171 |
論股份有限公司資本制度--以具體規範之探討為核心許坤皇 Unknown Date (has links)
在股東負擔有限責任之前提下,為衡平股東與公司債權人之利益,避免僅有股東享有有限責任之絕對優勢,故大陸法系對公司債權人債權實現之保障採取事前管制措施,對於公司資本與資金之使用設有多重限制,寄望公司資本能成為公司債權人實現債權之屏障,因而有資本三原則之設計。惟此制從其所架構之原型到現在已經過相當之修正,我國法之具體落實規範亦已與其原本之設計架構產生相當大之落差,其原本所欲達成之制度目標因而多有未竟其功之處,其存在實益因而飽受質疑。
惟此究係理論本身之問題,抑或是具體落實規範有所不足?實有探究之必要。本論文就理論面出發,分析資本三原則之設計架構是否妥適,並於討論我國法之具體規範發展過程後,再比較美國法及日本法,檢討我國現行規定之妥當性,進而於有所不妥之處,試著提出解決之道。
本文所探討之重點規範如下:
一、資本確定原則部分:
法定資本制、折衷式授權資本制、授權資本制。
二、資本維持原則部分:
股份折價發行之禁止與例外、出資標的、股份回籠禁止原則與例外、盈餘分派與公積制度。
三、資本不變原則部分:
減資態樣、保障公司債權人程序。
|
172 |
不對稱組織間交易關係之統治 / Governance in asymmetric buyer-seller relationships康敏平, Kang, Min-Ping Unknown Date (has links)
代工廠商承接訂單時,為特定品牌客戶投資各種專屬的設備和人力是普遍存在的現象。相較之下,台灣的代工廠商處於相對弱勢的地位。代工廠商並不容易在交易初期就從品牌客戶端,取得對等的保護機制,故契約的執行的風險也相對升高。但實務上,我們發現台灣的代工廠商在沒有事前保護機制的情況下,卻仍持續為特定客戶投資。如果代工廠商必須先承諾關係專屬投資,才能爭取得到訂單。在沒有事前保護機制的情況下,代工廠商該有那些配套措施,來保護交易關係?
本研究以代工廠商角度,探討如何透過交易後的保護策略,改變代工廠商與客戶之間的依賴關係。本研究根據交易成本理論和權力依賴理論推論,代工廠商傾向先承諾關係專屬投資,並於交易後採取事後保護策略。事後保護策略有兩類,分別是槓桿策略(資源獲取、擴大客戶範疇)和連結策略(擴大垂直範疇、共同決策與行動)。槓桿策略企圖降低代工廠商的依賴程度;連結策略則會提高客戶的依賴程度。藉由代工廠商與品牌客戶之間的權力變化,進而保護關係專屬投資免於套牢的威脅。
本研究分三個子研究進行,分別為(1)探索性個案研究、(2)關係專屬投資量表發展、(3)問卷調查研究。第一、探索性個案研究發現,不對稱的組織間關係使得代工廠商必須配合品牌客戶的需求而承諾關係專屬投資,但在「小對大」的格局之下,較為弱勢的代工廠商仍有具有生存空間。個案研究發現代工廠商對品牌客戶的投資,除了單一交易的成本與利益之外,還會考量對未來交易以及其他交易對象的影響。所謂「將欲奪之,必固與之」,代工廠商透過關係專屬投資被整合到產業的價值網絡中,換取廠商的生存機會。
第二、關係專屬投資量表發展研究發現,關係專屬投資為一多構面構念,可分為「實體資產投資」、「無形資產投資」和「資產專屬程度」三個次構念。由此可知,關係專屬投資既是一種資產,有助於交易關係之維持;也可能成為負債,限於少數交易的困境。
第三、本研究整合交易成本理論和權力依賴理論,並根據個案研究和量表發展結果,推論關係專屬投資程度、事後保護策略、依賴程度三者之間的關係。問卷調查研究證實,代工廠商對品牌客戶的無形 資產投資會增加代工廠商的依賴程度。但如果代工廠商投資之後,採取資源獲取策略。藉由品牌客戶的背書,提升知名度或市場地位,則關係專屬投資與代工廠商依賴程度之間的關係就會減弱。另外,關係專屬投資也會提高客戶對代工廠商的依賴程度。投資實體資產和無形資產的代工廠商,會藉由擴大服務範疇,與客戶共同決策與行動,來提高客戶依賴程度。 / In original equipment manufacturer (OEM)-supplier relationships, OEM suppliers commonly make investments that are specialized to the requirements of a particular buyer. Taiwanese OEM suppliers are small-medium firms with limited resources and low in market visibility. They are initially in a weak bargaining position, so they have no ability to vertical integrate or demand any kind of ex ante safeguards at all. Knowing that clients may have opportunistic behaviors, suppliers in Taiwan still make relation-specific investments for them without their commitments. How do these suppliers governance the asymmetric interorganizational relationships to avoid falling into the trap predicted by the transaction cost theory?
This study takes the view of a supplier, the small party in asymmetric OEM-supplier relationship, who adopts ex post strategies to create inter-organizational dependency with OEMs. According to transaction cost theory and power dependency theory, we argue that OEM suppliers are more likely to make relation-specific investments first and follow by ex post strategies. We model the ex post strategies adopted by OEM suppliers to protect specific investments in asymmetric OEM-supplier relationships by using leveraging strategy (resource acquisition, customer scope) and bonding strategy (vertical scope, joint action). Leveraging strategies will lower the level of suppliers’ dependence on OEMs while bonding strategy will increase the level of OEMs’ dependence on suppliers.
We conducted three studies to explore the issues: (1) exploratory case research; (2) scale development of the construct of relation-specific investment; (3) survey research. First, we found that investment decision of small party is beyond the scope of a single transaction. After making relation-specific investments, OEM suppliers redeploy their resources and work closely with their buyers to maintain exiting and future transactions. They also acquire strategic resources from OEMs and apply them to a broader customer base.
Second, the concept of relation-specific investment is a multidimensional construct with three sub-dimensions as tangible investment, intangible investment, and asset specificity. Relation-specific investments create an inherent dilemma because they have the potential both to promote and reduce transaction cost for investing parties.
Third, we integrated two theories to explore the relationships between relation-specific investment, ex post strategies, and dependency. According to survey results of 146 OEM suppliers in Taiwan, we confirmed the positive relationship between suppliers’ intangible asset investment and their dependency on OEMs. However, if suppliers leverage their clients’ reputations and reposition themselves as first-tier suppliers, they can lower the level of suppliers’ dependency due to their relation-specific investments. On the other hand, the more relation-specific investments suppliers make, the morel likely suppliers would adopt bonding strategy by expanding vertical scope in supply chain and by actively involving in joint decision making. We found that relation-specific investment itself and suppliers’ bonding strategy will increase the OEMs’ dependency on suppliers.
|
173 |
巴西的民族同化政策 / Politica Etnica Assimilacionista do Brasil守般若 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文探討500年來巴西政府對印第安人以及對非洲系人的民族同化政策。首先,殖民政府以利用印第安人勞力為目的,試圖使印第安人融入主體社會中,但最後印第安人受到保護區的隔離;其次,為了解決非洲系人的差異問題,且受到社會達爾文主義的影響,巴西在1890年開始採取以混種為目標的白化政策,卻在1970年代受到國內外輿論的壓力而被迫放棄白化政策。
本論文運用各種歷史文獻來探討巴西印第安人和巴西非洲人的民族同化過
程,分析政府在不同時期的同化政策有什麼轉變,並且解釋民族同化政策的結果為什麼走向失敗,最後演變為多元化的局面。
為了呈現巴西民族同化政策的全貌,將政策區分為三個階段來分析。第一階段,從殖民開始到巴西獨立為止(1500~1822),是政府對印第安人納為臣民的奠基期;第二階段,從巴西帝國時期到巴西成立共和國前夕(1823~1889),是印第安人受到監護對待的時期;第三階段,自建立共和國並採取白化政策起,到放棄白化政策為止(1890~1970),是非洲系人受到強制同化的時期。
本研究發現,16世紀以來政府對印第安人的同化政策,以及1890年以後政府對非洲系人的同化政策,都趨向失敗,歸納有以下三個因素:(1)非洲系人與歐洲系人的人口數量有懸殊差異;(2)印第安人及非洲系人兩者,並未與做為主體民族的歐洲系人混居,且印第安人在20世紀因政府實施保留地政策而免於被同化;(3)相較於南美其他國家,巴西政府對非洲系人的民族同化政策起步緩慢。這些因素進而促使巴西走向多元化。
|
174 |
企業分割重組之債權人保護機制之探討 —我國法與日本法之比較研究 / A Study on the Corporate Creditor Protection Mechanism in Corporate Division: A Comparison of Japanese and Taiwanese Law徐悅芳, Hsu, Yueh Fang Unknown Date (has links)
企業的重組再造的活絡為現今世界各國商業發展中,公司型態發展成熟、廣為運用的證明。日本於會社法訂有公司組織重組的型態以及相關法制規範,而基於日本多數的家族企業或閉鎖型公司均屬於股份有限公司形式,以企業併購的方式為組織重組並非難事。惟公司若陷入財務困難或有資產不足抵償負債時,在破產前公司可能以分割行為,選擇性地使一部陷入破產狀態,他部繼續存活,以求公司重建,實質上公司係藉由分割而為法人的脫產行為。為避免此種不法行為,日本會社法採取事前的保護措施立法模式,要求公司有資訊揭露義務,以及必須進行債權人異議程序,以保護債權人因公司分割使他公司概括繼承權利義務而有權利受損之虞。惟此債權人保護機制的缺點在於,債權人保護機制有異議陳述權主體的限制,以及分割標的、公司公司及通知義務的放寬,導致因分割而受償率受影響的債權人在分割事前無法獲得分割資訊,進而無法提出異議,亦因主體適格的限制無法主張事後救濟的結果,亦即債權人保護機制陷於失靈的狀態。公司即藉債權人保護機制的漏洞,濫用公司分割制度將公司經營之風險轉嫁予債權人。
本研究將著重於債權人對公司總資產充足之信賴因公司分割受到危害時,債權人如何將逸出資產回復於公司,或將清償責任擴及於他公司,以追及公司藉由分割而移出公司之逸出財產,滿足分割前應獲得之清償。首先,日本司法實務主要承認債權人得依日本民法及日本破產法的撤銷權與否認權規定,請求撤銷分割行為。而為了分割事業不致受過大的衝擊,回復原狀方式以金錢賠償為主。第二,基於營業讓與制度亦被濫用於公司之脫產行為,債權人主張日本會社法的商號續用責任受到實務肯認的先例,以分割制度為脫產行為時,實務也有認為債權人得類推適用商號續用責任規定追究繼承公司之責任。第三,若為新設分割,在具備相同控制力的二公司間以分割行為規避法令或契約上義務,亦即脫免債務,實務上亦出現不少以法人格否認法理為基礎,否認分割當事公司法人格,使債權人得追及責任之案例。在解釋論發展出許多債權人可資救濟的方式後,日本會社法於2015年修正中,新增詐害的公司分割下既存債權人的直接求償權規定,明文解決濫用公司分割制度之問題。
我國雖未發生分割制度受濫用的顯著案例,惟分割制度下債權人保護機制仍有不足之處,另外我國與日本較顯著不同之處在於分割後當事公司負擔原則性的連帶清償責任。現行法下除外條件並非明確,企業運用分割制度進行組織重組可能會因連帶責任的風險而卻步,不利於企業分割重組的活絡,故在立法論上應有受檢討之處。另從日本司法實務承認的債權人可資主張的救濟途徑角度,本文進一步探討債權人主張我國民法與破產法的撤銷權,以及公司法關係企業中控制公司向從屬公司責任負擔之規定、2013年新增訂之揭穿公司面紗原則的可行性,並期待我國以日本法所產生之問題為借鏡,在分割行為中,分割當事公司與債權人間權益能獲致衡平。
|
175 |
我國生物相似性藥品研發廠商海外市場進入策略之決策探討 / The research of the foreign market entry strategy for biosimilar manufacturers in Taiwan歐俐岑, Ou, Li Tseng Unknown Date (has links)
隨著人口增長以及人口老化速度加劇,全球藥品消費需求快速成長。生物藥品因其具有針對特定疾病之專一性,在治療病毒性肝炎、癌症及後天免疫缺乏症候群(Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,AIDS)等重大疾病上擁有相當大的發展潛力。除了積極研發全新生物藥品之外,我國生技製藥廠商亦將注意力放到生物相似性藥品的研發上。
但因我國藥品內需市場規模較小,一旦成功研發出生物相似性藥品,若無法將其外銷至海外市場,恐不能弭平鉅額的前期投入。而進入國際市場之際,倘若未制定適宜的進入策略,卻又極可能會以失敗收場。
基於生物相似性藥品本身之特性與法律上之定義,其研發藥廠在進入市場的順序上係處於後進者之地位。但為了成為早期追隨者而搶占部分先驅者優勢,廠商必須選擇恰當的進入模式及進入時機並適時的調整之。而進入障礙對於進入策略之擬定有相當大的影響,尤其以生物相似性藥品市場而言,影響最為深刻的是制度性的進入障礙。
本研究以全球前二大藥品市場─美國、中國大陸為標的,探討我國生物相似性藥品研發廠商進入海外生物相似性藥品市場時,所需跨越的制度性進入障礙可能為何?其他跨國性藥廠在面臨上述制度性進入障礙時,係採取何種因應方法,以及如何調整其進入策略?並從中總結出,對於我國生物相似性藥品研發廠商而言,較為可行的市場進入策略。
經研究分析後,本研究認為,生物相似性藥品市場的制度性進入障礙係來自於東道國的保護主義、專利相關法規與解決專利爭議之機制有所缺漏或偏頗,以及藥品上市審查及藥價管理相關法律規範過於嚴苛或過於鬆散。
而跨國性藥廠因有較充裕的資金及專利訴訟經驗,因此在面對因專利所形成之制度性進入障礙時,可以訴訟或法定行政程序等合法方式克服該專利障礙。對於藥品上市審查法規之要求,則可透過加大投資以求符合法規標準。至於東道國的保護主義,則多藉由與當地企業進行合作、成立合資企業等方式,突破該進入障礙。
因我國生物相似性藥品研發廠商之規模較小,較難獨自克服各生物相似性藥品市場的制度性進入障礙,所以在進入策略上,本研究建議,可積極尋求與原廠或國際生物相似性藥品研發廠商合作,致力於發展全新生物藥品。或是透過兩岸合作研發,於奠定一定基礎後,進一步開拓生物相似性藥品的海外市場。
|
176 |
霸凌旁觀者行為傾向影響因素探討-以高雄市都會區國中學生為例 / Bullying bystander behavior affect factors among Kaohsiung junior high students張育慈 Unknown Date (has links)
霸凌事件頻繁出現在各大報章雜誌,霸凌受害者在霸凌事件中經常處於權力不均等的地位,無法主動求援。借鏡西方之成功反霸凌計畫,發現霸凌事件中旁觀者的反應對於揭露、制止霸凌有相當之重要性。本研究將霸凌旁觀者區分為保護者以及局外者,過往研究發現兩者雖同為霸凌事件之旁觀者,然其行為結果卻有截然不同的影響。保護者行為的出現,可使學生對校園安全感受提高並有助於降低霸凌發生率,局外者行為則否。本研究參考Latané 與 Darley(1970)提出之旁觀者決策歷程模式等助人行為理論,推論學生對霸凌的態度、個人責任感,以及同儕團體規範會影響旁觀者的行為傾向,期望透過本研究了解國中學生旁觀霸凌事件的反應傾向,以及影響旁觀者行為之個人及同儕因素。
本研究採取實證典範之調查研究方法,研究樣本包和高雄市都會區國民中學421位學生,並且採用描述性統計、T檢定、單因子變異數分析以及多元迴歸等研究方法,依據受試者在「旁觀者行為」量表、霸凌「態度」量表、「個人責任感」量表以及「同儕團體規範」量表之得分進行統計分析。研究發現如下:
一、高雄市都會區國中學生,具有中度之保護者行為以及局外者行為傾向。
二、女性相較於男性較傾向出現保護者行為,對霸凌持較高的反對態度,且對「朋友」具有較高之個人責任感。
三、學生對「同學」之「個人責任感」受到「年級」所影響,「七年級」學生對於同學之個人責任感高於「八、九年級」學生。
四、學生對於「同學」之「個人責任感」以及「同儕團體規範」可以預測「保護者行為傾向」以及「局外者行為傾向」。
最後,依據本研究的結果提出實務建議與未來研究方向。 / Bullying is frequently reported in major newspapers and magazines. Bullying victims are usually in a disadvantaged position making them unable to call for help on their own. Successful anti-bullying programs in the west have found that bystanders hold an important role in the disclosure or cessation of bullying incidents. This study classified bystanders into defenders and outsiders. Although both are bystanders, defenders could increase a sense of security on campus and reduce the incidence of bullying. Outsiders, on the other hand, could not achieve such effect. Using Latané & Darley, s decision-tree model of bystander intervention, this study hypothesized that personal attitude and responsibility and peer group norm toward bullying would affect bystander behavior in the incidence of bullying. This study aimed to understand the way Taiwanese junior high students responded to bullying and factors that might affect bystander behavior.
Using survey research method, data were collected from 421 junior high school students in Kaohsiung Metropolitan Area as samples using questionnaires, including bystander behavior scale, bullying attitude scale, personal responsibility scale, and peer group norms scale. Statistical methods, such as descriptive statistics、t-tests、one way ANOVAs, and multiple regressions, were used, and the results are reported in the following:
1.Junior high school students in Kaohsiung Metropolitan Area had above average scores in their behavioral tendency as defenders or outsiders in incidence of bullying.
2.Female tended to have more defender behavior than male did. Also, female tended to oppose bullying more strongly and showed more sense of personal responsibility if “a friend” was bullied.
3.“Seventh graders” showed stronger sense of personal responsibility than 8th and 9th graders.
4.The sense of personal responsibility if “a classmate” was bullied and peer group norm (peers tended to aid the victims) both predicted behavioral tendency as defenders and outsider.
Implications and future directions were discussed.
|
177 |
ISMS與PIMS整合導入之研究 -以國防部全球資訊網站系統為例 / Research on Importing and Integration of ISMS and PIMS – A Case Study of the World Wide Web for Military of National Defense, Taiwan, R.O.C孫天貴, Sun, Tien Kuei Unknown Date (has links)
隨著資訊科技的蓬勃發展,資訊技術可以提昇組織效率與競爭力,資訊系統或網站亦是組織營運重要命脈。而在近年來全球資訊安全事件不斷發生,資訊犯罪手法不斷翻新,所肇生的系統損害、資料毀損、個資外洩、財務詐騙事件近來更是層出不窮,對單位或公司而言風險不斷提高,傷害亦相對嚴重,甚至導致公司信譽破產,面臨倒閉威脅,為保護組織內部資訊相關資產與個人資料,並保持組織持續正常運作,資訊安全管理系統(ISMS)與個人資訊管理系統 (PIMS)便是一套可有效控制管理之方法;ISMS與PIMS分兩次來導入,造成組織增加工作負荷,有疊床架屋情形,成本有部分重複投資現象。本研究試著以資料的生命週期,資訊安全的機密性、完整性、可用性,PDCA運作模型...等角度進行本質上探討,來進行整合ISMS與PIMS的整合工作。
經文獻探討與專家學者建議,本研究突破各項盲點,從各角度分析進行多面向整合工作,並提出4點可有效整合具體作法:1. 清查作業流程須包含個人資料所延伸之流程。2. 進行作業流程上資訊資產及個資清查作業。3. 資訊資產及個人資料風險評鑑作業。4. 建立ISMS與PIMS四階文件,產出ISO27001適用性聲明須包含個資法。
本研究以國防部網站系統為例,運用整合結果進行實作,將實作經驗分享給未來有意導入ISMS與PIMS之IT人員,實作結果也證實本研究提出論點確實有效,更有效且更有邏輯性的面對各種資安與個資問題,以作業流程面來分析資安與個資,讓每個控制點更加明確,最後實作運用以各國均能接受的ISO標準(ISO 27001標準包含個資管理流程)來驗證本實作,也證明本研究整合後,在實施(Plan-Do-Check-Act)管理系統確實有效,均能符合相關標準與法規。
|
178 |
加拿大難民政策之研究 / The Study of Canada Refugee Policy陳孟綺, Chen, Mong Chi Unknown Date (has links)
難民問題是一個國際性問題,難民是指居住在自己國籍國家以外,無法或不願返國的個人,由於種族、宗教、國籍、特定社會成員身分,或政治立場遭迫害而有所恐懼。由於難民對移入國造成政治、經濟、文化、社會、教育、安全等方面的衝擊,政府必須規劃難民政策並制定相關法規來因應難民問題。加拿大每年收容難民約25,000人,約收容世界上難民的10%,加拿大在2002年制定「移民及難民保護法」等法規,建立了完整的難民政策,並與聯合國難民署及國際移民組織等單位進行合作,共同協力來解決難民的安置問題。加拿大落實人權治國理念,積極參與國際事務,實質進行難民庇護措施,政府與民間共同合作提供難民保護及協助,並因時制宜的對其難民政策進行調整,以利其國家未來發展。本文以加拿大的難民歷史沿革之架構出發,就加拿大難民政策發展歷程、接納難民現況及難民政策實踐及改革措施作一整理,文末筆者以其研究發現提出建議及結論。 / Refugee problem was recognized as an international issue. The term of “refugee” has been perceived as people who face systematic discrimination on the bases of ethnicity, religion, nationality, and membership in a specific social group with “fear of persecution”. The problem of refugee has fostered an intense debate regarding what changes of political, economic, cultural, educational and secure environments are necessary in refugee-receiving countries to provide effective solutions.
In Canada, there are about 25,000 people entered to seek asylum every year – with approximately 10% of all refugees worldwide. In order to deal with refugees’ settlement issues, Immigration and Refugee Protection Act came into effect in 2002. In addition, the Canadian government's effort in cooperating with UNHCR and IOM enables refugees to stay in safety. The dissertation presents historical overview of issues of refugees and provides critical review and discussion on refugee policies in Canada. In the end, the author proposed her personal conclusion and suggestion through the research.
|
179 |
環保議題融入中高級華語課程設計與實踐 / Environmental Issues in CSL Curriculum Design and Implementation for Intermediate-High Level Learners林芝逸, Lin, Chih Yi Unknown Date (has links)
本研究期望能設計以環境保護為主題的華語課程,使中高級華語學習者在學習語言的同時,亦能了解相關環保知識,並透過共同討論現實世界所面臨的問題提升其環保意識。
研究目的為:一、了解中高級華語學習者之學習需求。二、提供環保議題融入華語教學課程設計參考模式。三、評估具體教學成效。在課程設計前,透過文獻分析釐清本課程適合的教學方法、教學目標訂定方式以及教學材料的選取、編寫準則,主要以主題式教學法(Theme-Based Language Instruction)、溝通式教學法(Communicative Language Teaching)、美國外語教學學會(ACTFL)之5C準則(5C Standards)及貝爾格勒憲章(The Belgrade Charter)中的六項環境教育目標為本研究之教學理念,並參考英語教學之經驗,思考環境議題融入語言課程可行方式。亦透過需求分析,向中高級學習者與教師發放問卷,了解「教」與「學」兩方對於環保主題課程的態度及看法。綜合文獻與需求分析結果為本研究課程設計總體方向,依此進行課程發展設計,並實際進行兩次課程實施以評估學習成就及整體課程設計,提出改進之道及後續研究建議。
本文主要研究方法為發展研究法、問卷及訪談調查法。發展研究法提供本研究可參照之設計流程,包含分析、設計發展、課程實施、成效評估、修正等階段。問卷調查用於課程設計前之學習需求分析、課程實施後之課程滿意度調查;訪談則用於課程實施後,了解學習者對本課程的想法、心得與建議,進一步回饋至修正建議。
透過教學實施,學習者對於本課程皆給予正面評價,認為本課程有意思且實用,不僅能使語言技能進步,亦能關心、討論環境議題,也讓平常少有機會接觸時事的學生更了解台灣社會與文化。本研究根據教學成效提出幾點教學建議:一、在教學內容選取上,現實議題探討能加強學習者之社會語言能力,且符合學習興趣,使學習者能更了解所處的社會環境。議題以真實材料或非真實材料呈現皆有其須注意之處。二、在環境教育目標於華語課程之實踐上,教師須於課堂提供察覺、認識之契機,透過引導,學習者能自行運用其技能與評估能力,最後發展出個人觀點與態度。三、在課堂活動規劃上,輸入、輸出型活動須搭配且循序運用。筆者並於篇末提出後續研究建議。 / This study examines the design of a Chinese language curriculum focused on environmental protection, and aims to enhance students’ language skills while increasing awareness about environmental issues.
There are three purposes of this study; the first is to analyze the learning needs of intermediate-high CSL students, the second is to provide a design model for an environmentally themed CSL curriculum, and the third is to evaluate the effectiveness of its implementation. Also included is a review of previous studies that highlights appropriate methods of developing objectives, editing materials, and teaching. The instructional philosophy of this study is based on theme-based language instruction, communicative language teaching, the 5 C’s language teaching standards (ACTFL) , and the six objectives of environmental education in the Belgrade Charter. A learning needs questionnaire is also given to both teachers and students in order to survey their opinions on teaching and learning. The results of this needs analysis and extensive review of existing literature provide the main guiding principles behind the curriculum’s development. The results of two terms of implementations are presented, as well as potential further improvements.
The main research method of this study is developmental research; surveys and interviews are used to as supplemental methods. The developmental research method provides a model for curriculum design, and calls for various phases of analysis, design (development), implementation, and evaluation. Survey research is then used to forecast learning needs before the design phase, and also to gather students’ feedback after the completion of the class. Interviews are used after each complete implementation to gather more information and impressions from students.
After two complete implementations of the curriculum, the interview results show that students find the course practical and interesting, as they can not only enhance their language skills, but also raise their awareness of environmental issues through class discussion. In addition, they felt the class increased their understanding of Taiwan society and culture via discussion of current events. The main findings are as follows:
1) Content relating to social issues can simultaneously improve students’ sociolinguistic competence and also meet their learning needs. The contents can be provided in authentic or inauthentic contexts, but should follow certain design principles.
2) To fulfill the six objectives of environmental education in a CSL curriculum, the instructor needs to help students understand environmental issues first, and then guide students to use their analysis skills to evaluate current events. Afterwards, students will develop their own perspective and attitude.
3) To develop an effective course, the input and output activities should be arranged in sequence.
|
180 |
探討雙酚化合物對神經毒素誘發神經毒害及行為異常的預防與治療效用 / Investigation of the protective and therapeutic effects of biphenols on neuronal damage and abnormal behavior induced by neurotoxins劉郁潔, Liu, Yu Chieh Unknown Date (has links)
雙酚化合物在文獻報導中發現具有抗發炎和抗氧化的能力,因為其親脂性的特性,雙酚化合物可以輕易穿透血腦屏障到中樞神經系統發揮其藥理活性。因此,雙酚化合物被評估可做為潛在預防及治療神經退化性疾病如帕金森氏症的神經保護藥物。本研究目的為探討新合成的雙酚化合物MH101及MH102是否具有神經保護和治療效用,而對抗神經毒素(包含巴拉圭、過氧化氫及MPTP)引起的神經毒害及其誘發的動物行為異常(如: 學習、記憶及運動協調)。研究中應用Oregon-R的果蠅(年齡: 1-2, 7, 20 和 30天)做為檢測模式,果蠅暴露在巴拉圭 (5-20 mM)或過氧化氫(0.3 %-3 %)環境下,並且給予MH101 (0.1-3 μM)。結果顯示MH101未能有效地減緩巴拉圭及過氧化氫所引起果蠅壽命的下降。此外,給予雄性ICR小鼠 (25-30 g) 腹腔注射MPTP (25mg/kg)每天一次連續五天,觀察神經毒素誘發的行為異常和神經毒害。在觀察保護效果的研究中,雄性小鼠在給予MPTP前一小時腹腔注射MH101 (1-3 mg/kg) 或MH102 (0.1-3 mg/kg) 每天一次連續五天,之後單獨給予MH101或MH102治療連續九天。後處理的組別,雄性小鼠在給予MPTP每天一次連續五天後,每天腹腔注射MH101 (1-3 mg/kg) 或MH102 (0.1-3 mg/kg)連續九天。控制組組別,小鼠則給予生理食鹽水(0.9%)及玉米油的混合液。結果顯示,MH101、MH102及MPTP皆不影響小鼠橫桿行走試驗的運動平衡和協調能力。然而,在前處理和後處理MH101或MH102後用新位置辨識能力測試和新物體辨識能力測試觀察MPTP引起的認知缺失,實驗結果顯示MH101及MH102皆恢復短期記憶和長期記憶的認知辨識指標。另外,前處理和後處理MH101或MH102雖有些微恢復紋狀體內MPTP引起多巴胺神經損傷及多巴胺轉運子減少的趨勢,但不顯著。由此推論,雙酚化合物MH101及MH102具有預防及改善神經毒素所引發的認知與學習缺陷,未來可能發展成為神經退化性疾病如帕金森氏症之潛力治療藥物,另針對MH101及MH102在神經損傷及動物行為障礙的恢復和保護藥理機制則需進一步實驗探討。 / Biphenols which are the main constituents of the traditional herbs have been found to possess the antiinflammatory and antioxidative properties. Due to the lipophilic activity, biphenols can readily cross the blood brain barrier to exert their pharmacological effects in the central nervous system. Thus, biphenols are proposed to act as the novel neuroprotective agents for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). The aim of the present study was to examine whether the new synthetic biphenolic compounds MH101 and MH102 have the neuroprotective and therapeutic actions against the neurotoxicity and the behavioral impairments (e.g. learning, memory, and motor coordination) induced by neurotoxins including paraquat, hydrogen peroxide, and MPTP in PD-like animal models. The following experiments examined the lifespan of flies from Oregon-R strain of Drosophoila melanogaster (age: 1-2, 7, 20 and 30 days) chronically exposed to paraquat (5-20 mM) or hydrogen peroxide (0.3 %-3 %) under MH101 (0.1-3 μM) treatment. Our results showed that MH101 could not effectively influence the reduced lifespan of the flies induced by paraquat and hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, male ICR mice (25-30 g) were administrated with MPTP (25 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily for 5 consecutive days to induce neuronal damage and cognitive deficits. For the protective study, male mice were administrated with MH101 (1-3 mg/kg, i.p.) or MH102 (0.1-3 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 hour prior to MPTP injection once daily for 5 days, and followed daily treatment with MH101 or MH102 alone for consecutive 9 days after the final injection of MPTP. For the post-treatment study, male mice were administrated with MPTP (25 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily for 5 consecutive days, and followed by daily treatment of MH101 or MH102 for 9 days. Mice in control group were injected with vehicle (0.9% saline + corn oil). The results showed that MH101, MH102, and MPTP alone did not alter the motor functions of coordination and balance in beam walking test. On the other hand, both pre-treatment and post-treatment of MH101 and MH102 reversed the cognitive dysfunction induced by MPTP detected by novel location recognition test (NLRT) and novel object recognition test (NORT). Data demonstrated that MH101 and MH102 reversed the reduction in recognition index (RI) of short term memory and long term memory in MPTP-induced PD model. However, pre-treatment and post-treatment of MH101 or MH102 slightly recovered MPTP-induced loss of dopamine neurons and dopamine transporter in striatum. Therefore, the results suggest that biphenols including MH101 and MH102 may be the candidates for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. In the future, it will need further study to determine the pharmacological mechanism of MH101 and MH102 in protection and restoration of neuronal injury and cognitive impairment.
|
Page generated in 0.0187 seconds