantic role of experiencer in the studied sentences; the search methods show divergent results, which indicates the significance of sentence adverbial initiating sentences with Long Object Shift. Lastly, the results show that semantic analyses, terminology and search methods need to be extended in order to further define the finite verb in sentences with Long Object Shift in Swedish.

Variationsmängder är en egenskap i barnriktat tal som karaktäriseras av successiva yttranden i vilka den vuxne talaren upprepar och omformulerar sitt budskap med en konstant intention. Syftet med studien var att undersöka variationsmängder över tid i tal riktat till barn i åldrarna 7-33 månader. Målet var att studera vilka typer av yttranden som dominerar variationsmängderna vid olika åldrar, samt vilka yttrandetyper som tenderade att förekomma tillsammans inom variationsmängderna. Vidare undersöktes intention och tempusförändringar hos verb i dessa variationsmängder. Ett skript skrevs för att kategorisera yttrandetyper med data från en korpus över barnriktat tal. Resultatet undersöktes sedan kvantitativt utifrån fyra åldersgrupper. Yttrandenas komplexitet inom variationsmängder visade sig stiga ju äldre barn det rörde sig om. Vidare sågs en skillnad i den vuxnes intention då barnen blev äldre, samt en minskning i användandet av interjektioner i kombination med ja/nej-frågor och komplexa satser ju äldre barnen blev. En tolkning av resultatet föreslogs vara att den vuxne själv tenderar att hålla i båda sidor av konversationen då de talar med yngre barn till skillnad från när de talar med äldre, mer verbala, barn som själva kan bidra med svaret. / Variation sets are a feature in child-directed speech characterized by successive utterances in which the adult speaker repeats and reorders their message with a constant intent. The aim of this study was to investigate variation sets over time in speech directed to children in the ages 7-33 months. The purpose was to study which types of utterances that dominates the variation sets at different ages, and which utterance-types that tend to co-occur within the variation sets. Furthermore intent was studied as well as change in verb tense in these variation sets. A script was written to categorize types of utterances with data from a corpus consisting of child directed speech. A quantitative research was performed on the results based on four different age groups. The complexity of the utterances within variation sets was shown to grow with the increasing age of the children. Furthermore a noticeable difference was observed in the intent of the adult speaker, correlating with the age of the child, and also a decrease in use of interjection combined with yes/no- questions and complex utterances the older the children were. A suggested interpretation of the result was that the adult tend to take both sides of the conversation when the children are young as opposed to when they speak to older, more verbal, children that can provide the answer themselves.

Variationer i svensk verbböjning: En korpusundersökning (Fredrik Smeds, D-uppsats i Svenska språket, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, Avdelningen för språk 2008). I uppsatsen undersöks svensk verbböjningsvariation från första hälften av 1800-talet till våra dagar dels genom studier av facklitteratur, ordböcker och ordlistor från skilda tider, dels genom att studera korpusar med skönlitteratur och brev skrivna av August Strindberg, äldre och yngre romaner samt dagstidningar från 1965–2004. De äldre romanerna är skrivna från första halvan av 1800-talet till första halvan av 1900-talet, och de yngre runt 1980. Materialet tillhandahölls av Språkdata vid Göteborgs universitet och omfattar ca 126 miljoner ord. Efter datainsamlingen användes chi-2-testet, för att se om skillnaderna var statistiskt signifikanta. Många verb som varierar eller har varierat efter år 1800 har undersökts. Tidigare förändringar omnämns mer kortfattat. Variationerna är av skilda slag: mellan stark och svag böjning (spridit och spritt), mellan korta och långa former (klär och kläder), mellan former med och utan j (stödjer och stöder) samt övriga variationer (t.ex. mellan tillbringade och tillbragte).

本研究探討漢語動補結構在語料庫中的使用情況，透過語料庫研究方法，辨析動詞「用X」及「弄X」與動補結構的關係，並探究動補結構中「用X」及「弄X」相互替代的使用現象，最後由詞彙語意及語義韻律的角度提出說明。 本研究利用中文詞彙網路（Chinese Wordnet）、《平衡語料庫》（Sinica Corpus 4.0）以及《批踢踢語料庫》（PTT Corpus），觀察語料庫中動詞「用」、動詞「弄」、動補結構「用X」及動補結構「弄X」的語料分布，以及語料與動詞義項的互動情況。研究發現，在語料庫中，動詞「用」的主要語義是「利用特定對象的特定功能」，而動詞「弄」的主要語義則是以「造成特定結果」和「代動詞，做」，且在語料庫中，「用X」結構的分布集中、「弄X」分布廣泛。研究亦發現，《平衡語料庫》中的動補結構語料相對來說較《批踢踢語料庫》中的語料組合穩定，此一現象是由於不同語料庫中的語料結合緊密程度不同所致。 藉由動詞代換檢測及動詞義項的比對，可知在動結式動補結構這個特定的環境下，動詞「用」和「弄」顯示了與近義詞相似的特質，甚至展現出詞彙語意關係中的上下位（hyponymy）或者蘊含關係（entailment）。研究最後透過觀察「用X」和「弄X」動補結構的語義韻律，探究動詞「用」和「弄」在動詞義項以外的異同之處，並發現語料庫中的動補結構「用X」及「弄X」在語義韻律的分布上有相似的表現。 / This paper aims to explore the cause of the mutual substitution of verbs yòng(用) and nòng(弄) in verb-complement structure in Taiwan Mandarin. The study adopts a semantic corpus-based approach to examine this phenomenon. To find out the resemblance of meanings shared by the verbs yòng and nòng, this study first retrieved their senses by using Chinese Wordnet and analyzed the sentences from the Sinica Corpus. Three hundred instances of yòng and 240 instances for nòng were analyzed and classified according to their corresponding verb senses. The results showed that yòng and nòng both contain the concept of “utilize certain tool/method/means to fulfill particular purposes”, proving that they could possibly form a synonymous set of verb. The analysis then focused on the behavior of the verbs in verb-complement structures. The verb-complement structures of yòng and nòng from the Sinica Corpus and the PTT Corpus were further inspected: 14 entries of ‘yòng-complement’ (179 instances) and 32 entries of ‘nòng-complement’ (157 instances) were found in Sinica Corpus, while 21 entries of ‘yòng-complement’ (82 instances) and 97 entries of ‘nòng-complement’ (781 instances) were found in the PTT Corpus. The distributions showed that the verb-complement structures in Sinica Corpus were relatively more stable than those in the PTT Corpus, and the phenomenon was inferred to be caused by the distinct degree of the structure combination. In order to examine the possibility of the mutual substitution of yòng and nòng, a verb-substitution test was conducted. The results were further examined by comparing with the verb-complement structures found in the PTT Corpus. In addition, introspective survey of native speakers of Mandarin was also added to re-confirm the substitution test result. Lastly, the verb senses and the semantic prosody of the verb-complement structures were also analyzed. The study showed that the verbs yòng and nòng have shared senses when they appear in resultive verb-complement structures, and the mutual substitution patterns were also discovered. As for the analysis of semantic prosody of the verb-complement structures, the result showed that yòng-complement and nòng-complement have identical distribution tendency: structures with neutral semantic prosody occupied the greatest proportion, followed by the negative ones and the positive ones, which also proved the synonymous relationship between the verbs yòng and nòng in the verb-complement structures.

The present dissertation is a comparative investigation between the Germanic-like structural phenomena found in the left periphery of Old French (OF) clauses and the syntactic phenomena found in the left periphery of Old High German (OHG). The goal of this thesis is to provide evidence that only a synchronic analysis can explain the presence of Germanic-like structures in OF syntax. The reason for this lies in the similarities between the V2 properties found in OF and OHG. The two languages show V2 properties such as V-to-C movement and XP fronting, but also properties which are not found in Modern V2 languages such as a frequent V1 and V3 word order. The corpus I use consists of four OF texts from the 12th and 13th century which correspond to the late OF period. They are composed in different OF dialects from the northern part of France. The poetic texts chosen for this study are Le voyage de Saint-Brandan and Gormont et Isembart. The prose texts are Le Roman de Tristan en prose and Les Miracles de Saint Louis. I coded these OF documents according to certain criteria: main clause type, embedded clause type, finite verb position, first element preceding the finite verb, etc. The results indicate that OF can be considered a true V2-language that shares a certain amount of properties with OHG, namely V-to-C movement, XP fronting, Stylistic Fronting as well as verb-initial clauses. This thesis illustrates that the OF dialects closer situated to the Germanic language border show a higher frequency in Germanic-like syntactic phenomena than the dialects situated further away. A difference between poems and prose texts concerning the presence and intensity of certain syntactic phenomena can also be observed.

As crônicas de Millôr Fernandes apresentam uma característica peculiar que é a de conjugar a linguagem verbal e visual, constituindo por isso um material de interesse para pesquisadores da linguagem. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a linguagem verbo-visual, bem como as imbricações linguísticas constitutivas do discurso milloriano. Tem como apoio teórico a análise dialógica do discurso na perspectiva bakhtiniana. Assim, para cumprir essa proposta, utilizaram-se as obras de Bakhtin e do Círculo, tais como: Estética da criação verbal (2011, 2003), Marxismo e filosofia da linguagem (2010) e Questões de Literatura e Estética: a teoria do romance (2010), bem como seus críticos intérpretes, a saber: Brait (2010; 2012), Melo (2010), Miottelo (2012), entre outros. Como objetos de pesquisa foram selecionadas 2 crônicas de Millôr Fernandes publicadas na revista Veja, edição n 1871, de 15/09/2004, que marca o retorno do escritor como cronista da revista e a edição n 2130, datada de 16/09/2009, que encerra seu período de contribuição para a mesma. As crônicas foram analisadas em seus elementos essenciais que caracterizam o gênero na perspectiva dialógica bakhtiniana, ou seja, elementos como o tema, a forma composicional e o estilo, foram vistos, observando as relações dialógicas entre autor, leitor presumido e contexto. Também é discutida a linguagem verbo-visual que as constitui, composta por outros signos, além dos verbais, tais como imagens, cores, tipos de letras, que compõem o conjunto enunciativo. Foram imprescindíveis as teorias de base que estudam a linguagem verbo-visual (Dondis, 1991) as cores, (Guimarães, 2000, 2003) e suas contribuições para um entendimento mais acurado dos efeitos de sentido dessas crônicas. Observa-se ainda a forma inusitada de elaboração da crônica de Millôr Fernandes, modificando o formato genérico e o estilo característico das crônicas jornalísticas. As análises revelaram que, por meio da arquitetura linguístico-discursiva, as crônicas são demonstrações particulares da visão do autor e que por isso a organização textual é marcada pelo seu tom humorístico valorativo, expressando seu ponto de vista frente aos acontecimentos do contexto imediato, respondendo assim ao leitor presumido, de acordo com a concepção bakhtiniana de enunciado. Espera-se com esse trabalho colaborar com as pesquisas em Linguística Aplicada no que diz respeito à leitura da linguagem verbo-visual do gênero crônica. / This research is executed in a declarative- discursive perspective, essentially defined the dialogic language theory of Bakhtin and his circle. This research presents a proposal for analysis of verb-visual language of chronic, exploring them as concrete statements that perspective. The chronicles of Millôr Fernandes exhibit a peculiar feature which is to combine verbal and visual languages and is therefore a material of interest to researches of language. To comply with this proposed analysis of two chronic by Millôr Fernandes, written in a period of six years, the first one, the edition n 1871, of 15/09/2004 and the last one n 2130, of 16/09/2009, respectively, published in Veja magazine. The objective is to observe the dialogical relationship between compositional form and style, considering the theme, the compositional form and the style. The verb-visual language that is composed of other signs is also discussed, in addition to verbal, such as images, colors, fonts, which together comprise the enunciation. The theories studying the colors and its contributions to a more accurate understanding of the sense effects of these utterances chronic. Also it is necessary to consider the uncommon development of Millôr Fernandes chronic, modifying the generic format and style journalistic chronicles. Analyses revealed that, through linguistic- discursive architecture, chronic statements are particular vision of the writer and therefore the textual organization is marked by subjectivity and evaluative tone and writer marked by authors subjectivity and evaluative tone. So he expresses his strandpoint about social events in a humorous way. This work is a suggestion of critical verb-visual reading and expecting to contribute to Applied Linguistic.

MA (Xitsonga) / MER Mathivha Centre for African Languages, Arts and Culture / ni/kumbe swi ri hava maendli yo vulavula hi swa miehleketo eka Xitsonga. Ku xopaxopiwa ntsena maendli yo pfumala xiendliwa ni maendli ya xiendliwa xin’we eka dyondzo leyi. Maendli ya miehleketo ya swiendliwa swinharhu a ya katsiwangi eka ntirho lowu. Dyondzo leyi yi langutana ngopfu ni tinxaka tinharhu ta maendli ya swa miehleketo, ku nga maendli lama khumbaka swa miehleketo, maendli yo vulavula hi ntsako, na maendli yo vulavula hi nchavo. Tinhlamuselo leti talaka ku kumeka ni leti nga taliki ku kumeka eka swihlambanyisi leswi nga tirha eswivulweni ni maendli lama kumbe leswi nga tirhangiki na wona ma kaneriwa eka dyondzo leyi. Thiyori leyi landzeleriwaka eka dyondzo leyi i ya Lakoff (1992) ya Conceptual Theory of Metaphor. Ku ya hi thiyori leyi matirhelo ya swivulwa swa xivumbeko xa vutlhokovetseri swavugego ma le ka ririmi eka miehleketo. Thiyori leyi yi tirhisa mpimanyiso wa swilo leswi kumekaka eka michumu mimbirhi, laha nchumu wo karhi wu twisisekaka ku antswa hi ku xiya nchumu lowu pimanyisiwaka na wona. Eka dyondzo leyi, miehleketo yo pimanyisa milongoti leyi kumekaka eka michumu mimbirhi yo hambana yi tirhisiwaka eka ku xopaxopa swihlambanyisi swa Xitsonga leswi tirhaka na maendli ya swa miehleketo. Mahungu lama kamberiwaka eka ndzavisiso lowu ma tirhisiwa eka swivulwa hi xikongomelo xo kuma mikhuva ya tinhlamuselo leti humelelaka.

Occurrence and interpretation of modal verbs 'dever' and 'poder' in juridical context: contributions to an analysis in legal language Joaquim J. S. Coelho Ramos Abstract: This work aims to study the specific linguistic behavior, as well as to answer emerging questions related to the interpretation of the modal verbs 'poder' and 'dever' in the context of legal language, namely in legal and jurisprudential textual typologies. To achieve this goal, a research strategy was designed based on three distinct lines: 1) through the systematization of an historical perspective and keeping in mind the present state of the art, we've defined a methodological approach oriented into the applied studies of the modality, in European Portuguese; 2) interacting with the knowledge already acquired and relatively stabilized in other languages, namely English, French and Spanish, we sought points of contact or conceptual proximity with related phenomena identified in Portuguese legal language basis; 3), departuring from emerging questions and specific problems triggered by this technical manifestation of Portuguese language (legal language), we sought to identify phenomena associated with the verbs 'poder' and 'dever' which could somehow be stabilized and brought to the context of present linguistic theory studies, especialy to...