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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

言語及手勢中之隱喻表達 / The Expression of Metaphor in Speech and Gesture

張宇彤, Chang, Yu Tung Unknown Date (has links)
本文旨在研究中文日常會話中語言及手勢之隱喻表達,並根據Lakoff和Johnson的概念隱喻理論(Conceptual Metaphor Theory),探討語言與手勢之慣常隱喻表達以及兩者的互動關係。本文共分析247筆隱喻。其中110(44.5%)筆在語言及手勢中同時傳遞同一類型之隱喻概念;另外137(55.5%)筆只藉著手勢傳達隱喻概念。 日常會話語料中共發現九種隱喻類型,包括身體譬喻、因果譬喻、傳輸譬喻、容器譬喻、實體譬喻、虛擬移動譬喻、 空間方位譬喻、擬人譬喻以及複合譬喻。此外,根據意象圖式之概念,本研究也區分了九種來源域概念:活動、身體部位、容器、虛擬移動、力、物體、路徑、人與空間。隱喻可以用來表達繁多的目標域概念,以下八種目標域概念在語料中至少出現五次:群體、心理活動、具體活動、程度、順序、說話內容、狀態與時間。 研究發現,實體譬喻(77.8%)及空間方位譬喻(17.4%)在日常會話中最為普遍。根據Lakoff 和 Johnson (1980c),人們對於實體之經驗提供了多種方式來表達其他抽象概念,例如我們能集合、分類、量化物體以及確立物體之情勢。Lakoff 和 Johnson亦表示,空間方位是構成某些概念(例如:高地位)之不可或缺的部分;缺乏空間方位譬喻,很難利用其他方式表達。因此,日常會話中經常使用實體譬喻及空間方位作譬喻。空間方位譬喻之來源域概念可以是空間或路徑,而其他類型之譬喻僅來自單一來源域。最常見的來源域概念為物體,而常見之目標域概念則有狀態、時間及具體活動。有關單一來源域至多元目標域之隱喻對應,來源域概念包括物體、空間、路徑、虛擬移動、活動及容器,可用以表達多個目標域。有關多元來源域至單一目標域之隱喻對應,目標域概念包括時間、心理活動、說話內容、順序及程度,可藉由多個來源域表達。 本文亦從三方面探討語言及手勢如何共同表達隱喻概念:語言及手勢之時序、手勢之關聯詞彙、語言及手勢之語意配合,以瞭解關於語言與手勢產生之不同理論假說。Lexical Semantic Hypothesis認為手勢源自於詞項之語意內容,也主張手勢出現之時間通常先於相關詞彙,以利詞彙搜索。Interface Hypothesis則認為空間-運動訊息及語言訊息在產生手勢之過程中相互影響,因此手勢及語言會同時出現,而本研究確實發現手勢大多與相關詞彙同時出現。再者,17.4%的手勢對應片語,而不限於單詞,此結果與Lexical Semantic Hypothesis之見解相悖。最後,研究發現55.5%之隱喻僅藉由手勢表達。因此語言及手勢傳達不同的語意訊息,結果支持Interface Hypothesis之論說—手勢和語言可各自表意。上述三項結果支持Interface Hypothesis之論點。 / This thesis explores the linguistic and gestural expressions of metaphors in daily Chinese conversations. Following Lakoff and Johnson’s framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, the present study aims to investigate the habitual expressions of metaphors in language and gesture and the collaboration of the two modalities in conveying metaphors. The present study examined 247 metaphoric expressions. The data includes 110 (44.5%) metaphors being conveyed concurrently by speech and gesture—the two modalities expressing the same type of metaphors—and 137 (55.5%) metaphors being conveyed in gesture exclusively. Nine types of metaphors were found in the daily conversations: Body-part, Causation, Conduit, Container, Entity, Fictive-motion, Orientation, Personification, and complex metaphors. Furthermore, based on the notion of image schema, nine types of source-domain concepts were recognized: ACTIVITY, BODY-PART, CONTAINER, FICTIVE-MOTION, FORCE, OBJECT, PATH, PERSON, and SPACE. A great variety of target-domain concepts were realized via metaphors; the present study focused on eight types, each occurred more than five times in the data: GROUP, MENTAL ACTIVITY, (physical) ACTIVITY, DEGREE, SEQUENCE, SPEECH CONTENT, STATE, and TIME. The results showed that Entity metaphor (77.8%) and Orientation metaphor (17.4%) are the most common types in daily conversation. According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980c), people’s bodily experiences of physical objects provide basis for viewing other abstract concepts; for instance, we can group, categorize, quantify, and identify aspects of objects. They also suggested spatial orientations are essential parts of certain concepts (e.g., high status); without orientation metaphors, it would be difficult to find alternative ways to express the ideas. Therefore, Entity metaphor and Orientation metaphor are frequently employed in metaphoric expressions. Orientation metaphors are based on two source domains, SPACE and PATH; the other types of metaphors are all associated with a single source domain. The most common type of source domains is OBJECT, whereas the common types of target domains are STATE, TIME, and PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. With regard to the one-source-to-many-targets correspondences, the source domains of OBJECT, SPACE, PATH, FICTIVE-MOTION, ACTIVITY, and CONTAINER could be used to express numerous target-domain concepts metaphorically. As to the many-sources-to-one-target correspondences, the target-domain concepts of TIME, MENTAL ACTIVITY, SPEECH CONTENT, SEQUENCE, and DEGREE could be represented by multiple source-domain concepts. The collaboration of language and gesture enables us to evaluate the various hypotheses of speech-gesture production, based on the temporal relation between language and gesture, the lexical affiliates of metaphoric gestures, and the semantic coordination across the two modalities. The Lexical Semantics Hypothesis suggests that gestures are generated from the semantic of a lexical item (or a word) and that gestures tend to precede their lexical affiliates to help lexical search. The Interface Hypothesis proposes that spatio-motoric and linguistic information interact with each other during gesture production, so gestures and the related speech will occur at the same time. The present study found that gestures mostly synchronize with the associated speech. Moreover, 17.4% of metaphoric gestures are associated with grammatical phrases rather than words. This result opposes to the claim of the Lexical Semantics Hypothesis. Last, the present study found that 55.5% of metaphoric expressions are being conveyed in gesture exclusively. The result supports the argument of the Interface Hypothesis that language and gesture can covey diverse semantic contents respectively. Based on the above findings, the current study tends to support the Interface Hypothesis.
42

我國數位電視接收設備產業之廠商競爭策略研究

許雲凱 Unknown Date (has links)
數位電視繼電黑白視機問世之後,成為傳播技術的一大突破,數位電視已成為二十一世紀資訊社會中影響最深遠且廣泛的殺手級應用(Killer Application)產品。數位電視所能帶來高畫質影音及互動服務等新式功能,震撼全人類的生活模式,隨著全球數位電視的陸續開播,數位電視時代很快就會全面來臨。 數位電視主要分為數位電視市場(電視機數位化)與電腦電視市場(利用電腦收看數位電視)兩大類別。無論是哪一種類別的應用,為了使電視具備數位化的能力、讓電腦具備收看數位電視能力,每一台電視或是電腦必須內建或是連接一個「數位電視接收器」,來接收、解碼與解壓縮數位電視訊號,讓電視或是電腦播出,由此可見數位電視接收設備的地位與商機,除了電視應用的廣大市場之外,電腦應用市場更是潛力無窮。台灣在全球數位電視產業快速發展的大浪潮下,本著優異的技術創新與生產運籌能力,以及完整的產業結構等優勢,有機會在數位電視接收設備領域,成為國際競賽中之領先者。 本研究係透過個案研究法,依據產業外部環境與廠商的內部資源為切入點,分析廠商的競爭策略,找尋建立競爭優勢的方法與策略,作為數位電視接收設備廠商日後策略制定與經營決策之參考,並提供產業界未來發展之建議。本研究結論發現如下: 一. 競爭策略與內部環境之關聯性: 1. 產品技術創新、較佳的決策效率、與較佳的客戶回應能力,是數位電視接收設備產業最重要的組織能力、競爭優勢來源。 2. 人力資源與品牌商譽是數位電視接收設備產業最重要的資產。 3. 擁有龐大資源的公司傾向採行全球策略,或是多角化策略與垂直策略聯盟;資源稀少的公司則無此策略。 4. 採行廣泛差異化與集中低成本策略的公司,重視無形資產的累積與價值;採行最佳價值提供者策略公司則否。 5. 採行廣泛差異化與最佳價值提供者策略的公司,必須具備優異的專業技術能力,採行集中低成本策略的公司則不必然。 6. 採行最佳價值提供者策略的公司,有變成卡在中間的危險。 二. 競爭策略與外部環境之關聯性: 7. 採行廣泛差異化策略的公司,對抗替代品威脅的能力較強;另兩種策略並無法對抗替代品威脅。 8. 採行廣泛差異化策略的公司,對抗新進入者威脅的能力較強;另兩種策略並無法對抗新進入者威脅。 9. 選擇搭售為其銷售管道的公司,重視與互補品供應廠商之關係;只選擇零售市場的公司則否。 10.相對於其他產業而言,對供應商的議價能力以及供應商關係建立,對於數位電視接收設備廠商的重要性更高。 三.競爭策略與功能策略的關聯性: 11.採行廣泛差異化與最佳價值提供者策略的公司,傾向採取技術領先策略;採行採行集中低成本策略的公司,則傾向採取技術追隨策略。 12.採行廣泛差異化策略的公司,傾向發展廣泛的產品線;採行集中低成本策略的公司,則傾向發展較窄的產品線;採行最佳價值提供者策略的公司居中。
43

臺北市國民小學知識管理與學校競爭優勢關係之研究 / A study of relationship between knowledge management and school competitive advantage in elementary schools of Taipei City

匡秀蘭 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探討臺北市國民小學知識管理與學校競爭優勢之現況與兩者間的關係。本研究主要以問卷調查進行研究,以分層取樣方式選取臺北市57所國民小學之877名教師為受試樣本,回收問卷共803份,回收率91.6﹪,有效問卷784份。調查結果以t考驗、單因子變異數分析、積差相關與多元逐步迴歸進行資料分析,所得研究結果如下: 一、臺北市國民小學教師在知識管理各層面中,知覺知識取得最高,知識分享為最低。 二、男性教師在知覺知識分享層面高於女性教師。 三、臺北市國民小學教師在學校競爭優勢各層面中,知覺環境設備優勢最高,學生學習表現優勢最低。 四、男性教師在知覺整體學校競爭優勢及其各層面上的得分,高於女性教師。 五、學校歷史不同的教師在知覺整體學校知識管理及學校競爭優勢確實有差異。 六、整體學校知識管理與學校競爭優勢二者之間呈現高度正相關,意即教師知覺學校知識管理的程度愈高,則學校之競爭優勢愈強。 七、學校知識管理對於整體學校競爭優勢及其各層面的影響均為正向。 最後依據研究結論提出建議,以供教育行政者、學校教師以及後續研究者之參考。 / This study aims at probing the current situations and the relationship between knowledge management and school competitive advantage in elementary schools of Taipei City. Questionnaire was employed to conduct the study. 877 teachers of 57 elementary schools of Taipei City were selected as subjects through stratified sampling method. 803 copies of questionnaires were retrieved. The retrieval rate was 91.6%. There were 784 copies of valid questionnaires which were analyzed by means of t-test, one-way ANOVA, product-moment correlation, and multiple stepwise regression analysis, and the results were as follows: 1.Among all facets of knowledge management, the elementary school teachers of Taipei City scored highest in perceptive knowledge, and lowest in knowledge sharing. 2.Male teachers scored higher in perceptive knowledge sharing than their female counterparts. 3.Among all facets of school competitive advantage, the elementary school teacher of Taipei City scored highest in perceptive environment facilities advantage and lowest in students’ learning performance advantage. 4.Male teachers scored higher in holistic perceptive school competitive advantage and its related facets than their female counterparts. 5.Teachers from schools with different historical backgrounds showed differences in holistic perceptive school knowledge management and school competitive advantage. 6.High positive correlation was shown in holistic perceptive school knowledge management and school competitive advantage, meaning the higher teachers’ degrees in perceptive knowledge management the stronger school’s competitive advantage. 7.The impacts of school knowledge management onto the holistic school competitive advantage and its facets were all positive. Suggestions made based on the study results are meant for use as reference for administrators, teachers, and future researchers.
44

中國網路治理中的國家社會關係:以2007-2016年網路熱點事件為例 / The Internet Governance of State-Society Relationship in China : The Internet Hot Events from 2007 to 2016

張庭蓁, Chang, Ting Chen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在從網路時代「國家─社會」關係的互動框架下觀察2007至2016年180個網路熱點事件的「爆發誘因」、「發生地域」、「利益相關者」、「利益訴求」、「行動強度」、「涉事政府層級」、「中央政府回應」、「中央政府處置結果」、「地方政府回應」、「地方政府處置結果」等十大項目,建構出2007-2016年網路熱點事件數據庫,並依據數據庫的內容進行量化分析,以獲知十年來中國網路治理與網路熱點事件的發展趨勢。而自從改革開放後市場經濟轉型以及內部社會結構的劇烈變化,復加上互聯網的推波助瀾,皆使得被壓抑已久的社會力(social forces)發展蓬勃,更進一步帶來「中國公民社會3.0」的成形,且由於中國政治體制條塊切割的特殊性與複雜性,使得「國家」並非是一個如「鐵板」般剛硬的實體,而是由眾多彼此互動、協調與競爭的自主行為者所組成,因此本研究將「國家」概念分割為「中央層級」與「地方層級」兩個部分,提出正面作為、不介入、負面作為等政府回應與處置結果的三個大指標,從不同層級的政府觀察其對網路熱點事件十年來的回應與處置,並就案例經驗得知,網路熱點事件「是否跨多個省份、區域」、「訴求是否涉及政策法規修訂或改變體制」、「是否演變成集體行動」、「事態是否持續擴大」、「是否直接與中央相關或牽扯中央」等是決定中央是否介入網路熱點事件的標準。2007-2016年中國網路治理與網路熱點事件的十年趨勢分析,是對於既有的網路事件研究在量化數據研究不足的補充,也期許能夠做為未來網路事件在量化研究分析上的基石。
45

精神分析における昇華理論の探求-天才論から喪の作業へ-

堀川, 聡司 23 March 2015 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(教育学) / 甲第18737号 / 教博第175号 / 新制||教||153(附属図書館) / 31688 / 京都大学大学院教育学研究科臨床教育学専攻 / (主査)教授 松木 邦裕, 准教授 大山 泰宏, 教授 岡野 憲一郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Education) / Kyoto University / DGAM
46

An Original Patient-Derived Xenograft of Prostate Cancer With Cyst Formation. / 嚢胞形成を特徴とした新規前立腺癌異種移植モデル

Yoshikawa, Takeshi 23 May 2017 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20558号 / 医博第4243号 / 新制||医||1024(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 戸井 雅和, 教授 坂井 義治, 教授 柳田 素子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
47

企業併購之相關智慧財產管理策略與法律規劃研究-以併購美國高科技公司時之專利查核評估探微 / The Study on Related Strategy of Intellectual Property Management and Legal Planning in Corporate M&A-Towards the Patent Due Diligence of Merging / Acquiring an U.S. High-Technology Company

陳則銘, Chen , Tze-ming Unknown Date (has links)
在高科技之推波助瀾下,新經濟與全球化之競爭模式儼然成形,也使得智慧財產在此競爭中扮演著重要的角色,成為高科技公司逐鹿中原的武器之一。相對地,也迫使高科技公司在全球割喉競爭之壓力下,開始思索如何更快進入戰場,並以智慧財產制敵機先。於是,企業併購策略開始成為高科技公司之經營決策者思考採行之策略。 企業併購(Merger and Acquisition)一詞,並非明確之法律定義,實乃商業管理實務界常用之名詞,因此,與其強加定義,不如從併購之模式加以說明,更為精確。併購模式概可歸納為二大模式:一為「收購」,一為「合併」。收購又可區分為「資產收購」與「股權收購」;而合併則有以吸收合併、新設合併及存續合併為主之「法定合併」類型,與以簡式合併、三角合併、強迫合併及實質合併為主之「特殊合併」類型。 所謂「收購」,係指收購公司以取得資產或經營權之目的,而以現金或債券、股票等有價證券買受目標公司全部或一部資產或股份之行為。而「合併」則係指兩家或兩家以上之公司,訂立合併契約,並經各當事公司之全體股東同意,或股東會之特別決議同意後,結合成一家公司之法律行為。其因合併而消滅之公司之權利義務,由合併後存續或新設立之公司概括承受,毋須再為個別資產或權利義務之移轉。 在企業採行併購策略之動機上,學理與實務上歸納出五種主要之動機,包括:綜效理論假說、多角化經營假說、策略性重組假說、價值低估假說,及代理成本理論與傲慢假說。綜效理論假說主要可歸納出,以追求規模經濟與範疇經濟之「營運綜效」;以風險分散或節稅考量為思考之「財務綜效」;企圖集中市場以形成壟斷之「市場綜效」;及為更精確掌握時機而追求之「起動綜效」。多角化經營則可分別從「複合式多角化」或「中心式多角化」切入討論。而策略性重組假說則著眼於「法規環境改變」或「技術創新改變」致使企業採取併購策略以為因應之面向,加以討論。此外,價值低估價說及代理成本理論與傲慢假說,則與企業經營決策者企圖追求本業之價值極大化無關,卻也經常成為經營決策者採行併購策略之動機。 前述企業併購動機之討論,事實上與美國併購歷史上所發生之五次併購浪潮息息相關,而這五次併購浪潮之興衰則亦與美國經濟發展之歷程有關。第一波併購浪潮發生於一八九七年至一九○四年間,其特色主要為「水平整合形成獨占市場」;第二波併購浪潮發生於一九一六年至一九二九年間,其特色主要為「垂直整合以利強化體質」;第三波併購浪潮發生於一九六五年至一九六九年間,其特色主要為「複合式併購擴大多角化」;第四波併購浪潮發生於一九八一年至一九八九年間,其則係以「金融工具激化敵意併購」為主要特色;時至一九九二年至二○○○年間所發生之第五次併購浪潮,則以「策略重組點燃超級併購」,逐漸將以取得智慧財產為目的之併購動機推上台面。亦即,由於全球化競爭而掀起跨國併購,及高科技產業併購之趨勢日盛,以智慧財產之取得規劃併購策略,成為高科技公司開始思考如何將企業價值極大化之策略之一。 高科技產業之競爭,已進入「超優勢競爭(Hypercompetition)」之態勢,惟有以動態競爭因應,始能勝出。而智慧財產之佈局與運用在動態競爭情境中,扮演著極為重要之角色。因此,透過併購以取得智慧財產,而得達成「控制新資源,加速企業外部成長」、「改變商業模式,大幅躍進新市場」、「動態競爭中,整合或對抗競爭者」,或「併購取得智慧財產權,待價而沽」之成果,已成為許多高科技公司之策略思考方向。 「世上沒有賣不出去的產品,只有賣不出去的價格」。在企業併購的過程中,如何就目標公司之企業價值進行評價往往是決定併購案是否能成功之關鍵。然而,對於企業的營運有重大影響之智慧財產,其「品質」究竟如何,將會對企業未來的營運造成重大的影響。因此,對於高科技產業之併購案,如何透過對於智慧財產進行查核評估(Due Diligence),協助併購交易雙方瞭解目標公司其智慧財產之品質,使雙方得以更正確評估目標公司之價值,並就併購案可能面臨之風險預先進行規劃,即為重要之課題。 換言之,由於企業併購交易之內容複雜且代價高昂,動輒為千萬至百億金額的現金交易或股份交換。雖然在交易過程中,賣方或買方通常會準備相關交易資訊及查核評估報告,以提供對方作為評估之用。但由於交易當事人自行提供之資訊通常過於簡略或可能隱惡揚善,為避免在交易價格之決定與交易後風險之承擔及效益之展現上出現問題,因此交易當事人有自行進行查核評估之必要。此即孫子兵法《謀攻篇》中所述「知己知彼,百戰不殆;不知彼不知己,每戰必敗。」所傳達之精神。 鑑於智慧財產查核評估是一項耗時費力,且所費不貲之工作,企業內部法律顧問或外部律師在進行智慧財產查核評估時,應對於其查核之範圍有所限制。並非所有智慧財產對於買方公司皆有顯著之影響,因此必須從公司之觀點加以檢視,並以其對於公司所可能產生之價值排序其先後。而除了時間、成本與專業人力投入等因素之考量外,「買方公司之策略目標」、「目標公司之核心競爭力」,與「企業併購交易之模式」將影響智慧財產查核評估所欲進行之範圍。 對於高科技公司而言,其企圖藉由併購活動所取得之智慧財產各異,然最主要者,尤其是對於我國公司而言,仍以「專利權」之取得以利企業在全球市場產業價值鏈中之佈局為首要考量。因此本文將就「專利查核」之相關議題,略做探討。而進行專利查核時,除從「專利申請案」、「專利審查歷程」與「法律意見書」等相關文件,進行概略初步審查外,概可聚焦於「目標公司是否確為真正之完整權利擁有者」、「發明之實施是否須依賴業已存在或第三人之權利」、「目標公司之發明是否獲得足夠之保障」、「目標公司之專利是否已為適當之利用」,及「目標公司之專利是否(或可能)涉訟」等面向出發,進行深入探查。 深入探究目標公司是否確為真正之完整權利擁有者之議題上,本論文將從「共同發明」、「受雇人之發明」與「部分讓與」所涉及之問題加以討論;而在發明之實施是否須依賴業已存在或第三人之權利之議題上,關於「技術改良與從屬專利」、「交互授權」及「技術輸入授權」涉及之契約約款(例如:契約存續期間、專屬性、可轉讓性與控制權之變更、轉授權、授權範圍、技術改良與回饋授權、擔保與賠償責任、最惠待遇,與過往侵權免責等)所衍生相關問題將為本論文關心之重點。 此外,在目標公司之發明是否獲得足夠之保障之議題上,本論文將討論關於「發明之檢討與揭露程序」、「專利權之地理範圍」,及「申請專利範圍與專利審查歷程之檢討」等問題;而關於「授權實施」及「專利濫用」將係買方公司查核目標公司之專利是否已為適當之利用時之重點。最後,在目標公司之專利是否(或可能)涉訟此議題之討論中,本論文將從評估目標公司之專利組合是否侵害第三人之專利權所進行之「專利侵權評估」與如涉及專利侵權訴訟時可能之「反訴或抗辯之評估」。 為印證本論文所提高科技公司以併購活動取得智慧財產之策略及所進行之查核評估活動,在結論與建議部分將以一家台灣公司之實際經驗為個案,探討其進行跨國併購時所面臨之問題,並就多數高科技公司所忽略之「競業禁止」問題,以美國法下之經驗,作為高科技公司進行跨國(尤其是美國)併購時,在專利查核之外,亦應注意之建議,以避免研發團隊於併購前後離職或被挖角,對買方公司所造成之傷害。 / A recent survey showed that between two and five emerging technology companies are acquired for every one that does an initial public offering (IPO). Acquisitions can provide strategic, operating and financial benefits to both emerging technology companies and the company acquiring it. A strategic acquisition can provide emerging technology companies’ shareholders with earlier liquidity than an IPO, with less risk and dilution. It also can provide emerging technology companies with the immediate leverage of Buy Company's established manufacturing or distribution infrastructure, without the dilution, time and risk of internal development. A strategic acquisition can provide Buy Company with the new products and technologies necessary to maintain its competitive advantage, growth rate and profitability. Ill-conceived or badly done acquisitions, however, can result in expense and disruption to both businesses, the discontinuance of good technologies and products, employee dissatisfaction and defection, and poor operating results by the combined company. By understanding the key factors that lead to a successful acquisition, Target Company and Buy Company can improve the probability of achieving one. When considering an M&A transaction, Target Company first step should be to identify the strategic reasons why it wants to be acquired. For example, while Target Company may seek liquidity for its founders and investors, it also may have concluded that its future success requires the synergies of complementary resources and access to the infrastructure of a major corporation. An IPO could provide Target Company’s shareholders with liquidity, but would not immediately address Target Company’s need for product synergy or provide an established infrastructure. Those needs could be better met by finding a strategic buyer for Target Company. Equally important is to identify Buy Company’s strategic objectives in acquiring Target Company. For example, Buy Company may seek to acquire a product line or key technology, gain creative, technical or management talent, or eliminate a competitor. Ultimately, Buy Company will acquire Target Company because it believes M&A transaction is a more effective means of meeting a strategic need and increasing shareholder value than internal development. If Target Company understands its own and Buy Company’s strategic objectives, it can focus on candidates that are most likely to meet its needs and value the assets that it has to offer. While the objectives of individual companies will vary, the following table identifies common strategic objectives that Target Companies and Buy Companies try to achieve through an M&A activity. Target Company Reasons to Be Acquired Buy Company Reasons to Make a M&A Access to complementary products Access to complementary markets Access to working capital Avoid dilution of building own infrastructure Best and fastest return on investment Faster access to established infrastructure Gain critical mass Improve distribution capacity More rapid expansion of customer base Acquire key technology Acquire a new distribution channel Assure a source of supply Eliminate a competitor Expand or add a product line Gain creative talent Gain expertise and entry in a new market Gain a time-to-market advantage Increase earnings per share This study focuses on intellectual property due diligence, especially for the investigation of the benefits and risks associated with the ownership and exploitation of patent right when a company involves in a M&A activity. The increased profile, frequency, and value of intellectual property-related transactions have elevated the need for all legal, financial and managerial professionals and intellectual property owners to have a thorough understanding of the assessment and valuation of these assets and their role in commercial transactions; a detailed assessment of patent right is becoming an increasingly integral part of commercial transactions for the high-technology companies. Acquiring or investing in a business that owns intellectual property assets requires expanding the scope and depth of the due diligence that is usually conducted in such transactions. The process of gathering information and assessing the merits, issues, and risks associated with a business transaction is called “due diligence.” It is a critical exercise in the acquisition and strategic utilization of intellectual property assets. Due diligence is a necessary precursor to funding a new venture, and is critically important in many other business transactions, including mergers, acquisitions, licenses, initial public offerings, and in some instances litigation. In recent years, the commercial importance of patents and other intellectual property has become highly visible. Courts have imposed large damage awards for intellectual property misuse and infringement. Multi-million dollar judgments are no longer a rarity. Courts have also granted significant injunctions to limit the products which a company can market. For instance, Kodak was virtually eliminated from the instant camera market and subject to an extremely high damage award when it was found to infringe patents owned by Polaroid. As a result of these potential events, and the increasing value of intellectual property assets in today’s high technology society, intellectual property matters have become an important aspect of a traditional due diligence study. Intellectual property due diligence can be conducted in preparation for a wide variety of transactions. For example, intellectual property assets should be analyzed in the context of a share purchase or asset transfer, or may require assessment in connection with a capital contribution, in a joint venture or security for a loan, or in preparation of disclosure in connection with an offering of securities. Intellectual property due diligence can also facilitate a company’s thorough internal assessment of its own assets. Such a self-audit can prepare the company for an externally conducted due diligence, such as audited by a buyer company involving in a M&A transaction, and can enhance the company’s own intellectual property planning and management. Intellectual property rights are the product of human thought, born of human needs and aspirations, and manifested by societal values. A thorough intellectual property due diligence also requires consideration of many nonlegal, nonmaterial aspects of the rights involved. The impact of an investment in a specific intellectual property right, and its role and value in a given M&A transaction, can be easily miscalculated if the private and public implications of those rights are not considered. Every intellectual property transaction embodies both individual and societal beliefs and values that can profoundly affect the parties’s strategies and success. The philosophical underpinnings of intellectual property rights are often discussed in academic and philosophical forums. However, these principles deserve reiteration here, in a transaction-specific context. Too often, they are forgotten amidst the binders, cabinets and files full of due diligence documents and analytical reports. In Chapter 4, Patent Due Diligence, it comprises detailed analyses of the key issues to be assessed in the patent investigation. This chapter presents the steps in the legal review that should be undertaken on patents, and reviews the pertinent law pertaining to patent right. This chapter identifies the relevant documents that should be requested, defines the subject right, and analyzes the following substantive questions: Whether Target Company owns the patent right(s); Whether the patent right(s) have been adequately protected; Whether Target Company’s use of the patent right(s) is dependent on third part rights; Whether the scope of patent right(s) is sufficient; Whether the patent right(s) have been properly exploited; and Whether the patent right(s) present a risk of litigation. An investigation of Target Company’s patent assets can require analysis of extensive documentation, as well as knowledge of the specific technical field in which Target Company conducts its business, and of patent law. The circumstances of each particular case will dictate whether specialized patent counsel will need to be retained to assist with the patent due diligence. Buyer Company should be aware that proper preparation of patentability opinions and validity / infringement opinions can require substantial lead time and budget, and should accordingly account for these contingencies. Similarly, a thorough investigation to confirm ownership and assess exploitation of Target Company’s patent portfolio can require discussions regarding contribution of inventive ideas, past and present consultant or employment status of inventors, proper use of assignments, close investigation of the technology, markets, improvement clauses, cross-licenses, and the like. In sum, if Buyer Company specifies Target Company’s patent portfolio as a high priority in the intellectual property due diligence investigation, Buyer Company is well-advised to assign the patent-related investigation tasks to team members and, as applicable, patent experts, early in the due diligence process.
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台灣政府競爭力之國際評比研究:IMD與WEF報告

陳慧棻 Unknown Date (has links)
每年由IMD及WEF所公佈的國家競爭力報告皆為眾人討論的焦點,然而近年來的國家競爭力報告指出台灣在政府方面的競爭力有大幅改進的必要,因此本文之研究目的在於針對IMD及WEF近年來所提出的國家競爭力報告中的政府相關指標加以整理,並進一步觀察2000~2006年的競爭力報告中,台灣於政府相關細項指標的排名狀況為何,最後再歸納出台灣政府的強弱項指標。 本研究歸納出IMD是以公共財政、財政政策、制度架構、企業法令、社會體制架構、基本的基礎建設、科技基礎建設、科學基礎建設、健康和環境及教育等十個面向來評估政府競爭力,WEF則是從八大類指標來看待台灣政府競爭力:制度、基礎建設、總體經濟、健康和基礎教育、高等教育及訓練、市場效率、科技準備度及創新。 經由次級資料研究法,本研究發現台灣政府的優勢指標有以下三項:(一)高科技產業為台灣優勢項目(二)高等教育普及(三)知識移轉管道順暢;至於台灣政府競爭力的弱勢指標則有五項:(一)公部門運作效能低落(二)政策及政府的不穩定(三)健康與環境不佳(四)雇用外籍勞工限制嚴格(五)司法不獨立。 最後,針對上述的優勢及弱勢指標本研究分別提出強化優勢指標及改善弱勢指標的政策建議,強化優勢指標之政策建議:(一)高科技產業可嘗試發展領導性品牌(二)以「學習」為導向的教育方式(三)活絡產學合作管道之人才運用;針對台灣政府弱勢指標的改善建議則為:(一)公部門體制改造(二)發展正確的「台灣識別」(三)「問題導向」的公共衛生政策(四)彈性地引進外籍勞工(五)藉助多元管道監督司法獨立。本研究嘗試將台灣所面臨的競爭力問題作一詳盡地歸納及整理,並以長期間的資料分析點出台灣政府目前所具備的優勢及未來應急需改善的競爭力指標,希冀以實務性的角度提供台灣政府一參考性的競爭力問題輪廓。
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視覺刺激於登錄階段的視覺處理與語文處理之差異--資料與概念趨勢訊息於登錄階段的語文遮蔽效果

鄧文章, Deng, Wen-Chang Unknown Date (has links)
Paivio的雙碼理論(Dual Coding Theory)認為, 語文與視覺處理歷程為互助相輔.但是, Schooler and Englster-Schooler(1990)卻提出 "語文遮蔽效果(verbalovershadowing effect, VOE)", 認為視決刺激在提取階段, 可能因語文訊息的存在,而產生干擾的現象. 這種遮蔽作用, Brandimonte, Hitch, and Bishop(1992a,b)發現同時出現在記憶與登錄階段. Marks(1991)更發現它會隨視覺訊息的屬性差異 - 資料趨勢(data-driven)與概念趨勢(conceptual-driven), 而有不同的影響結果. 資料趨勢的視覺刺激訊息, 傾向於處理物理性的視覺特姓, 故不會因為個體採取語文處理的模式, 而出縣語文遮蔽效果, 干擾記憶與辨市的表現. 相反的, 概念趨勢的視覺訊息,則傾向於處理刺激本質的屬性, 與語文訊息有所關連, 連帶在個體採取語文處理模式 時, 便會因語文遮蔽效果而干擾表現。 本研究主要探討不同視覺刺基屬性於登錄階段與語文處理歷程之間的交互作用關係. 實驗一藉由操弄 "登錄型式(語文描述, 口語抑制, 控制組)" 與 "視覺訊息類別(資料趨勢訊息, 概念趨勢訊息)" 的方式, 檢驗此二獨變項之間的交互作用, 亦即檢驗 "登錄階段將出現VOE" 與 "資料趨勢與概念趨勢訊息的VOE將有所差別" 的假設.實驗結果利用杜恩氏多重比較法證實研究者所提之假設: 不同視決刺激屬性於登錄階段的VOE有所差異 - 資料趨勢訊息於登錄階段並不會出現VOE, 概念趨勢訊息於登錄階段則會出現VOE。 實驗二則主要探討不同視覺刺激屬性於登錄階段出現VOE的導因. 借助Lindsay and Johnson(1989)所提出的 "資源混淆(source confusion)", 與Fallshore and Schooler(1995)所提出的 "特徵轉換(characteristics shift)" 作為理論根據, 研究者同時操弄 "登錄訊息屬性", "語文登錄形式", 與 "有無忽略提示" 三個獨變項, 並檢驗此三獨變項之間的交互作用, 亦即檢驗 "資料趨勢訊息不會出現VOE" 與 "概念趨勢訊息於語文登錄成功前, 會因為資源混淆而出現VOE; 語文登錄成功之後, 則會因特徵轉換而出現VOE" 的假設. 研究結果同樣利用杜恩氏多重比較法進行檢驗, 亦獲支持: 視覺刺激的資料趨勢訊息, 即使以語文描述方式進行視覺刺激登錄, 仍舊不會出現VOE. 而概念趨勢訊息若以親自描述的方式進行語文登錄,則因語文登錄完成, 造成個體處理模式的特徵轉換, 因而不論是否給予忽略提示, 都將因VOE而抑制辨識表現; 若以閱讀他人描述的方式進行語文登錄, 則由於登錄尚未完成, 個體因語文與視覺訊息的提取資源混淆, 故可利用忽略提示的方式, 讓個體區辨視覺與語文訊息的差異, 進而避免VOE的干擾作用。
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後進者如何取得競爭優勢:應用軟體產業關鍵優勢分析 / How does the late comer get core competence: An analysis of the new competence of the application software industry

林映帆, Lin, Ying Fan Unknown Date (has links)
經濟學上有所謂先進者優勢 (First-mover Advantage) 的這個概念,認為一個產業的先驅公司,相較於後進的競爭對手,應該存在著許多優勢,例如: 可在對手未出現前先搶下大塊地盤,對市場定價的擁有主動權,以及在產業標準制定過程上的影響力及品牌知名度等等。 但是當先進者能處於原有市場之市場榮耀之際,很可能因為沉溺於舊有的成功,而對產業的新技術視而不見,或是低估新產業的崛起速度導致喪失先進者先機而兵敗如山倒。 處於典範轉移時代,產業的變遷速度已非舊有經驗可以預測,以往企業營收創新高都是大肆慶祝,但最近看市場領先者,如國內的宏碁電腦或是國外的諾基亞,均是在營收創新高時被調降企業評等,發出警訊。如近期宏碁電腦在PC市場已邁向全球第一名挑戰惠普HP之際,卻發生毛利下降,並警覺在智慧型手機市場已落後宏達電一大截,且現有產品線也難有競爭優勢而陣前換將。再看諾基亞,2007年營收或穫利都創新高,但到2011年市值僅Apple的7%,連續十四年的手機市佔率第一名也被三星超前;由於大部份都是低階手機,手機獲利狀況也僅Apple的三分之一。反之,後進廠商由於尚未形成經濟規模或商業模式,透過模仿式創新或破壞式創新,反而更容易動態調整策略去因應變動的環境或發現尚未被滿足的市場。在典範轉移時代,成功不是沿用舊有成功方式,而是需要想像力來找到創新的機會。而一個新進的軟體廠商,該掌握哪些競爭優勢,才能迅速搶佔市佔率? 本研究以導航產業為例,來看導航應用軟體的發展趨勢並比較先後進者優劣勢。導航產業由2003年神達電腦推出第一台結合GPS導航晶片的PDA Mio 168以來,迅速在市場上熱銷,並帶來台灣市場導航產業的一片榮景。但由於市場飽和,及受到車機與智慧型手機的雙面夾擊,使得原本的明星產業迅速在市場萎縮,2010整體台灣市場的數量一年已不到20萬台,較之2005年已萎縮了四分之一,且平均售價下降至USD 100,毛利率從40% 掉到8%。為了突破便攜式導航機PND(Portable Navigation Device)市場衰退的重圍,研勤科技在2008年創新推出第一套在iPhone上導航的導航軟體,後進者勤崴國際科技的「導航王」手導航軟體緊接著在2009年推出,在短短一年間,賣出一百萬套軟體,此數量是傳統導航機硬體三年的市場總和,軟體銷售量為先進者研勤科技的兩倍。在推出落後於現有廠商之下,後進者是透過哪些策略取得70%導航軟體市佔率? 本研究研究問題如下: 1. 後進者的軟體廠商其策略及競爭優勢為何? 2. 配合進入時機,後進者軟體廠商該採何種競爭策略? 3. 市場變動快速時,是否後進者更有優勢? 4. 本個案研究的策略優勢,是否可提供給硬體廠商參考,增加產品區隔性? 本研究將以導航產業為例,透過幾家導航產業公司領導者訪談及次級資料蒐集等進行研究,並藉由研究結果給現有軟硬體產商提出未來競爭優勢之建議。 本研究建議: 本研究透過各學者所提之先後進優勢比較,並利用Hamel(2000) 的新事業發展模式四大要素,來比較兩個個案在先後進優勢與事業經營策略,並以此兩個個案來看後進者具有那些競爭優勢。 本研究發現結論如下: 1. 在先後進優勢與事業經營策略之比較下,以此兩個個案看來,後進者修正了先進者所犯之錯誤,並有學習及鎖定策略的目標,較先進者有優勢。 2. 在進入時機上,在市場快速變動時,由於先進者尚未建立產業標準,故很容易被後進者取代,而在動態賽局環境下,能隨機應變的後進者更有優勢。 3. 除了先後進優勢,事業經營的策略也主宰了公司的走向及成功與否的主要關鍵因素,先進者縱有品牌網絡優勢,但策略錯誤,也反而被網絡優勢所害,在網路時代被大量散播產品或公司形象劣勢,造成負向循環。 4. 先進者研勤公司也因急於在2009上市,推出過多產品線,反而造成本身資源不匹配,無法支援產品更新,無考慮到公司資源,並作最適分配。 5. 其他先進領導導航機品牌,更是陷入管理惰性,過度依賴過去成功經驗,面對替代性產品出現卻無法跨足軟體市場,喪失新市場機會。 Keyword: 後進者優勢,先進者優勢,應用軟體,事業經營策略

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