本文之研究以1971 年東南亞國協簽署的《和平、自由與中立區宣言》內容為 契機，進一步探究冷戰時期東協區域中立化發展的過程；從建構主義的研究途徑進 行分析，東協的中立區建構乃借用了國際法「中立化」的精神，並透過在地化的發 展，演變出適合東協區域的規範如「不干預原則」與「和平解決爭端原則」等。 而區域的中立化發展回應了東協在冷戰時期的核心利益，維持國家主權自主，不受兩極霸權的操作與干預，以尋求穩定的發展「國家建立」過程；但區域卻未形塑具體的「中立區」機制，或是具有約束力的條約與規範，而僅是以政治性宣示、聯合宣言來表達其區域共識，這是東協長久以來維持和平的規範特色與互動模式。 面對後冷戰時期區域環境的轉變，東協區域中立化的發展面臨調適的過程，透過簽署《東協憲章》與發展安全共同體來加強東協制度化層面，但卻依舊受到既有的區域中立化規範所影響，東協應如何在效率的強化與「不干預原則」中尋求平衡乃當前的重要課題；同時，在東協推動安全共同體的整合過程中，區域的共識卻因為與周邊國家的主權爭端－「南海議題」而遭受破壞，這考驗著東協能否在2015年如期完成安全共同體建構的行程表。

「語言權」係以國際人權法為發祥的新興人權概念，本文聚焦於個人選擇其母語為自由使用權利之探討。語言除了作為溝通工具之外，亦是個人身分認同的依存和集體文化的具體展現。隨著世界文化多樣性宣言、保護及促進文化表現多樣性公約的制定，以尊重個人自主地選擇其所認同的文化生活方式來維持文化多樣性環境的思維逐漸受到關注，本文採取此觀點作為保障語言權的理論基礎，以此開展並探討國家的角色和義務。 我國歷史上因國家公權力強制推行單一語言政策，限制人民自由使用其母語的權利和機會，形成語言不平等的現象，進而影響政治、經濟資源的分配不均，也使得母語面臨消逝和凋零的危機。語言權利保障非僅是我國的國內議題，亦是國際關懷的面向，本文以探討國際法的語言權利保障架構為始，接著以境內存在多元語言現象並致力少數語言保障的歐洲為研究對象，而後聚焦於比利時和法國，比較兩國如何從法制面處理語言權利保障的問題和經驗，提供我國參考和省思的題材。 本文主張我國應透過修憲方式明文增列語言權利的保障，直接賦予人民享有請求語言權保障的直接憲法法源依據，然在現階段未修憲之前，我國憲法增修條文既已肯認多元文化價值，配合具有國內法效力的經濟、社會暨文化權利公約第15條揭示文化權的保障，應可藉由文化權的概念內涵開展語言權的集體和積極的性質。此外，多元文化價值亦成為拘束國家機關行為和政策的準則方向，國家必須負起積極義務，應逐步消除目前因公私領域區別導致語言權利承認與否的差異，建置相關制度以維持母語的使用和活絡，確保各語言的語言權利平等，使珍貴的語言文化資產得以永續發展。

本研究係利用經濟部投資審議委員會2007年「華僑及外國人投資事業營運狀況調查表（非服務業）」問卷資料，以1,013家僑外資在台非服務業廠商為分析對象，運用Probit Model進行實證分析，由廠商規模、行業分類、廠商成立年數、國際化程度、技術來源、在台設立區域營運總部、業務種類多樣化、兩岸經貿政策進一步鬆綁及降低關稅，儘速與他國簽署FTA等各個面向，探討兩岸經貿關係更加緊密後，影響僑外商在台子公司運籌中心地位之決定因素為何。經實證結果發現，國際化程度、技術來源、在台設立區域營運總部、業務種類多樣化及兩岸經貿政策進一步鬆綁等變數為影響僑外商在台子公司運籌中心地位之決定因素，除技術來源為在台自行研發之變數呈負向關係，傾向於採行降低及不變之營運策略外，其他變數皆與僑外商在台子公司運籌中心地位呈正向關係，傾向採提升之營運策略。 / This research made use of the 2007 Ministry of Economic Affairs Investment Commission survey entitled "Chinese and Foreign Investment Enterprises Operating Conditions Survey (non-service)" and targeted 1,013 non-service industry overseas foreign manufacturers in Taiwan as research subjects. The Probit model was used to carry out an empirical analysis based on the firm size, industry classification, the year the manufacturer was established, the degree of internationalization, technology source, established regional operational headquarters in Taiwan, business type diversity, steps taken to relax and lower tariffs and promptness in signing FTA and other oriented documents, with other countries. This study discusses why there were influencing factors in the decisions of overseas foreign investment subsidiaries in Taiwan logistics center positions after cross-strait economic and trade relations became closer. The empirical results show that the degree of internationalization, sources of technology, the establishment of the regional operational headquarters in Taiwan, business type diversity and further relaxation of cross-strait trade policy variables are the impacts of overseas subsidiary of foreign logistics center’s factors in determining status. In addition to the fact that the variables of technology sources developing on their own in Taiwan showed a negative relationship and tend to adopt reduced and unchanged operation strategies, other variables are compatible with overseas business subsidiaries in Taiwan logistics center position and showed a positive relationship and tend to enhance the operational strategies adopted.

壽命延長及生育率下降使得人口老化日益明顯，成為全球多數國家在21世紀必須面對的議題，由於各區域人口老化的速度不同，必須根據各地特性而調整因應對策。其中研究死亡率變化為面對人口老化的必備課題，尤其是高齡族群的死亡率，這也是近年高齡死亡模型廣受重視的主因之一。因為樣本數與變異數成反比，人口較少的區域或是高齡人口，死亡率的觀察值通常會有較大震盪，為了降低震盪多半會經過修勻，以取得較為穩定的死亡率推估值（王信忠等人，2012）。此外，Li and Lee (2005)的Coherent Lee-Carter模型也是另一種可行方法，透過參考大區域的資訊降低小區域的估計誤差。 本文探討結合上述修勻、死亡率模型的可能，希冀能綜合兩者的優點，提高小區域死亡率推估的精確性。因為Coherent Lee-Carter模型的想法類似增加小區域的人數（加入大區域的人數），本文探討人口數與Lee-Carter模型參數估計值的關係，再以修勻調整大小區域的差異，透過電腦模擬及資料分析，驗證本文提出方法是否有效。其中，仿造王信忠等人的作法，假設小區域與大區域死亡率間的七種可能情境，以平均絕對百分誤差(Mean Absolute Percentage Error)為衡量標準，找出調整修勻、相關模型的方法。另外，本文也以臺灣縣市為研究區域，驗證本文方法的估計結果。研究發現適當地使用修勻方法，可降低小區域的死亡率估計值，其效果優於Coherent Lee-Carter模型。

影像中的文字訊息，通常包含著與場景內容相關的重要資訊，如地點、名稱、指示、警告等，因此如何有效地在影像中擷取文字區塊，進而解讀其意義，成為近來電腦視覺領域中相當受矚目的議題。然而在眾多的場景文字偵測方法裡，絕大多數是以英文為偵測目標語言，中文方面的研究相當稀少，而且辨識率遠不及英文。因此，本論文提出以中文和英文為偵測目標語言的方法，分成以下四個主要程序：一、前處理，利用雙邊濾波器(Bilateral filter)使文字區域更加穩定；二、候選文字資訊擷取，考慮文字特徵，選用Canny 邊緣偵測和最大穩定極值區域(Maximally Stable Extremal Region)，分別提取文字邊緣和區域特徵，並結合兩者來優化擷取的資訊；三、文字連結，依中文字結構和直式、橫式兩種書寫方向，設置幾何條件連結候選文字字串；四、候選字串分類，以SVM加入影像中文字的特徵，分類文字字串和非文字字串。使得此方法可以偵測中文和英文兩種語言，並且達到不錯的辨識效果。 / Text messages in an image usually contain useful information related to the scene, such as location, name, direction and warning. As such, robust and efficient scene text detection has gained increasing attention in the area of computer vision recently. However, most existing scene text detection methods are devised to process Latin-based languages. For the few researches that reported the investigation of Chinese text, the detection rate was inferior to the result for English. In this thesis, we propose a multilingual scene text detection algorithm for both Chinese and English. The method comprises of four stages: 1. Preprocessing by bilateral filter to make the text region more stable. 2. Extracting candidate text edge and region using Canny edge detector and Maximally Stable Extremal Region (MSER) respectively. Then combine these two features to achieve more robust results. 3. Linking candidate characters: considering both horizontal and vertical direction, character candidates are clustered into text candidates by using geometrical constraints. 4. Classifying candidate texts using support vector machine (SVM), the text and non-text areas are separated. Experimental results show that the proposed method detects both Chinese and English texts, and achieve satisfactory performance compared to those approaches designed only for English detection.

路燈巡修作業的落實與否，影響路燈維護的效率及品質，為能有效提升路燈管理之效能，近來管理階層逐漸重視路燈巡修區域的規劃。然而巡修區域的劃分，多依據主管人員之經驗調派，缺乏系統化、科學化的分析與評估，往往使人力資源無法有效運用，形成勞逸不均的現象，進而影響維護品質，因此如何以科學的方法劃分路燈巡修區域是個重要的課題。 本研究的重點在於針對現行路燈巡修區域劃分之缺點，提出一個新的方法，使各區域管理員巡修時間差達到最小化，以解決現行區域劃分的不合理現象。我們所提出的劃分法，以基因演算法進行演算，並加入禁忌名單改善基因演算法區域搜尋效率不佳的缺點，提升整體的求解速度，同時將路燈維護數量、故障率、維護時間、交通時間、巡修次數等影響因子，納入巡修時間的計算公式中，使劃分後各區的巡修時間差達到最小化。 本研究以台北市政府公園路燈工程管理處的路燈東區分隊為實作對象，在考慮不同的基因演化條件下，分別比較巡修區域劃分前後之變化情況，由實驗結果顯示，我們提出的劃分方法，確實使各區管理員的巡修時間差不超過3%，並且滿足巡修不跨區作業之需求。 / The efficiency and quality of street lights maintenance is influenced by the operation of patrolling and maintaining. In order to raise the working efficiency of maintenance crew, the supervisors pay more attention to region redistricting recently. The formor region districting methods normally base on human experiences without systematic or scientific evaluations, These facts, not only result in human resources wasting and uneven labor allocations, but also affecting the maintenance qualities. Therefore, it is a crucial issue to make region redistricting more scientifically. The key point of this research is to provide a systematic redistricting mechanism to minimize the patrolling time variation for all the districts. Our mechanism is based on genetic algorithm to reduce the patrolling time differences. Tabu search list is used to improve the searching efficiency of general genetic algorithms. Various factors were integrated in our mechanism to minimize the patrolling time variations. These factors include total number of street lights, average failure rate, average maintenance time, traffic delay, patrolling and maintaining frequency, etc. We used districts covered by the East Branch of SET/PSO of Taiepi City Government as the examples in our studies. The experimental results show that, using our mechanism, the patrolling time difference is reduced to 3% and maintenance crews can perform their duty without crossing region boundary.

在傳統銀行放款的觀念中認為，借款人主導了還款的來源，關於貸款風險的研究大多集中在借款人行為因素的探討，但是房屋貸款的風險，除了借款人本身的特質外，應該還需要不同角度的探討，尤其是在擔保品方面。銀行在辦理放款時，對擔保品價值的評估僅以當時的市場價值作直接的判斷，並依判斷結果來決定貸款的成數，這樣的決策並未考慮擔保品本身所處的區域條件及其未來的發展性，因而產生了風險判斷的偏誤。 本研究將透過不動產的供需價量的關係，嘗試找出影響房屋貸款擔保品風險的因子，並對房屋貸款的風險因子給予適當的權重及評分，再運用劃分等級的模型，將研究區域依房屋貸款風險的大小劃分風險等級。最後利用不同的角度或方法檢驗各種模型對區域風險分類之異同及功能，以建立模型提供銀行於承做房屋貸款或制定放款政策時，作為決定貸款成數(LTV)的參考依據，避免銀行貸款日後遭受擔保品價格下跌所產生的風險。 本研究以分析層級程序法(AHP)及分析網路程序法(ANP)設計不同的問卷，在取得各風險因子的權重後，對各項風險因子時間序列的數據進行分析，最終取得台北縣市各區域的風險等級。實證結果AHP及ANP皆通過一致性分析，AHP與未權重化ANP間不具顯著差異；權重化ANP與極限化ANP間不具顯著差異。AHP權重與ANP未權重化矩陣兩種模型在區域房屋貸款風險等級的區分標準上較為寬鬆。ANP權重化矩陣及ANP極限化矩陣對區域房屋貸款風險等級的劃分較為嚴格。這兩類不同等級劃分標準的模型提供金融業者在制定房屋貸款政策時可以有多樣的選擇。 / People with traditional concept of bank lending believe that borrowers dominate the sources of repayment. Researches regarding to the credit risk of loan mainly focus on the behaviors of borrowers. Nevertheless, the risk of mortgage loan should be deliberated with different points of view, especially the collateral, besides considering the characteristics of borrowers. During the process of loan, banks evaluate the collateral with directly determine according to the prevailing market value and decide the proportion of loan. The decision is not considered with the regional factors and the future development of the collateral. A bias of risk determination therefore exists during the process. The research tries to find the factors that influence the collateral risk of mortgage loan through supply, demand, price and quantity of real estate. Also, it allocates the weight and evaluation of every risk factor of mortgage loan. The research then distinguishes the investigated areas into different risk levels according to the mortgage loan risk by applying appropriate model. The research stands at various points of view and utilizes different methods to determine whether the classification of area risk is appropriate or not and offering a banks model to be the reference basis of determining the loan to value(LTV) when executing mortgage loan or drawing up loan policy. Banks can avoid the risk of collateral depreciation in the future. The research designed various questionnaires with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Analytic Network Process (ANP). After obtained the weights of different risk factors, an analysis was processed on time sequence data of every risk factor and results the risk level of every subarea of Taipei. The empirical results in consistency analysis by AHP and ANP are passed. The difference between AHP and un-weighted ANP is not significant. The difference between weighted ANP and limited ANP is also not significant. Both weighted AHP and un-weighted ANP matrix models are lenient on the classify criteria of area mortgage risk levels. In opposition, weighted ANP matrix models and ANP limited matrix are strict on the same criteria. The two models with different criteria offer financial corporations different choices when drawing up policies of mortgage loan

一個國家對全國人口有充分瞭解，方能依據國情制定適合的政策，地方發展更是如此，更須洞悉各地的人口結構，以善用有限的資源。台灣近年人口老化日益明顯，各縣市的老化速度及人口問題也不盡相同，若可獲得各地區未來的人口相關數值 (亦即人口推估)，當能減輕未來人口老化對台灣造成的衝擊。本文以縣市層級的人口推估，也就是小區域人口推估為研究目標，探討需注意的事項，尋找適合台灣地區的小區域推估方法。 本文整理小區域人口推估方法，並使用人口要素變動合成法 (Cohort Component Method)，以雲嘉兩縣、臺北市、澎湖縣為範例，測試縣市層級的人口推估。人口推估與生育、死亡、遷移三者的假設有密切關係，我們以死亡率為目標，比較不同模型的優劣，考慮的模型包括 Lee-Carter 模型、區塊拔靴法 (Block Bootstrap)、篩網拔靴法 (Sieve Bootstrap) 以及泛函資料分析 (Functional Data Analysis) 中的主成份分析 (Principle Component Analysis)，以估計誤差為衡量方法優劣的標準。分析發現篩網拔靴法、區塊拔靴法、Lee-Carter 模型三者的結果較佳，因此在小區域推估中使用較簡便的區塊拔靴法。研究發現對小區域的人口推估而言，遷移假設扮演非常重要的角色，此與全國規模的人口推估結果截然不同。研究過程亦發現人口三要素對人口推估有明顯的影響，若假設三要素間互相獨立 (也就是傳統推估時的假設)，推估結果的預測區間遠小於三要素不獨立。 / The government can make policy according to the population change in this country, while the local government can develop their district by using their limited resources well after realizing the populaton structure. The population ageing is becoming more serious and being more different among every counties in Taiwan day by day. If we can get the relative numbers of population in the future (population projection), we can decrease the attack of population ageing for Taiwan. The aim of this paper is to find an appropriate method and some notations of small area population projection in Taiwan. The paper includes the summary of methods of small area population projection and the results by using cohort component method on three areas in Taiwan, YunLin & ChiaYi, Taipein City and PengHu. Population projection is highly related with birth, death and migration, hence we test the mortality rate by using several methods, Lee-Carter, block bootstrap, sieve bootstrap and principal component analysis of functional data analysis are included. We found that the result of sieve bootstrap, block bootstrap and Lee-Carter are much better than the others, therefore, we take block bootstrap which is much simpler than the other two to analysis the effect of birth, death and migration in population projection. The sutdy found that, in small area population projecton, migration plays an important role, which is totally different from the whole country population projection.

東協成立的目的之一，就是要促進東協各會員國之間「在平等與夥伴的精神之下，採取共同努力，促進區域內各國的經濟成長、社會進步與文化發展，以增進東南亞國家成為繁榮與和平的基礎。」隨著冷戰結束，大國影響改變，中共與日本積極介入東南亞地區，加上1999年 4 月，隨著柬埔寨的加入東南亞十個國家全部成為東協成員，實現了東協最初建立的願望。但在相互平等、不干涉內政及和平解決衝突的基礎上，東協推動區域安全合作的機制（東協方式的協商模式）面臨極大挑戰與衝擊。 本論文共分七章，第一章緒論，揭示本文研究動機與目的、研究方法、研究範圍與限制及論文架構等。第二章探討東南亞安全環境，從東協的成立，在諸多歷史情結與仇恨糾結中，東協十國出現的背景原因，及探討冷戰前後影響東協安全合作機制形成的因素，從中瞭解「信心安全建立措施」在東協國家間的重要性。第三章 1967-1989東協「信心安全建立措施」的歷史脈絡，從「東協方式」談起，以新自由主義的概念嚐試瞭解不同於歐盟整合的「東協方式」。第四章1990年後東協內部「信心安全建立措施」的發展與特徵。針對冷戰後東協內部安全機制加以探討，如各國之間透過那些機制和平解決雙邊邊界問題等。第五章東協國家主導的由外而內安全合作模式，探討東協區域論壇及亞太安全合作理事會之成立背景、主要議題及對東協安全合作機制的影響。第六章今後東協推動內部「信心安全建立」的機會與挑戰。東協內部對「信心安全建立措施」的看法與態度亦影響執行成效，東協內部解決衝突的機制是否健全，由「信心建立措施」發展到「預防性外交機制」之可行性。第七章結論。藉著上述的探討，瞭解東協內部信心安全建立機制之演進及發展，為東南亞區域安全找到新的方向。

能源是攸關人類生存的一大課題，它提供熱能、照明和運輸，而且是經濟發展不可或缺的帶動因素。國家的經濟成長需仰賴充足可靠且價格合理的能源供應。對外政策重大議題尤其需要依賴安全可靠且價格合理的能源供應，像是民主、貿易、替代能源發展、消弭貧窮和環保等等相關發展支援計劃。 東北亞是具有高度經濟與政治價值的重要區域。在此區域內約有17億人口以及世界第二、第三大經濟體，不論在政治、經濟和文化上皆有莫大影響力。 俄罗斯是世界上碳酸氫化合物與鈾的主要出口國，也擁有名列前茅的核能發電廠運作技術。中國和日本不論在東北亞與世界都佔有重要地位，且高度依賴能源進口。而俄罗斯鄰近中國和日本，可以快速有效提供石油和天然氣等能源。故而俄罗斯與中日兩國在能源供應合作上顯然具有極高的發展潛力。 掌握能源供應的俄罗斯可以鞏固其東北亞的地位，進而成為該區域的超級強權。 研究目標在於解讀俄罗斯對中日兩國的能源關係以及對東北亞情勢的影響。筆者將採用地緣政治學中的「策略性操縱」理論和「區域安全複合體」的概念作為主要假設，分析俄罗斯與中日兩國能源關係的內容與後續走向，以及對區域情勢所造成的影響。 研究架構如下：第一章是本研究的背景、目標及方法；第二章詳細分析俄罗斯的石油、天然氣與核能燃料蘊藏量、該國的能源策略及其理論上的影響範圍；第三章的焦點為中國的能源需求、能源政策和外交，俄罗斯與中國能源供應合作的內容、發展與問題以及理論方面的評估；第四章探討日本的能源需求、能源政策和外交，俄罗斯與日本能源供應合作的內容、發展與問題以及理論方面的評估；第五章就俄罗斯對中國及對日本的能源關係進行比較分析，以ESPO的建設為例，探討其結果及影響；第六章則是回應研究目標、評估俄罗斯與中日兩國的能源關係，並且對俄罗斯在東北亞的能源政策提出建議。 / Energy is one of the most important factors for the survival of humanity. It provides the fuel of the economy, heat, light and mobility. The country’s economic growth depends on adequate, reliable and affordable supplies of energy. Key foreign policy objectives, including support for democracy, trade, sustainable economic development, poverty reduction and environmental protection rely on the provision of safe, reliable and affordable energy supplies. North East Asia is an important region in terms of its economic and political value. With a population of 1,7 billion people, and containing the world's second and third largest economies, it is a region of enormous political, economic and cultural significance. Russia, a major exporter of hydro carbonates and uranium, is one of the world’s leaders of nuclear plant operating technology. China and Japan are the main actors in NEA and highly depend on the import of energy resources. Moreover, Russia’s close proximity to China and Japan enables a fast and a reliably efficient supply of oil and gas. These attributes highlight and emphasize the excellent opportunities for energy cooperation between these countries. Russia’s strength in this field allows them to fortify their position in NEA as it aspires to become a regional super power. The goal of this research is to study Russian energy relations with China and Japan and how it affects the positions of the country in the region. The author would adopt the main assumptions of the Geopolitics, theory of “Strategic manipulation” and the concept of “Regional Security Complex” to analyze the content and consequences of Russian energy relations with China and Japan and its impact on the situation in the region. The framework of the research is illustrated as follows: chapter one gives the background, goals and methodology of the research; chapter two provides the detailed analysis of Russian oil, natural gas, nuclear power reserves, the country’s energy strategy and its theoretical implications; chapter three focuses on energy demand, energy diplomacy and strategy of China, the content, development, problems of Russo-Chinese energy cooperation and its theoretical evaluation; chapter four focuses on energy demand, energy diplomacy and strategy of Japan, the content, development, problems of Russo-Japanese energy cooperation and its theoretical evaluation; chapter five is devoted to the comparative study of Russian energy relations with China and Japan at the example of ESPO constructing, its results and implications; and chapter six concludes with responses to research goals, evaluation of energy relations between Russia, China and Japan and recommendations for Russian energy policy in North East Asia.