Modern portfolio theory has its attractive characteristics of promoting diversification in a portfolio and can be seen as an easy alternative for setting optimal weights for portfolio managers. Furthermore, as portfolio managers try to beat a defined benchmark for their portfolio the Black-Litterman model allows them to include their own prospects on the future return of markets and securities. This thesis examines how the practical use of the Black-Litterman model can affect portfolios' performance. The analysis was done by calculating historical portfolio weights with investor views, without investor views, and with perfect investor views in the Black-Litterman model. Thereafter, calculating historical return and volatility for six multi-asset portfolios between 2017-09-25 and 2021-01-31. This was then compared with benchmark portfolios, which reflect the practical use. These portfolios included historically used investor views and constraints in the mean-variance optimization. The results showed that investor views had a negative effect on total return (lower return) and a positive effect on volatility (lower risk), however, an increased Sharpe ratio. The constraints in the mean-variance optimization used in the benchmark portfolios resulted in a lower total return. In conclusion, the Black-Litterman model showed robustness and did not generate unintuitive or unreasonable portfolios, and it has great potential with increasing accuracy in the investor views. / Modern portföljteori har attraktiva egenskaper vad gäller att främja diversifiering i en portfölj och kan ses som ett enkelt alternativ för att välja optimala vikter för portföljförvaltare. Eftersom portföljförvaltare försöker slå ett definierat benchmark för sin portfölj tillåter dessutom Black-Litterman modellen dem att inkludera sina egna åsikter angående förväntade avkastningar på marknader och värdepapper. Detta examensarbete undersöker hur den praktiska användningen av Black-Litterman modellen kan påverka portföljernas prestation. Analysen gjordes genom att beräkna historiska portföljvikter med Black-Litterman modellen med och utan invetserarens egna åsikter angående förväntade avkastningar, och med perfekta förväntade avkastningar. Därefter beräknades historiska avkastningar och volatiliteter för sex investeringsportföljer mellan 2017-09-25 och 2020-01-31. Detta jämfördes med benchmarkportföljer, vilka återspeglade den praktiska användningen. Dessa portföljer inkluderade historiskt använda förväntade avkastningar och restriktioner i mean-variance optimeringen. Resultaten visade att investerares åsikter angående förväntade avkastningar hade en negativ effekt på avkastningen (lägre avkastning), positiv effekt på volatiliteten (lägre risk), vilket resulterade i en högre Sharpe kvot. Restriktionerna i mean-variance optimeringen som användes i benchmarkportföjerna resulterade i en lägre totalavkastning. Sammanfattningsvis visade Black-Litterman modellen robusthet och genererade inte ointuitiva eller olämpliga portföljer, och modellen har stor potential med ökad träffsäkerhet i investerarens åsikter angående förväntade avkastningar.

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Although most Americans view Sam Houston as a military leader and practical politician with little understanding of intellectual issues, he actually possessed a complex moral and political philosophy which he elaborated and demonstrated during a fifty-year public career. He based his philosophy on a mixture of Christian idealism and pragmatic realism, with duty, honor, and strict morality serving to restrain his love of reality, reason, and physical pleasures. The dual nature of his moral beliefs extended into his politics, which mixed Jeffersonian republicanism, individual rights, and limited government, with Jacksonian democracy, the needs of society, and the will of the people. Throughout most of his career he kept those conflicting sets of ideals successfully in balance, with only the turmoil of the 1850s leading him into extreme positions.

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancerformen bland kvinnor globalt och i Sverige, med över 20 nya fall dagligen. Behandlingar inkluderar kirurgi, strålning, kemoterapi, hormonbehandling och målinriktade terapier. Mastektomi är vanligt och påverkar livskvaliteten hos kvinnor. Att förstå deras upplevelser har betydelse för omvårdnad. Syfte: Att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser efter genomförd mastektomi. Metod: Metoden är en litteraturöversikt av vetenskapliga originalartiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Litteraturöversikten identifierade två huvudtema: "Upplevelser av den förändrade kroppen", inklusive en förändrad kroppsuppfattning, anpassad klädsel och förändrat sexliv, samt "Upplevelser av relationer och stöd", med fokus på familjedynamik och stöd, stöd från sjukvårdspersonal, och det sociala livet. Resultaten visade på kvinnors utmaningar efter mastektomi och behovet av stöd och anpassning. Slutsats: Mastektomi hos kvinnor leder till kroppsuppfattningsförändringar och behov av omfattande stöd. Personcentrerad vård, psykologiskt stöd och korrekt information är viktigt för deras välbefinnande. / Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women globally and in Sweden, with over 20 new cases daily. Treatments include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapies. Mastectomy is common and affects the quality of life for women. Understanding their experiences is crucial for nursing care. Aim: To describe women's experiences after undergoing mastectomy. Method: The method involves a literature review of scientific original articles employing a qualitative approach. Results: The literature review identified two main themes: "Experiences of the changed body", including a changed body image, adapted clothing and changed sex life, and "Experiences of relationships and support", focusing on family dynamics and support, support from healthcare professionals, and social life. The results showed the challenges faced by women after mastectomy and the need for support and adaptation. Conclusions: Mastectomy results in changes in body perception and the need for comprehensive support. Person-centered care, psychological support, and accurate information are crucial for their well-being.

Både elever och lärare på gymnasienivå har svårigheter med bevis och bevisföring. Dessutom har det visat sig att bevis och bevisföring spelar en begränsad roll i matematikundervisning. Hur lärare ser på bevisets roll i matematikundervisningen kan påverka tillvägagångssättet för bevisundervisning. Syftet med studien är att belysa hur lärare ser på bevis och bevisföring när det gäller matematikundervisning på gymnasienivå. I studien har nio matematiklärare intervjuats om deras syn på bevisets roll i undervisningen, och hur de arbetar i praktiken med bevis och bevisföring. Intervjudata har analyserats tematiskt, baserat på en teori inspirerad av Knuths (2002a; 2002b) forskning om lärarnas uppfattningar om bevis. Teorin listar sex funktioner som bevis kan ha i matematikundervisning. Det framgår av studien att de flesta lärarna prioriterar förklaring, kommunikation och utveckling av logiskt tänkande när det gäller bevisets roll i undervisning. Resultaten visar även att lärarna anser att bevisundervisning främjar utvecklingen av problemlösningsförmågan. Den strukturerade progressionen och användningen av logiska steg som präglar bevisföringsprocessen utgör grunden för problemlösning. Det kan därför ses som rimligt att införa fler bevisföringsmoment i matematikundervisning. / Both pupils and teachers at upper-secondary school level have difficulties with proof and proving. Furthermore, proof and proving have been shown to play a limited role in mathematics teaching. How teachers view the role of proof in mathematics teaching can affect their approach to teaching proof. The aim of the study was to examine how teachers view proof and proving in the context of mathematics teaching at upper-secondary school level. Nine teachers were interviewed about how they viewed the role of proof in teaching and how they worked in practice with proof and proving. The data was analysed thematically, based on a theory inspired by Knuth’s (2002a; 2002b) research into teachers’ conceptions of proof. The theory lists six functions that proof can have in mathematics teaching. The study shows that most of the teachers prioritise explanation, communication and development of logical thinking as the roles of proof in teaching. The results also show that teachers believe that the teaching of proof promotes the development of problem-solving skills. The proving process is characterized by structured progression and use of logical steps that form the basis for problem-solving. It is therefore reasonable to include more teaching of proof in mathematics education.

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Yes / It is unclear whether people with dementia (PwD) have more negative attitudes toward own aging (ATOA) than people without dementia and what factors influence ATOA among PwD. We investigated whether PwD have more negative ATOA than individuals without dementia and whether cognition and dementia subtype are associated with ATOA in PwD. Data from the IDEAL and PROTECT studies were used to compare ATOA between 1502 PwD (mean (SD) age = 76.3 (8.5)) and 6377 individuals without dementia (mean (SD) age = 66.1 (7.1)). Linear regressions and ANOVA were used. PwD reported slightly more negative ATOA than people without dementia; this relationship disappeared after controlling for depression and self-rated health. In PwD more positive ATOA showed negligible associations with better general cognition, memory performance, verbal fluency, and visuospatial ability. However, after adjusting for covariates only better visuospatial ability predicted more positive ATOA. Additional analyses showed that before and after controlling for covariates, individuals with poorer self-reported visual acuity have more negative ATOA. Amongst dementia subtypes, people with Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies reported most negative ATOA. ATOA between PwD and people without dementia do not differ. ATOA in PwD appear to be affected not by cognitive impairment but by other characteristics that vary across dementia subtypes. Among PwD, those with Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies may have higher risk of experiencing negative ATOA due to the motor and visual impairments that they experience. / Improving the experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life: living well with dementia. The IDEAL study’ was funded jointly by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) through grant ES/L001853/2. The IDEAL-2 study’ is funded by Alzheimer’s Society, grant number 348, AS-PR2-16-001

Zweifellos beansprucht Schiller wie kaum ein anderer Dichter, die Freiheit des Menschen zur Grundlage seines philosophischen Denkens und künstlerischen Schaffens gemacht zu haben. Vorliegende Studie, die Schillers Jugendschriften zentral thematisiert, eröffnet den Blick auf die ideengeschichtliche Kontinuität dieses Denkens, das seinen Ursprung in der Stuttgarter Akademiezeit hat. Es wird also die innere Einheit von Schillers Denken betont, die jedoch nicht in der Kant-Lektüre, sondern in der frühen anthropologischen Prägung gesehen wird. Das verwendete quellenuntersuchende Vorgehen ermöglicht es, Schillers Akademieschriften in Verbindung mit der intellektuellen und szientifischen Gesamtlage der Zeit detailliert zu analysieren und zu interpretieren. Was dabei sichtbar wird, ist ein Naturbegriff, mit dem die lebendige Ganzheit der Natur als universeller Wirkungszusammenhang einzusehen versucht wird und der Akzent auf der Selbstbewegtheit der Natur liegt. Die Natur wird als etwas Produktives, sich Selbstorganisierendes, sich Selbstvollendendes begriffen. Dieser Naturbegriff liegt dem anthropologischen Selbstverständnis zugrunde. Frühzeitig gibt Schiller diesem anthropologischen Konzept eine geschichts- und moralphilosophische Dimension. / Undisputed, Schiller demands- as hardly any other poet – that he had made freedom of mankind to the foundation of his philosophical thoughts and artificial creation. This essay on hand has Schiller’ leaflet of his youth as subject and opens a view to the variety of ideas of the continuity of these thoughts which has its origin in the time at the academy in Stuttgart. The inner unit is marked which will not be seen in Kant’s readings , but also in the early anthropological coining. The used source- survey gives a chance to analyse and interpret Schiller’ leaflets in an association with the intellectual and scientific situation of this time in detail. It becomes clear that the expression of nature is seen as the living holistic of the nature which has a relationship between effects and that the accent lies on the automatically moving of the nature. The nature is made clear as something automatically organising and completed and something productive. This expression of nature is the basic of the anthropological comprehension. Premature, Schiller gives this anthropological draft a historical moral standard dimension.

The assumption of the present study is that teachers should possess an adequate understanding of the nature of science and scientific method and hence this aspect was investigated. The empirical research carried out with Secondary School teacher trainees at Botswana colleges of education showed the following: Subjects possess an adequate understanding of some aspects of the nature of science and several aspects of the scientific method. They however do not have an adequate understanding on certain aspects of the nature of science. An association was found between the nature of science, type of educational institution attended, years of study and majoring in science. A positive association was found between scientific method and years spent studying. The present study recommended the inclusion of history, philosophy and sociology of science in the curriculum of teacher education. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (with specialisation in Natural Science Education)

Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie studie word die metableties-eksemplariese aanloop tot die globaliseringsverskynsel ondersoek. Daar word gekonsentreer op die benadering van vier f ilosowe wat met reg die f ilosof iese wegbereiders van bogenoemde verskynsel genoem kan word. Feuerbach, Marx, Nietzsche en Dewey het gewis •n belangrike bydrae tot die bevordering van die Globalisme gelewer. Vervolgens word op die aanloop tot •n plurale samelewingsverband en die fundamentele rol van verskeie ideologiee gef okus. Verskeie globalistiese en inoutentieke opvoedings- en onderwysbenaderings word ook ontleed om die neerslag van die Globalisme op onderwysgebied aan die lig te bring. Die berekende denke voer die botoon in die globalistiese bestel, gevolglik word die besinnende denke nie in die opvoeding en onderwys in aanmerking geneem nie. Die globaliseringsverskynsel het onder andere die volgende implikasies vir die opvoeding en onderwys: Inoutentieke beroepsafrigting. Identiteitskrisis. Ontheemding Waarde- en normrelativisme. Gedegradeerde mens- en kindbeskouing. Sins- en waarheidsverduistering. / The metabletic-exemplary advance of the phenomenon of Globalism is examined in this study. The approach of four philosophers who may aptly be described as the philosophical pioneers of Globalism, has been focused upon. Feuerbach, Marx, Nietzsche and Dewey have certainly made an important contribution towards the advancement of this phenomenon. The advent of a pluralistic societal structure and the fundamental role of several ideologies, responsible for the advancement of a globalistic society, will also be focused upon. Various inauthentic and globalistic approach~s to education are analised in order to illustrate the impact of Globalism on education. Natural-scientific thought sets the pace in the globalistic order, with the result that reflective thought is not taken into account in education. The implications of the globalistic phenomenon for education are the following: Inauthentic job training. Identity crisis. - Alienation. - Value and norm relativism. - Degraded view of mankind and the child. - Obscurity of truth and meaning. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Historiese Opvoekunde)