161 |
區域發展與政黨競爭-台灣立法委員選舉之研究(1989~1995) / Development of Regions and Party Competition: Taiwan Legislative election Research(1989~1995)李信達, HsinTa Lee Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以台灣地區(包括台北市、高雄市與台灣省)為範圍,鄉鎮市區為基本單元,1989年到1995年的立法委員選舉為標的,使用人文區位研究途徑,來分析區域發展與政黨競爭之間的關係。在代表政黨競爭的自變項上,分別以各政黨在立法委員選舉中的得票率競爭程度,以及各政黨的得票率為變數。至於描述區域發展的自變項上,主要可分成兩個部分。橫斷面上由自然區位因素(包括都市化程度、工商業場所單位經營狀況、藍領階級比例、年輕人口比例、外省人口比例),以及政治區位因素(包括決算補助比例、縣市票源凝聚程度、鄉鎮市區票源凝聚程度、縣市地方派系強度虛擬變項、鄉鎮市區派系強度虛擬變項)作為自變項。在縱剖面上,則以時間的虛擬變項作為自變項,以反映長期的影響因素。在以各政黨當屆立委得票率為依變項時,則再加入當屆省市議員與上屆立法委員各政黨的得票率,來測量選舉慣性的影響力。
此外,並分別由區分為三個集群的集群面,以及整體面來進行迴歸分析。
研究結果發現,在各模型中較為重要而顯著的變數都與假設方向一致。其中都市化程度、工商業場所單位經營狀況、年輕人口比例,以及縣市票源凝聚程度會升高政黨競爭程度;而決算補助比、鄉鎮市區票源凝聚程度,以及縣市級地方派系則會減弱政黨競爭程度。都市化程度、工商業場所單位經營狀況,以及縣市票源凝聚程度對國民黨得票率不利,而外省人口比例則由1992年之前的有利,轉向為1995年的不利;但決算補助比例、縣市級地方派系強,以及鄉鎮市區票源凝聚程度都對國民黨得票率有利。都市化程度、工商業場所單位經營狀況以及縣市票源凝聚程度對民進黨得票率有利;而外省人口比例、決算補助比,以及鄉鎮市區票源凝聚程度則對民進黨得票率不利。都市化程度、工商業場所單位經營狀況、外省人口比例,以及年輕人口比例,均對新黨得票率有利;決算補助比、鄉鎮市區票源凝聚程度,以及各級地方派系不論強弱,均對新黨得票率不利。
在合併時間序列的分析上,隨著時間的推演,政黨得票率競爭程度也隨之升高,同時對國民黨得票率愈來愈不利,而對民進黨得票率愈來愈有利。此外不論是對哪一個政黨的得票率來說,選舉慣性因素的影響力都相當顯著。不過不同選舉還是有所不同,以同類型的選舉影響較大。
另一方面,經由對R 值的觀察,我們也發現政治區位因素在多數的情況下,其解釋力會大於自然區位因素。同時區位因素最適合用以解釋新黨的得票率,不過整體而言多數模型都有解釋力愈來愈高的趨勢,顯示近年來區域發展因素對於政黨競爭的解釋力較過去提升不少。
最後,透過區分集群的方式,有助於突顯出特定區域類型,以表現出其中更為強烈或更為微弱的,區域發展與政黨競爭之間的關係。可避免僅就整體面進行分析,使這些集群的特性消失,反倒不易瞭解區域發展與政黨競爭之間的真正關係的缺失。
第一章 緒論
壹、政黨競爭與選舉
貳、台灣的選舉競爭:國民黨的控制與反對黨的興起
參、選舉研究:個體或總體
肆、區域與區域發展
伍、台灣的區域發展:進步但不均衡
陸、區域發展與政黨競爭
第二章 文獻檢閱
壹、區域發展與人文區位指標
貳、選舉競爭與總體資料研究
參、整合性研究的需要
第三章 理論架構與研究方法
壹、研究範圍與內容
貳、研究架構與假設
參、變數建構與資料來源
肆、統計方法
第四章 變數的典型相關與鄉鎮市區的集群分析
壹、典型相關分析
貳、集群分析
參、依變項在整體面與集群面上之觀察
肆、討論與小結
第五章 區域發展因素對政黨競爭的影響-集群面的觀察
壹、第一集群的分析結果
貳、第二集群的分析結果
參、第三集群的分析結果
肆、討論與小結
第六章 區域發展因素對政黨競爭的影響-整體面的觀察
壹、影響政黨得票率競爭程度的區域發展因素研究
貳、影響政黨得票率的區域發展因素研究
參、整體面與集群面的比較
參、討論與小結
第七章 結論
壹、研究回顧與成果
貳、檢討與建議
參考書目
附錄一 國內以人文區位指標進行區域發展研究的相關論文列表
附錄二 國內以人文區位途徑進行選舉研究的相關論文列表
附錄三 各變數之相關係數、平均數與標準差
附錄四 各迴歸分析詳細列表
附錄五 各變數資料 / The thesis is an ecological analysis of competition between major parties (the KMT, DPP, and NP) in the 1989, 1992, and 1995 elections for Taiwan's Legislative Yuan. The unit of analysis is the "Hsiang" (rural township), "Chen" (urban township), "Shih" (county city), or "Ch'u" (precict), and we separate all of the local area units into three clusters to obtain the ecological determinants of the degree of competition between major parties. We explore the relative influence of ecological conditions of local units on the election returns over the six year period.
The results of regression analysis indicate that major significant variables are in accordance with theoretical assumptions. Urbanization, development of industry and commerce, high percentage of youth in the population, and high degree of voting consistency in a county can raise the degree of competition between major parties, but a high percentage of the budget from subsidies, law degree of voting consistency in a township, and strong county factions can reduce it. Urbanization, development of industry and commerce, and degree of voting consistency in a county have influence on the percentage of the vote lost by the KMT's candidates, and percentage of the budget from subsidies and strong local county factions influence the percentage of the vote won by the KMT's candidates. A high percentage of mainlanders contributes to the KMT's vote share before 1992, but becomes disadvantageous in 1995.
Urbanization, development of industry and commerce, and degree of voting consistency in a county are beneficial to the DPP, but a high percentage of mainlanders, a high percentage of the budget from subsidies, and a high degree of voting consistency in a township are harmful to it.
Urbanization, development of industry and commerce, a high percentage of mainlanders, and a high percentage of youth in the population have a positive influence on the NP's vote, but a high percentage of the budget from subsidies, a high degree of voting consistency in a township, and strong local factions have a negative influence towards it.
Longitudinal analyses find that the time factor intensifies the degree of competition between major parties in favor of the DPP. Electoral inertia, or the retrospective effects of the last election, has a powerful influence on the vote share of the KMT, DPP, and NP. Also the same type of elections has more influence than different types.
Finally, through clusters analyses we can identify various types of groups which reveal various relationships between development of regions and competition between major parties.
|
162 |
臺灣海峽兩岸的經貿發展與經濟整合 / The Economic Relation and Economic Intergration Between The Tai- wan Strait簡宏志, Chien, Hong Chin Unknown Date (has links)
自從我方政府於1987年開放臺灣地區民眾赴大陸探親,並陸續放寬兩岸經貿交流的限制之後,海峽兩岸之間的經貿關係獲得了空前的突破與進展,不論是間接貿易或間接投資,均呈現大幅的成長。彼此之間的經貿往來已經形成緊密的經濟聯繫。
而在兩岸經貿往來日益密切之際,世界經濟也因「歐洲經濟區」與「北美自由貿易區」的實現而有朝向區域經濟整合的發展趨勢。面對這股世界經濟朝向區域化、集團化的發展趨勢,以及海峽兩岸經貿往來日益密切的事實,許多學者紛紛主張兩岸應該在現有的經貿交流基礎上,進一步實施經濟整合,希望能將同屬華人社會的台灣、大陸與香港等兩岸三地的經濟力量結合在一起,共同籌組一個屬於兩岸中國人的「大中華經濟圈」,藉以加強彼此間的經濟合作、促進此一地區的進步繁榮。基於以上所述,本論文之研究目的在於探討海峽兩岸是否有可能在現有的經貿交流基礎上,進一步實施經濟整合,建立一個以兩岸中國人為中心的區域性經濟組織。
本論文主要採用文獻分析法、比較研究法以及統計分析法等研究方法。在第二章探討海峽兩岸經貿關係之發展現況。第三章探討區域經濟整合之基本理論,包括經濟整合的定義、類型與效果,並以歐洲共同體為例,汲取其發展經驗。第四章則探討有關兩岸經濟整合之構想,分析大中華經濟圈的發展條件及限制並評析其可能產生之經濟效果。第五章探討兩岸經濟整合之展望,並對未來兩岸經濟合作的努力方向提出建言。
根據本論文的研究結果顯示:不論從地緣、血緣、親緣以及兩岸經濟資源秉賦互補等條件來看,海峽兩岸之間確實具有某些有利於兩岸三地進一步實施經濟整合的條件;但另一方面,兩岸之間也同時存在著(1)政治意識對立;(2)經濟制度迥異與(3)經濟發展程度懸殊等不利於兩岸進一步實施經濟整合的因素,尤其政治上的對立,更是兩岸實施經濟整合的最大障礙。現階段中共當局仍然堅持「一國兩制」的對臺政策,不承認中華民國為其對等之政治實體,致使任何形式之經濟整合均難以在兩岸之間實現。因此,現階段海峽兩岸之間仍未具備實施經濟整合之條件。
|
163 |
跨國企業子公司的角色演化及擴展-以奇異塑膠台灣子公司為例 / Multinational subsidiary evolution: The case of GE Plastics Taiwan焦慧萍, Chiao, Vicky Unknown Date (has links)
本個案分析以奇異塑膠台灣子公司為例,說明在面對各跨國公司區域整合紛紛將將區域總公司設在中國的趨勢,台灣產業外移,奇異塑膠台灣子公司如何避免被邊緣化的威脅? 說明台灣在2000年初、電子組裝產業由OEM 轉型為ODM,及雖然生產線外移但是產業仍將研發連同規格制定仍舊保留在台灣。而奇異塑膠台灣的子公司經理人如何發揮他的創業家精神,利用這些規格制定留台灣優勢的因素、還有他的敏銳的觀察力發現電子產業的國際與大中華區域之間的價值鏈,善用他與總公司與姊妹公司的良好關係兜售他的創意、取得母公司的支持資源、而培養奇異塑膠台灣子公司在電子組裝產業獨特的能力,進而對在中國的姊妹子公司做出貢獻。而這ㄧ連串的主導活動奇異塑膠台灣子公司不但沒有被邊緣化,反而子公司因此轉型,子公司經理人運用他的創意制定“台商規格制定的生意的平台“使子公司的地位在電子產業處於更重要的策略角色,組織不但未被縮編、還因此增加人員、且獲得總公司的認可,更將重要的電子產業的全球角色成員編列在台灣及ㄧ系列的獨特資源。 筆者也將此個案與歷年的文獻做比對,讓個案更有學理的基礎,可以有信心的用本文作為跨國公司在台灣的子公司做為發展的參考及勉勵,並且個案所述的價值鏈及台商規格制定的生意的平台是可以套用在任何國籍或跨區域需要規格制定的產業上。希望這個成功的模式可以幫助別人。 / This case study uses GE Plastic as an example to illustrate how a Taiwanese branch prevailed when facing the global trend that international corporations, including Taiwanese firms, restructured their district headquarters to mainland China. Taiwan GE Plastic general manager leveraged Taiwan’s unique advantages on product specifications to gain strategic importance and supports from its global and regional headquarter. This manager realized several facts: first, although Taiwan moved its manufacturing components to mainland China. Taiwan kept its designing capabilities in-house; second. Greater China needs Taiwan’s capabilities to complete the value chain and generate profits; third, she maintained favorable relationships with the global headquarter and China regional headquarter. In lights of these facts, she sold an innovative concept to the global headquarter and attained resources to create a platform that kept Taiwan GE plastic relevant. This “speciation-dictating” platform enabled Taiwan GE Plastic to dominate its industry and contribute enormously to its sibling, the China branch. Not only wasn’t it marginalized, Taiwan GE Plastic placed itself in a key strategic position and gained recognition from its mother headquarter. This platform is not bounded by a particular industry and can be used in many other domains. Practitioners from other industries in Taiwan may gain insightful implications from this case and reposition their Taiwan branches in a vantage point.
|
164 |
1979至1999年中國大陸地區經濟成長差異成因之探討 / Institutions and the Economic Growth Disparity in China: 1978-1999涂秀玲, Tu, Hsiu Ling Unknown Date (has links)
中國大陸自1978年改革開放後,經濟成長驚人,但是這個成長是伴隨著城鄉之間的差距與地區之間的差距。地區間絕對差距與相對差距都在逐年擴大,以1999年的資料,上海與貴州人均GDP相差16倍,絕對差距為一萬元人民幣。對於區域間發展差異的問題,有些學者從自然環境差異等天賦條件因素解釋;另有一派學者則以依賴理論說明市場自然運作的結果;亦有專家以過去計畫經濟時期的歷史發展來說明國家能力,尤其是財政能力,是消弭差異的主要關鍵;也有人以政府的傾斜政策,將資源導向被傾斜的一方流動,致使東西差異形成。本論文認為經濟事物應回歸經濟的角度來探討,再結合制度(正式與非正式)選擇對於經濟層面的干擾因素,來尋求各地區經濟發展差異的解答。在理論上,以新經濟成長理論為基礎,認為除了生產要素的增加外,資源配置是否有效率亦是經濟成長的重要關鍵,而制度決定資源配置的效率,因此,東西部的制度落差是造成東西部經濟成長差異的源頭。這樣的制度落差可以分為兩個面向來探討:第一是經濟領域上政府的退出;第二是社會關係、法律制度、中介組織等相關配套措施的建立。要使得地區發展能夠得到平衡,管制的解除以及新制度的建立是主要的關鍵,尤其是不合理戶口制度造成勞動市場的不健全以及各地方和全國法律的完善程度。本論文整合時間(1978年到1999年)和橫斷面(28個省市區)的統計數據,使用迴歸分析說明制度變數與經濟成長之間的關係。 / Since the reform in 1978, China has experienced an astonishing economic growth. However, the disparity between the coastal and inner provinces is increasing. According to the 1999 statistics, the GDP in Shanghai is sixteen times of GDP in Guizhou. More and more scholarship focuses on the uneven development in China. The reasons of regional disparity in China have focused on the geography, the operation of market, the weakening of the central government's power, or the preferential policies received by the coastal provinces. These can't fully explain China's disparity. I argue that the real reasons for China's disparity lying in the " institutions" (formal and informal) in China. Based on regression analysis of data from 1978 to 1999, my thesis intends to explain the dynamic between institutions and economic growth.
|
165 |
推動兩岸信心建立措施之研究郝以知 Unknown Date (has links)
一、信心建立措施,最早出現於1975年歐洲安全暨合作會議(Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 簡稱CSCE)的赫爾辛基會議(Helsinki Conference)所簽署的赫爾辛基最終議定書(Helsinki Final Act),嗣後,被國際間廣為運用以降低敵對國家間衝突與避免戰爭的重要途徑與模式。信心建立是一系列的相對措施,旨在促進彼此了解,防止誤判和誤解,其重要條件是雙方能持續漸次的降低敵對緊張關係,使得雙方能在協談中尋求和平解決爭端的共識,成為一種常態性互動式的行為模式。
二、不論是先前歐洲安全暨合作會議或是改組後的歐洲安全暨合作組織,在策訂信心建立措施的條文上是依據當時的背景環境及相對的威脅程度來策訂,並結合時空移轉,環境變遷循序增修訂,在互信不足的狀況下採較寬鬆的措施作為,以增加互信的基礎為主,在互信條件較成熟的時候,則相對採取較嚴格及緊縮的措施作為,而非一成不變,更不是可一次到位的。
三、中共從改革開放開始,施政的重心在於政局穩定及經貿發展,中共力求營造與維持一個穩定的國際安全環境,以全力從事經濟建設。在對外改善關係及參與信心建立措施之基本立場與原則:(一)推動多極的國際新秩序;(二)消弭「中國威脅論」;(三)壓縮中華民國國際空間。在過去十多年當中,中共對信心建立措施的看法由負面的、消極的,轉而採用信心建立措施來改善與潛在衝突國家間的關係。在相當的程度上可印證,中共對其它國家所推動之信心建立措施已經取得相當的成果,而中共也從推動信心建立措施獲得實質之利益。
四、兩岸關係正處在十字路口,如何化解僵局,將成為二十一世紀初兩岸焦點問題,兩岸是戰是和,也是亞太地區穩定與否關鍵。兩岸間現況的互信措施在不具正式的條文約制下,有學者將其稱之為默契式的互信措施。兩岸之所以遲遲不能展開正式信心建立措施,仍存在的幾個問題癥結:如單方面的共識匯集不易、缺乏脈絡連貫的運作組織體、中共正統自居的傲慢;雙方面的一個中國的認知困境、缺乏溝通有效途徑、漸趨失衡的兩岸軍力;在多邊方面的第三者美國的戰略模糊政策、效能不彰的第二軌道、多邊組識國家的選邊站等問題。在兩岸間推動信心建立措施或許解不開兩岸政治上的結,推動兩岸信心建立措施最大的目的,是在促進兩岸雙方以和平的、溝通的方式,達成互信、共存、共榮的目標。信心建立措施最終目標固然在於追求穩定、確保和平,但它是一種過程與方法,是通往和平之路的開啟,而不是終點。不論是美蘇間的互信機制或是歐洲的信心建立措施亦或是東協間的安全對話,甚至東西德統一、朝鮮半島正在進行的和解,都是經過長時期的醞釀、溝通、協調,且相對方皆隨著時空而逐步調整修訂各自觀點與包容,並藉助區域組織、第二軌道或第三國的協助,待最佳時機或相對方咸感需要時,始建立相對間的互信措施。
|
166 |
兩岸治理新模式?-平潭綜合實驗區的規劃與發展 / The new Cross-Strait governance model?-the planning and the development of pingtan integrated testing zone莊孟寰, Chuang, Meng Huan Unknown Date (has links)
改革開放為中國大陸創造了令人驚艷的經濟成長,卻也帶來區域不平衡的嚴重問題。近年來,中國大陸區塊化的發展受到各界關注,包括珠三角、長三角、環渤海區等。而長期以來受到忽略的福建省,終於在海西區的規劃中得到了來自中共中央的政策支持。福建擁有對台先行先試,探索兩岸進行區域合作試點的權力,在海西區的架構下,平潭綜合實驗區被中共中央寄與厚望,以「五個共同」積極與台灣進行各種創新合作,其中,最為人所注目的即是「共同治理」。本文認為,從目前中共中央給予平潭的各項政策利多及兩岸在此議題上的角力來看,兩岸「共同治理」,仍有許多問題亟待克服。
|
167 |
冷戰後強制外交在國際衝突的運用崔進揆 Unknown Date (has links)
強制外交(coercive diplomacy)的概念在一九七0年代由學者Alexander L. George首度提出,主張強制外交應屬於防守型的危機管理(defensive crisis management),亦有別於一般所謂的嚇阻(deterrence)與壓制(compellence)等策略。施行強制外交時,相關決策者透過威脅使用武力,或使用有限度的武力,以勸說對手停止或放棄現正從事的行動,並防止危機情勢的升高,及避免戰爭的發生。冷戰期間,美、蘇兩國的領導人對於該一策略的運用極為廣泛與普遍,甘迺迪政府對於古巴飛彈危機的處理便是著名的案例。冷戰結束,國際關係進入所謂的後冷戰時期,面對區域衝突、人道危機和恐怖主義威脅等問題,強制外交更常被相關決策者和國際組織所施行、採用,亦多次在國際間重大的衝突與危機處理過程中扮演著關鍵的角色,並展現其重要性和多元化的一面。因此,鑑於強制外交對於後冷戰時期之國際危機處理和衝突解決的重要性和必要性,本研究旨在透過強制外交相關理論的介紹與整理,以及後冷戰時期強制外交相關個案的研究分析,總結歷史的經驗與教訓,深入探討其施行現況與成效,並提出具體之研究發現與政策建議。期盼所得之研究成果能使吾人對於該策略有更深一層的認識與了解。
關鍵詞:強制外交、壓制、危機管理、後冷戰時期、區域衝突、人道干涉、反恐行動 / In the 1970s, Alexander L. George first introduced and defined the concept of coercive diplomacy. According to George, he claims that coercive diplomacy is a strategy of defensive crisis management. Besides, coercive diplomacy is also different from the strategy of deterrence or compellence. When policymakers and political elites decide to manipulate coercive diplomacy, they should employ threats and / or limited force to persuade opponents to call off or undo adverse actions, which are thought aggressive. Furthermore, the purpose of using coercive diplomacy is to prevent crisis situation from escalating or causing wars.
During the Cold War era, leaders of United States and Soviet Union used this strategy intensively. The Cuban missile crisis in 1962 can also be thought as a famous case of successful coercive diplomacy. When international relations enters into the post-Cold War era, coercive diplomacy still plays as important role in crisis management and conflict resolution. Policymakers of countries and international organizations, like the United Nations and the NATO, prefer to use coercive diplomacy to deal with regional conflicts, humanitarian intervention, and counterterrorism. Coercive diplomacy also demonstrates its necessity and significance of solving these problems.
In order to give us a comprehensive understanding of coercive diplomacy, this thesis focuses on theories of coercive diplomacy and case studies, especially the experiences after the Cold War. Then, in final chapter of this thesis, the author generalizes lessons and experiences come from the cases analyzed and studied. In addition, the author also tries to make conclusions about the efficacy of coercive diplomacy and thus tries to offer some guidelines for policymakers.
Keywords: coercive diplomacy, compellence, crisis management, post-Cold War era, regional conflicts, humanitarian intervention, counterterrorism
|
168 |
航空影像控制實體 於近景影像光束法區域平差控制之精度探討 / Accuracy Investigation on Using Control Entities of Aerial Images as Controls in Bundle Adjustment of Close Range Images林汝晏, Lin, Ju Yen Unknown Date (has links)
近來三維數值城市及數碼城市(Cyber City)為各界極欲發展及研究的課題,為了要增加三維數值城市的擬真性及美觀程度,通常是將建物模型敷貼真實拍攝之牆面影像,增加三維模型的細緻化程度。而欲精確的敷貼牆面紋理影像,必須嚴密地將所拍攝之近景影像定位定向,一般採用光束法區域平差解算,此時需加上適當的控制點控制資訊才能完成,因此控制點控制資訊若來自地面測量將相當耗費成本。多年來,各地方政府製作大比例尺地形圖時已拍攝相當多的航照影像,可用來做為上述的控制資訊,亦即航空影像控制實體,若能使用這些航空影像控制實體作為控制資訊,不但可有效利用資源,亦能減少控制點取得所需花費的成本。因此,本研究將使用航空影像控制實體所提供的控制資訊做為控制來源。
本研究探討以航空影像控制實體作為控制資訊時,使用非量測型相機以類似傳統航測拍攝方式及旋轉多基線交向拍攝方式拍攝涵蓋建物牆面的目標區影像後,於最少控制且不同控制分布時,對光束法區域平差精度之影響。因使用非量測型相機,故本研究先以iWitnessPRO近景攝影測量軟體率定相機參數,接著以PHIDIAS近景攝影測量軟體解算光束法區域平差。過程中探討使用航空影像控制實體作為控制資訊時,於最少控制且不同控制分布時,加入附加參數解算的自率光束法區域平差與與一般光束法區域平差之精度。根據實驗結果,低樓層取像的光束法區域平差之檢核點RMSE精度,其結果大多可應用於LOD 3精度等級的牆面敷貼。另,因都市地區高樓林立,狹小巷弄多,有鑒於此,本研究使用旋轉多基線交向攝影,結果顯示其將有機會運用於近景攝影測量LOD 3精度等級的牆面紋理敷貼。 / Recently, the studies about the cyber city have become a popular topic. For improving the level of detail of cyber city, photo-realistic textures from images are mapped onto the surfaces of 3D building models. Before the accurate texture mapping, bundle block adjustment can be performed to recover the parameters of exterior orientation for each close-range images more accurate and more precise, where the control information is necessary. For the past years, many aerial photogrammetry projects were done by local governments for the mapping of 1/1000 topographic maps. Those historic aerial images can be used as control information to reduce the cost and increase the efficiency. Therefore, this study investigates the accuracy of bundle block adjustment about non-metric close-range images, taken from the ways similar to the traditional aerial photogrammetry and the rotating multi-baseline photogrammetry, by using control entities from historic aerial images as the minimal controls under various control distributions. Since the non-metric camera is used for collecting the close-range images, the iWitnessPRO software is utilized for camera calibration. After that, the PHIDIAS software, a close-range photogrammetry software, is employed to performed the bundle block adjustment. During performing the bundle block adjustment, the camera parameters are regarded as unknowns and determined, called as self-calibration bundle adjustment. The results of self-calibration bundle adjustment will be compared with conventional bundle adjustment.
The test results show that the accuracy of most self-calibration bundle adjustment about close-range images covered with low buildings can be used for the application of LOD 3 texture mapping. Moreover, the test results of using close-range images from rotating multi-baseline photogrammetry in urban areas show the potential possibility for LOD 3 texture mapping in urban areas with high buildings and narrow alleys.
|
169 |
探討空間記憶之神經行為機制 / Investigation of the Neurobehavioral Mechanisms Underlying Spatial Memory林建佑 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以神經毒素ibotenic acid破壞不同尾核區域以及鋰鹽去價值程序為操弄變項,觀測此兩種實驗操弄對於大鼠之迷津行為之影響,進而探討標誌系統之行為內涵及神經機制。實驗所採用的作業為線索學習作業以及自我中心作業,分別代表標誌系統下的線索導引策略及體位導向策略。實驗一及實驗二在於檢驗尾核功能缺損對於大鼠迷津行為之影響,從探測嘗試發現大鼠在線索學習的行為表現需依賴砂紙線索的導引,而在自我中心作業之行為則不以環境刺激為依據(實驗一A、二A),顯示大鼠在各迷津作業的行為符合標誌系統的運作原則。神經機制之操弄結果顯示在記憶習得階段,尾核破壞之受試在線索學習作業上的表現並沒有顯著變差,尾核功能缺損並未導致學習的延宕或阻斷,其進步的速度仍與控制組相同(實驗一B)。相較於線索學習作業,尾核破壞之受試在自我中心作業上的表現則明顯變差,幾乎沒有進步的趨勢(實驗二B)。而在記憶保持階段,不管是線索學習作業或自我中心作業之表現皆會因尾核破壞而顯著變差(實驗一C、二C)。實驗三及實驗四則利用鋰鹽去價值程序降低食餌之誘因價值,觀測大鼠行為有無相對應改變。結果發現去價值程序的操弄只會影響到大鼠在自我中心作業的行為表現(實驗四),而不影響其在線索學習作業之行為(實驗三)。由此可知,兩種迷津作業所形成的記憶表徵是不同的,自我中心學習歷程會將增強物表徵在聯結單位中,而線索學習之習得歷程則不會。綜合上述實驗結果,標誌系統下確實有兩個不同空間行為機制,一個為線索導引策略,另一個為體位導向策略,雖皆受到尾核的調節,但調節的程度是不同的。不管是記憶習得或保持階段,尾核在體位導向策略的運作中皆扮演重要的角色,而在線索導引策略只參與了記憶保持歷程的運作。另外,兩個空間行為機制在學習內涵上也不盡相同,以線索導引策略為依據之空間行為會形成刺激反應(S-R)的聯結型態,而以體位導向策略為依據之空間行為則會形成反應及增強物(R-S*)聯結。 / This study investigated the neurobehavioral mechanisms of taxon system of spatial memory through manipulating lesions of subareas in the caudate nucleus by ibotenic acid and lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced reward devaluation. With respect to behavioral measurement in an eight-arm radial maze, a cue learning task and an egocentric task were used for testing the guidance and orientation hypotheses of taxon system, respectively. Data from probing procedures showed that the performance of rats in the cue learning task was impaired when the cue was removed, but the performance in the egocentric task was not affected by changing the context (Experiments 1A and 2A). These results indicate that behavior reactions in two tasks are corresponding to those two operational principles of taxon system. In terms of the acquisition, deficits were significantly produced by the lesion of the dorsomedial caudate on egocentric task, while the ibotenate lesions did not affect cue learning task (Experiments 1B and 2B). For retention test, the performances in both cue learning and egocentric tasks were impaired by dorsomedial caudate lesion, no such impairment was observed from dorsolateral and posterolateral caudate lesions (Experiments 1C and 2C). In the third and fourth experiments, LiCl devaluation procedure was employed to lower the reward value of the bait in the maze. This manipulation significantly impaired the performance of egocentric task but not that of the cue learning task. These results indicate that the memory representations in the two tasks used in the present study are different. The memory representation in the egocentric task contains the reinforcer, whereas that in the cue learning task is not necessarily relevant to the reinforcer. In conclusion, the guidance and orientation hypotheses can be differentiated as behavioral mechanisms existing in the taxon system of spatial memory. Although the caudate nucleus is critically important for the operation of both hypotheses, the degrees of this brain site to get involved are different. The caudate nucleus participates in the acquisition and retention of orientation hypothesis, but only in the retention of guidance hypothesis. In addition, behavioral performance of the spatial memory using guidance hypothesis is based on forming the association of stimulus and response (S-R), while that using orientation hypothesis is based on forming the association of response and reinforcer (R-S*).
|
170 |
二十一世紀後美國東亞軍力調整之研究 / U.S. Forces Realignment in East Asia in the Twenty-First Century陳舜仁 Unknown Date (has links)
本文以「新現實主義」(neorealism),或被稱為「結構現實主義」(structural realism)做為研究途徑,從國際政治系統層次體系,探究美國在二十一世紀後,所進行的東亞軍力調整。本文首先檢視二十一世紀後東亞戰略環境,以及美國的兩位總統,小布希(George W. Bush),以及歐巴馬(Barrack Obama),的面對這樣的東亞安全環境,採取的戰略與政策儘管有不同,但同樣在軍事及外交上,強化與東亞國家之關係,藉以建構一個對美國有利的東亞安全環境,藉以面對來自崛起中國的挑戰。接著,本文將探究美國與中國之關係,藉以釐清美國在進行東亞軍力調整中,如何處理中國的因素後,探討美國在二十一世紀後,在東亞進行的軍力調整的原因、方針以及概況,以及美國的東亞盟邦在軍力調整後所扮演的角色,並探究美國在東亞軍力整編時所面對的困境與挑戰。
本文發現,二十一世紀美國進行東亞軍力調整之時,也反應了其東亞外交與安全戰略,以及美國建構一個以「美日同盟」為主軸的安全戰略體系已經形成,並由美國的其他東亞盟邦輔助支援。然而,美國的東亞軍力調整,也面臨了許多困難與挑戰,包括美國東亞盟邦,甚至美國自身的問題等。
最後,本文也建議未來可針對抑制中國軍事能力的戰略,以及台灣在美國東亞安全戰略可以扮演的角色進行研究。 / The research approach used in this dissertation is neorealism (structural realism). From the system of level in the international politics, this dissertation explore how the United States conducted its military realignment in East Asia. Firstly, this dissertation will examine the security environment of East Asia in the twenty-first century. Although two U.S. Presidents, George W. Bush and Barrack Obama, adopted different policies when facing such an East Asia security environment, they both strengthened relations with Asia-Pacific countries militarily and diplomatically. They intended to construct an East Asian security environment favorable for U.S. interests so that U.S. can face the challenges from the rising China. Later on, this dissertation will explore U.S.-Chinese relations to clarify how U.S. handle Chinese factors in its military realignment in East Asia. Besides, this dissertation will explore the reasons, policies, how U.S. proceed its military realignment, and the roles played by U.S. allies and partners. Finally, this dissertation will examine the difficulties and challenges that U.S. will have faced in its military realignment.
This dissertation finds that U.S. military realignment in East Asia reflects its diplomacy and security strategy. Meanwhile, an U.S. security strategy based on U.S.-Japan alliance has established, with the support from other U.S. allies and partners in East Asia. However, the U.S. indeed faces difficulties and challenges, including problems from its allies and even the U.S. itself.
Lastly, this dissertation suggest some research directions in the future, including a strategy which can suppress Chinese capabilities, and the role that Taiwan can play in the comprehensive U.S. East Asia security strategy.
|
Page generated in 0.0305 seconds