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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
171

海峽兩岸搜救合作機制研究 / A Study on the search and rescue cooperation mechanism of the cross-strait

胡森榮 Unknown Date (has links)
為維護海上人命、船舶及財產安全,各國均依「1982年聯合國海洋法公約」規定,建立區域搜救合作機制,並參考相關國際公約及搜救作業手冊,規範海上航行安全及緊急事故處理程序,惟因各國地理、水文及氣候不同,執行航行安全維護能力有限,皆必須透過多邊或雙邊搜救合作,強化區域航行安全,藉由搜救交流、兵棋推演或聯合演習等方式,提升彼此搜救合作默契及技能,以保障海上航行安全。 臺灣海峽自古以來即為東亞重要航道,兩岸航運亦自1987年開放兩岸探親,2001年金馬小三通,直至2008年正式海、空運直航以來,臺灣與大陸人民往來逐漸到達頂峰,而海難事故發生頻率亦不斷提高,藉此搜救合作契機在此為氛圍下形成,並在簽署「海峽兩岸海運協議」基礎上,透過輪流舉辦演練、搜救交流互訪及建立緊急聯繫管道等工作,逐步建立兩岸海上搜救合作機制,以「就近就便、及時救援」之原則,共同合作展現兩岸「人道救援」之普世價值。 在兩岸海上搜救合作機制下,兩岸搜救機關不斷共同執行海上搜救合作,增進彼此合作默契與搜救技能,但在兩岸分治的政治現實下,合作機制僅能透過民間團體的協助逐漸常態化,卻未能明文制度化,且隨著政治環境的轉變,搜救合作機制似有停頓,但海峽海域環境依然惡劣,往來人民持續熱絡,因此,為維護海峽航行安全,兩岸搜救機關仍應持續努力,共同完善合作機制,以確保兩岸人民生命財產安全。 / For the sake of maintaining people’s safety and property at sea, every coastal State establish the regional search and rescue (hereinafter SAR) cooperation mechanism in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, and formulate the navigation safety rules and standard operation procedure of responding to the emergency cases at sea. Due to the discrepancy of geography, hydrology and climate as well as limited ability for maintaining the navigation safety among counties, every state shall enhance the regional navigational safety by lateral or multilateral cooperation in SAR exchange, table-top exercise and joint SAR drill to strengthen the SAR cooperation mechanism and technique in order to provide the safe environment for navigation. Taiwan Strait is the pivotal shipping route of Eastern Asia through the ages. The shipping of the cross-strait starts from visit relatives between both sides in 1987, and gradually increases after the transport links between the Kinmen, Matsu areas and the Mainland area in 2001. The air and sea transport between Taiwan and Mainland area begin in 2008, and the number of Taiwanese and Chinese travel between Taiwan and Mainland reaches the highest record which leads to the increasing disasters at sea. In order to respond to this situation, the cooperation between the cross-strait are needed and the SAR drills are held in turns and officials’ visiting as well as emergency communication channel in accordance with the Cross-Strait shipment agreement which came into effect in 2008. Those measures concrete the SAR cooperation mechanism of the cross-strait on the basis of saving life and property at sea promptly when one side is close or ready for it and demonstrate the common vision of humanitarian rescue. According to the cross-strait’s SAR cooperation mechanism, the rescue authorities of both sides conduct the SAR mutually to enhance the coordination and SAR skills for their work. However, due to the politic relationship of the cross strait, the cooperation is under the non-official channel. Since the political change with the new government in Taiwan, the cooperation between Taiwan and Mainland China is suspended. The Taiwan Strait is a high risk area for people of both sides. Furthermore, in order to provide the safe navigational area, the cross-strait SAR authorities shall continuously establish the cooperative mechanism to maintain the people’s safety and their property.
172

委內瑞拉查維茲政權能源政策之研究- 由分析層次探討 / The study of the energy policy of Venezuela’s Chávez Regime- Examined from level of analysis

高晨峰 Unknown Date (has links)
委內瑞拉為世界第五大的石油輸出國,且同為石油輸出國家組織的創始會員國之一。石油是委內瑞拉最為重要的產業與經濟活動,而委內瑞拉因石油而富,亦因石油而貧,委內瑞拉所依賴的石油一直以來猶如兩面刃般深刻的影響委內瑞拉的政治、經濟與社會。   1992年政變失敗的陸軍中校查維茲打著激烈改革的口號,於1998年贏得委內瑞拉總統大選,終結支配委內瑞拉政治長達50年的「協定民主」,為委內瑞拉的歷史打開了新的一頁。對於查維茲而言,委內瑞拉的石油不但是國家主權獨立的象徵,同時亦應用於國際政治中重要的地緣政治武器。因此,查維茲上台後,便積極展開石油改革計畫,強化對國內石油產業的控制權,重整委內瑞拉國營石油公司,並利用石油收入進行社會發展計畫。此外,配合近年來國際油價的高漲,查維茲在區域與國際政治舞台上,運用委內瑞拉豐富的石油蘊藏與龐大的石油收入,進行合縱連橫,攏絡盟友並且試圖削弱美國的影響力。   本研究採用K. J. Holsti所提出的個人、國家、體系與全球四個分析層次作為主要分析架構,以求對於查維茲政權能源政策做出全面性的探討。此論文假設查維茲政權能源政策的發展,決策者為核心因素,藉由在個人層次上,透過決策者個人研究,以求對查維茲個人政治理念有通盤的了解,並探討如何影響委內瑞拉能源政策之發展。再者,選取在國內、體系中對委內瑞拉能源政策影響較深的因素,解釋查維茲政權在這些因素影響下,產生何種政策輸出?最後,探討近年來全球能源環境的變遷與重要的發展趨勢,作為影響查維茲政權能源政策的重要中介因素,解釋全球能源環境的變化與發展對查維茲能源政策有何影響? / Venezuela is the fifth-largest oil exporter in the world, also, one of the funding members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. In Venezuela, most industries and economic activities are dominated by Petroleum sector, a “double edged sword” which brings both positive and negative effects, and deeply influences the political, economic and social conditions in Venezuela. In 1998, the former lieutenant colonel, Hugo Chávez, who had organized an unsuccessful coup in 1992, seized the power as president in the election with the claim of “radical reformation”. The result in 1998 presidential election terminated the nearly fifty-year long “pacted democracy” and create a unprecendented prospect on Venezuela’s history. To Chávez, the oil is not only the symbol of independence of national sovereignty, but also a useful geopolitical weapon in the field of international politics. Therefore, Chávez began his oil reformation: strengthen the state control to the oil industry, reorganize the national oil company, Petroleos de Venezuela, SA, PDVSA, and use the income to facilitate the social policy. Moreover, due to the reason of oil price surging in recent years, the abundant oil reserve and its’ enormous output value enable Chavez to expand his power base and also to put his intention of striking the influence of United State in both regional and international stage to practice. This study adopts K. J. Holsti’s four levels of analysis – individual, state, system and global, as the analytic framework to this research. In this study, the individual level is assumed as the core factor of the energy policy development under the Chávez regime. Chavez’s political ideas and how it influences Venezuela’s energy policy would be examined through the study of his leadership. Furthermore, taking important factors influencing energy policy in both domestic and international level into account, what policies output related to the above factors had Chavez made? Last but not the least, a discussion of global energy environment change in recent years would be made for explaining how it acts as the intermediary factors which influence the energy policy of Chávez regime.
173

國際法上『海洋環境保護』之研究

黃美娟, Sammi Huang Unknown Date (has links)
海洋占地球面積的百分之七十以上,海洋生物資源占有相當重要的地位,供應食物,也提供往來各地的交通道路,與人類生活習習相關。 一九O九年"國際法學之父"格老秀斯(Hugo Grotius)"海洋自由論"(Mare Liberum)一書中反對葡萄牙對東印度航海與貿易的壟斷之主張,奠定國際法上『海洋自由原則』之理論基礎。一直以來,『海洋自由原則』一直被視為海洋法之主要原則。 各國之所以願意遵循海洋自由原則,乃是鑑於海上航行與貿易量遽增,各國對海運依賴日深,一旦部分海域為某國占有,則會影響其他國家對該海域的使用權。所以,依傳統國際法的規定,沿海國僅得對有限之海域行使管轄權,但隨陸上天然資源匱乏及對需求的增加,各國對於海域管轄權範圍之擴大主張,及大陸礁層、專屬經濟海域概念等主張,因此出現對海洋過渡濫用的情形,污染海洋環境。所以是否該遵循『海洋自由原則』?但偌大的海洋亦不能因此淪為無律法之地。基於此,國際社會召開一系列會議、協商、簽訂許多有關防止海洋污染的法規。 傳統國際法上,並無海洋環境保護的國際法規則,但文明國家所承認之一般法律原則:〝一人使用其自身權利,應不得損及他人之權利〞。而在一九四九年哥甫海峽案、一九四一年美加崔爾煉製場仲裁案的司法判例亦確認〝一國行使其權利時,應不得對他國權益產生損害〞。以及一九五八年公海公約序言、一九七二年『聯合國人類環境會議』的宣言中第七原則,所以以上幾個文件似乎可認為國際慣例不准國家及其人民將有害他國或其人民的物質排入海中。因此,可依〝類比〞(Analogy)方式,將上述文明國家所承認之一般法律原則適用於海洋環境保護之範疇內。 但是,此種習慣慣例最大的缺點在於內容不明確,必須經過編纂(Codification),將不夠清楚的規則加以澄清、不夠確切的規則加以確定、不夠充分的規則加以補充及不合時宜的規則加以改進,並使其成系統化的法典,以便適用,但有適用上的困難,所以一般海洋污染的規定,幾乎由條約規定。但有許多國家未批准這些條約時,有時仍只有適用習慣法來解決海洋污染。 本論文寫作架構是依據《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》所列之污染來源:船舶污染、傾倒污染、陸地來源之污染、來自大氣層或通過大氣層之污染、海底活動及冰封區域內之污染方向,並配合【附錄一】的重要國際條約來寫作。 所以,原則上,本論文以《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》內第十二部分§192-§237共四十五條有關『海洋環境保護』為主軸,再依船舶污染、傾倒污染、陸地來源之污染、來自大氣層或通過大氣層之污染、國家管轄的海底活動造成之污染、來自區域內活動之污染與冰封區域內污染之重要相關國際法規範 為主,但因資料、時間的關係,未納入其他較細小的區域性條約,且國內有關海洋環境保護亦不在本論文討論之內,僅就重要相關條約說明。最後,並提到關於臺灣的『海洋環境保護』之新發展。 國際法上『海洋環境保護』之研究 目錄 第壹章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與研究目的 1 第二節 研究方法與研究架構 4 第三節 研究範圍 6 第四節 研究資料與研究限制 7 第貳章 有關『海洋環境保護』之一般問題 9 第一節 海洋環境污染之概念 10 第一項 海洋環境污染之定義 10 第二項 海洋環境污染之來源 12 第三項 『海洋環境保護』之形成背景 15 一、『海洋自由原則』之形成與挑戰 15 二、『海洋環境保護』觀念之形成與實踐 19 第二節 有關『海洋環境保護』之國際法律架構 32 第一項 有關『海洋環境保護』之習慣國際法 34 第二項 有關『海洋環境保護』之國際公約 37 第三節 《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》有關 『海洋環境保護』之義務 48 第參章 船舶污染 59 第一節 主要國際公約 59 第一項 概論 59 第二項 《一九五四年防止海洋油污染國際公約》 及其修正案 63 第三項 《一九七三年防止源自船舶污染國際公 約》 71 第四項 《一九七三年防止源自船舶污染國際公 約一九七八年議定書》及其三個修正案79 第五項 《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》 82 第二節 如何防止船舶污染海洋環境 83 第一項 船旗國的權利與義務 84 一、船旗國防止海洋污染之權利 84 二、船旗國防止海洋污染之義務 85 第二項 沿海國的相關規定 86 一、領海 86 二、專屬經濟區 88 三、公海 90 第三項 港口國的權利與義務 106 一、港口國防止海洋污染之權利 106 二、港口國防止海洋污染之義務 108 第四項 小結 111 第三節 損害賠償責任 112 第一項 民事賠償責任與國際基金公約 112 一、一九六九年《油污染損害民事責任國際公約》 113 二、一九七一年《建立國際基金補償油污損害國際公約》 117 三、一九八四年議定書 122 第二項 油輪船東和石油公司之自願賠償計劃 125 第肆章 傾倒污染 131 第一節 相關國際公約 131 第一項 概論 131 第二項 《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》 132 第三項 其他區域公約 135 第二節 拋棄廢棄物及其他物質: 《倫敦傾倒公約》的具體規範 140 第一項 制定過程 140 第二項 基本規定 142 第三項 各種物質傾倒處理之問題 148 第三節 船舶及飛機: 一九七二年《奧斯陸傾倒公約》與一 九九二年《巴黎公約》的具體規範 156 第一項 一九七二年《奧斯陸傾倒公約》 157 第二項 一九九二年《巴黎公約》 159 第伍章 其他污染 161 第一節 相關國際公約 161 第二節 陸地來源之污染 164 第一項 《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》 165 第二項 巴塞爾《危險廢棄物的跨界活動控制及 其處置公約》 167 第三項 巴黎《防止陸源物質污染海洋公約》 169 第四項 其他 173 第三節 來自大氣層或通過大氣層之污染 182 第四節 海底活動及冰封區域內之污染 189 第一項 國家管轄的海底活動造成之污染 190 第二項 來自『區域』內活動之污染 193 第三項 冰封區域內之污染 195 第陸章 結論 196 附 圖 【圖A】Diagram of LOT Procedure 69 附 表 【表一】第三屆海洋法會議 25 【表二】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》之一般義務與特別義務 51 【表三】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》適用於船舶之污染立法相關規定 94 【表四】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》適用於船舶之污染法律規章之執行 99 【表五】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》關於沿海國之執行(§220) 103 【表六】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》關於港口國有充分證據下可提起司法程序 109 【表七】 《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》中關於 港口國認為有污染情事發生,會造成污染 或威脅損害到海洋環境時可進行調查 110 【表八】 油輪船東和石油公司之自願賠償計劃 126 【表九】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》有關 『海洋環境保護』,依不同污染源所規 定之立法、執行、責任與法律賠償條款 199 附 錄 【附錄一】有關『海洋環境保護』之重要國際公約 212 【附錄二】《一九九四年協定》之最新發展 239 【附錄三】各國低放射性廢料最終處置現況 249 【附錄四】一九九二年《波羅的海海洋環境保護公約》 252 【附錄五】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》有關 『海洋環境保護』之條款 267 【附錄六】《中華民國領海及鄰接區法》與《中華 民國專屬經濟海域及大陸礁層法》 294 英文簡稱與縮寫 300 參考書目 304 / Customary international Law contains few rules relevant to the question of marine pollution. In the Corfu Channel,the International Court of Justice said that〝every State's obligation not to allow knowingly its territory to be used for acts contrary to the rights of other States'〞. And in the Trail Smelter arbitration,the arbitral tribunal held that 〝no State has the right to use or permit the use of its territory in such a manner as to cause injury by fumes in or to the territory of another or the property or persons therein….〞. Article 2 of the High Seas Convention which state 〝with reasonable regard to the interests of other States must exercise the freedoms of the high seas". It could be argued that, taking the principles in Articel 2 of the High Seas and in the Corfu Channel case together and Trail Smelter case by 〝analogy〞,there is a gereral rule of customary international law that States must not permit their nationals to discharge into the sea matter that could cause harm to the national of other States. However,this rule appears to be too vague to be very effective. So, given these deficiencies of customary internatinal law,it is not surprising to find that the international law relating to marine pollution is contained almost wholly in treaties. There are total Six Chapter,According to The UN Convention on the Law of the sea 1982 (UNCLOS),described Pollution from vessels、Pollution by dumping、Pollution from land-based sources、Pollution from or through the atmosphere 、Pollution from sea-bed activities、Pollution from activities in the『 Area』 and Pollution from Ice-covered areas. Finally,mentioned Taiwan's New development about The Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment.
174

由「大西洋鮪類資源保育委員會」二○○五年05-02號建議論高度洄游魚類種群之養護與管理 / On the conservation and management of Highly Migratory Species in terms of Recommendation by ICCAT Regarding Control of Chinese Taipei’s Atlantic Bigeye Tuna Fishery「05-02」in 2007

李佳燕, Lee, Chia-Yen Unknown Date (has links)
2005年「大西洋鮪類資源保育委員會」(International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, ICCAT)第十九屆年會將台灣2006年在大西洋大目鮪(Bigeye Tuna)的漁獲配額自14,900公噸削減為4,600公噸的決定,即05-02號建議(Recommendation by ICCAT Regarding Control of Chinese Taipei’s Atlantic Bigeye Tuna Fishery [05-02] in 2005),除反應出漁業資源日益稀少和各國竸爭激烈的事實外,也顯示了國人海洋漁業生態保育的觀念有待加強。 / 本論文乃以ICCAT 05-02號建議作為個案研究,對高度洄游魚類種群(highly migratory species)之養護與管理體系為一整體檢視,探討該號建議所呈現之生態保育問題。內容側重於法規範面之探討,並就高度洄游魚類種群之定義、生態習性、種類、及資源使用狀況為一基本介紹。主要探討三大議題:(1)國際規範體系架構;(2)養護與管理高度洄游魚類之現況;(3)當前面臨之問題與挑戰。 / 全球海洋資源面臨的人為挑戰模式均同,本文焦點雖在高度洄游魚類種群之探討,但也反應出其他種類漁資源在保育上所面臨的共同問題,只不過因高度洄游魚類生態上的特殊性,使其整體養護與管理過程更能突顯出國際漁業治理的本質─國際合作的必要性。但若從另一角度分析漁業管理制度發生改變的原因,則將突顯出國際漁業治理的另一項本質,即國家利益的追求,事實上這也是所有國際活動的基本特徵。因此,以專業性的角度來分析區域漁業組織運作的同時,不能忽略國際政治因素的牽絆,國家漁業經濟利益透過國際政治上的實力對比在區域漁業組織的運作過程中彰顯出來。 / 本論文章節安排分為六章,首先概略介紹「高度洄游魚類」之意義、特性及資源使用狀態(第一章),爾後簡介現行有關高度洄游魚類之國際規範體系(第二章),接著以ICCAT為案例,使讀者明白當前國際間透過區域漁業組織來施行漁資源管理的實際運作情形(第三章),透過05-02號建議讓讀者了解區域漁業組織如何敦促成員國遵守區域漁業規範,落實其養護與管理高度洄游魚類之國際任務(第四章),並探討ICCAT05-02號建議所反應出來的制度面或執行面之問題(第五章)。最後綜合各章節內容,針對高度洄游魚類之整體規範體系架構為一觀察反省,歸結出本議題核心所在,即追求國家利益前提下的國際合作(第六章)。 / 國際間對於高度洄游魚類種群的保育工程已然啟動,國家願意讓渡出更多一些的權力由國際專門性機構來主導,並在一定規範架構下進行國際合作,這是值得肯定的發展趨勢,並可觀樂期待國際間對於生態環境議題將給予更多的關注,落實資源永續經營的理念。 / On 19th regular meeting of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), the commission decided to cut down Taiwan’s quota of Bigeye tuna in Atlantic Ocean form 14,900 tonnage to 4,900, that is Recommendation by ICCAT Regarding Control of Chinese Taipei’s Atlantic Bigeye Tuna Fishery [05-02] in 2005. This case reflects the fact that fishery resource is coming shorter and States compete harshly. It shows that our concept of conservation ecology leaves much space to improve as well. / This thesis is a case study based on Recommendation 05-02 by ICCAT. Here try to inspect thoroughly the conservation and management system of highly migratory species, so as to discuss the problems of eco-conservation reflecting from that Recommendation. Contexts focus on the regulation aspect, and briefly introduce the definition, ecologic habitual behavior, kinds, and condition of resource consumption of highly migratory species. The three main topics to discuss are: (1) international regulation framework; (2) current status of conservation and management of highly migratory species; (3) the problems and challenges confront with nowadays. / The challenges to ocean resource caused by human activity are all the same. This thesis is about highly migratory species, but also reflects the common problem of other fish species in ecological protection respect. Merely because of the ecological particularity, the whole process of conservation and management of highly migratory species could better show the key ingredient of international fishery governance, which is international cooperation. From the other angle, the change of fishery management system mirrors the nature of international fishery management, that is pursuing of national interest. Actually, the later is fundamental character of all kinds of international interaction. Therefore, when analyzing the function of regional fishery organization, we could not ignore the international political fact. National economic fishery interest manifests through relative international political power in fishery management organizations. / There are six chapters in this thesis. First, to take a quick glance at what “highly migratory species” is and its character and resource status (chapter 1). And then turn to the introduction of current international regulation system of highly migratory species (chapter 2). Following is a case study based on ICCAT, to inform readers how Regional Fishery Organizations function actually (chapter 3). Through Recommendation 05-02 by ICCAT, we could take a look how Regional Fishery Organizations urge States to meet their commission of conserving and managing highly migratory species (chapter 4). And then go to a discussion of institutional and enforcement problems reflect from Recommendation 05-02 by ICCAT (chapter 5). Finally, we take a entirely observation and introspection from the foregoing chapters, and then sum up the core of the international fishery issue, that is international cooperation with a prerequisite of chasing national interest(chapter 6). / The international conservation of highly migratory species has set out. States are willing to transfer more competence to specialized institution and undertake international cooperation under a certain regulatory framework. This situation deserves much applause. We could look forward that international society would pay more attention to environmental ecological issues to carrying out the idea of sustainable development and management of ocean resource.
175

由Stroop叫色作業探討注意力的發展

林子誠 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以Stroop中文叫色作業,測驗兒童和成人在Stroop作業之練習和刺激向度分離等情形下,其干擾效果的變化情形。共執行兩個實驗,實驗一中的受試者先接受中性刺激和不和諧刺激的測驗,然後對兩類作業練習8日,其後再測驗一次,探討受試者在練習前、後之干擾效果的變化情形。另一組受試接受實驗二中,中性刺激、整合性不和諧刺激和分離性不和諧刺激等作業的測驗,藉以比較整合性干擾和分離性干擾的差異。兩組受試者皆接受文字閱讀的速度測驗。 結果發現,小學二年級兒童的Stroop干擾效果最大,六年級兒童次之,成人最小,這與之前文獻上所載的研究一致,同時也證實,練習確能降低干擾效果,但仍不能使其完全消失,且練習後,三組受試間的干擾效果已無顯著差異。在實驗二的結果顯著,刺激向度分離的干擾效果仍然存在,但比整合性干擾效果小,且受試者間的分離性干擾也沒有顯著差異。而所有受試的閱讀速度均快於叫色速度。 / The study was used the Stroop Chinese task to examine the course of the Stroop interference among second, sixth grade children and adults. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment I, participants were tested with neutral and incongruent tasks and practiced with the same tasks for the following 8 days. They were tested neutral and incongruent tasks again. Then examined the course of the Stroop interference among children of second, sixth grade children and adults, they were test with neutral and incongruent tasks again. Then examine the course of the Stroop interference in between children and adult during before and after practice. The other group of participants took part in experiment II. They were presented with three tasks consist of neutral, integrated and separated incongruent tasks. Then examine the difference of the interference among children of second, sixth grade and adult during integrated and separated incongruent tasks. Two groups of participants were presented word reading speed of task. The finding of the study was Stroop interference increased from the adults through the sixth grade children and finally to the second grade children is in line with previous finding. We have confirmed that although interference decreases with practice, it is very resistant to eradication. After practice, the interference between children and adults is not significant difference. In the experiment II, it was that separated Stroop stimulus showed interference, and the amount was relatively small. The interference of separated Stroop task among children of second, sixth grade and adults were not significant difference. All participants took longer to name color than to read words.
176

冷戰後中共海洋戰略之研究 / The People Republic of China's Maritime Strategy After Cold War

林東煥, Lin Dung-Huan Unknown Date (has links)
本論文旨在探討中共海洋戰略發展之相關條件、環境、具體措施,以及對周邊國家所產生的影響。後冷戰時期國際情勢緩和,發生大規模戰爭的可能性已大幅降低,地區爭端和衝突反而浮現出來。因地緣政治環境的改變,台海、南海地區已成為區域衝突的引爆點。中共研析波灣戰爭之經驗,放棄「早打、大打、打核戰」時時臨戰之觀念,強調「質量建軍打贏高科技局部戰爭」之策略,故調整戰略方向由陸上走向海洋,以保障其國家利益、國防安全及完成統一中國之企圖。就整體國力言,中共自1978年實施經濟改革後.,經濟成長快速,國家競爭力上升,無庸置疑,已經成為亞太地區經濟大國。而蘇聯解體後,中共來自北方威脅降低,有利其海洋之發展。又因沿海海洋爭奪及領土紛爭問題亟待解決,更全力擴展其海軍武力。中共在 1998年就制定了「中國二十一世紀海洋議程」,提出中國海洋事業永續發展政策。同年中共國務院在國際海洋年會中提出《中國海洋事業發展白皮書》,其中明文主張「中國是發展中沿海大國」。中共大力發展海洋戰略,已為亞太地區安全投下一個變數,亞太各國均深感不安。加上區域內互信機制不夠健全,中共時時對台灣文攻武嚇,更增加地區衝突之危險性。故未來台海、南海問題最後是以和平方式或兵戎相見收場,中共的戰略作為就顯得十分重要。 關鍵字:亞太戰略;國家戰略;海洋戰略;海軍戰略;海軍現代化;海權;積極防禦;近海防禦;局部戰爭;太平洋島鏈;兵力展示,有生戰力;聯合國海洋法公約;戰區飛彈防禦系統;遏制點阻滯;海洋經濟;指管通情系統;亞太經合會;東協區域論壇;東南亞國家協會。

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