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我國行動電話基地臺管理制度之研究:回應性政策評估觀點 / The Fourth Generation Policy Evaluation of the Cell Phone Base Station Management System王裴芝 Unknown Date (has links)
民國85年電信民營自由化,行動通信業務陸續開放,行動通信基礎建設也逐年展開,隨著無線寛頻接取業務WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)、數位電視、數位廣播等無線通訊網路時代的來臨,我國行動通信的服務愈趨完善,儼然成為國際間首屈一指的通訊樞紐。
世界衛生組織(WHO)於2006年5月第 304 號概要說明書(Fact Sheet #304)中仍維持過去表示低於 ICNIRP (國際非游離輻射防護委員會)標準下的電磁波,無證據證明有害人體健康的一貫立場,更確切指出,在過去15年間,透過細心規劃和執行的病理學研究,甚至在電磁波強度遠超過基地臺和無線網路所能產生的情形下,長期的動物研究實驗也未能證明暴露行動通信電磁場領域下會增加罹癌風險。
由於迄今仍無確切的科學證據顯示非游離輻射的電磁波與癌症或生育問題有關,致使民眾仍對行動電話基地臺電磁波產生恐慌,導致與電信業者之間的拆遷抗爭不斷。基此,本研究從多元利害關係人的角度-第四代政策評估的觀點,針對主管機關、電信業者、學者及民間團體代表,進行非結構性的訪談,經研究發現:政府教育宣導不足,造成民眾對基地臺電磁波認知不足而產生疑慮,致使基地臺設臺不易;基地臺設置資訊是否公開?電信業者是否需設置回饋金?NCC與電信業者均表示不贊成,民間團體代表及學者則一致贊成;另敏感區如托兒所、中小學校、醫院等區域,如採限制設置,各界看法傾向立法前必須審慎評估其他使用者合法的權益。
最後,本研究提出以下幾點政策建議,提供政府未來行動電話基地臺管理制度規劃方向的參考:
一、政策參與:NCC於審核基地臺的許可執照,應確保私有土地或建築物所有人及設置基地臺鄰近居民等利害關係人參與行動電話基地臺設置之決策過程的機會。
二、教育宣導:多樣化管道且依利害關係人的不同,採分眾行銷方式。
三、合作模式:電信監理機關(NCC)、健康風險機關(衛生署)、環境保育機關(環
保署)的跨部門合作與協調。
四、風險溝通:認同利害關係團體,誠心的接受民眾對於風險認知是有差異的事實,並
發展一個雙向對話自由討論的對話平臺,加強政府、業者與民眾的溝通
管道與頻次,追蹤風險認知的趨勢,評估風險溝通的效果。 / Since 1996, Taiwan has been steadily liberalizing the telecommunications market, launching new services, and continuously developing the telecommunications infrastructure. Wireless communication networks, such as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), digital TV and digital broadcast are currently at the forefront of this development. Consequently, Taiwan has already become an international communications hub.
Under the standards set forth in May, 2006, in the 304th essential instructions (Fact Sheet#304) of electromagnetic waves, the World Health Organization (WHO) suggested no evidence to prove the harmful effect of electromagnetic waves to human health. The report highlighted the past fifteen years of research, such as pathology elaboration programming, and performance research. Even in circumstances where the strength of electromagnetic waves far exceeded the amount at base stations and the wireless network, and after conducting long-term animal research, experiments could not prove electromagnetism increases Li cancer.
Although there is still no scientific evidence connecting electromagnetic wave radiation to cancer, public concern continues to grow, sometimes aggressively. Even to the extent that an operator had to dismantle a cellular phone base station. The NCC is tackling this issue holistically and has developed the following policies regarding this matter:
(1)policy publicly: to ensure the privately-owned land or buildings owners and the neighboring residents could have the chance to participate in the decision making process of the pedestal constitution of the cell phone base, when the government examine the permission licenses of base pedestals.
(2)education and propaganda: to educate the public by diversified ways and adopts diversified marketing according to different character relative groups.
(3)cooperate broadly: communications regulatory organization (NCC) - healthy risk organizations (Department of Health ) - environmental conservation groups.
(4)inform of risks: to identify with the related group and accept the fact that the thought gaps of the public exist naturally. Then to develop a conversation platform to enhance the communication between the government, operators, and the public, and mention the trend of the public’s risk cognition to evaluate communication effect.
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縣市升格對於鎮公所改制區公所回應性之影響 -以○○區公所為例 / The impact of upgrading county to municipality on its responsiveness : the case from a township to district顏慈柔 Unknown Date (has links)
因應民國99年及民國103年新北市、台中市、台南市、高雄市及桃園市升格為直轄市,轄內鄉(鎮、市)地方自治權限回歸直轄市政府,鄉(鎮、市)公所改制為區公所,自此成為直轄市的派出單位。由於鄉(鎮、市)公所改制區公所後權責限縮,回應地方民意需求的能力是否因此而受限,成為備受關注的議題。
本研究以鎮公所改制區公所的個案為例,聚焦於環境清潔事項,探討改制過程中公所組織結構變革所產生回應性的影響。本研究將回應性的概念分為三個層次:第一、「程序回應性」:意見反映管道的建立與運作;第二、「實質回應性」:問題解決的有效性;第三、「制度回應性」:改制過程隱藏的價值轉換。透過訪談資料歸納分析,本研究認為,改制後地方意見反映的管道是多元且制度化的,但管道暢通只是基礎,地方反映意見或通報問題能否獲得解決才是關鍵;依照分析結果,地方通報的問題如果屬於具有明確規範與權責劃分的事項,大部分都能獲得解決與處理,然若地方反映意見涉及規劃或決策性事項,雖有反映管道,卻不必然能獲得實質的回覆或解決。更進一步探討的是相同業務在改制前後不同作法分別代表的價值,改制前由鎮公所統籌主導更顯彈性,改制後直轄市體制則更傾向建立專業、理性化的制度。
最後,本研究發現,雖然改制後地方權限回歸直轄市政府,但在新的直轄市體制中,仍可透過區公所積極的橋樑角色及藉由民意代表的力量,促進地方聲音更受重視。在歷經縣市改制所產生制度的轉變與影響,本研究針對地方治理提出三項建議:一、改制後直轄市政府除了建立提供民眾反映意見的管道,也應透過各種平台落實雙向溝通;二、區公所的角色可從機械式轉陳資訊的角色,轉變為更積極、有助於市府與民眾溝通的橋樑角色;三、改變以往里鄰過於依賴行政機關的情形,試著建立里鄰與行政機關之間的協力關係;即行政機關不再直接給予服務或資源,而是建立制度提供里鄰自主發展的機會。
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僑務委員會推動績效獎金制度成效之研究莊雅淑 Unknown Date (has links)
在追求政府成果導向課責範行下,組織績效開始受到各國重視,於是各國紛紛推動各式各樣績效管理措施,而政府績效獎酬制度正是政府推動績效管理的重要手段。我國在這波政府改造的浪潮當中,亦於自九十一年起開始,以行政命令方式實施政府績效獎金制度,惟在三年實施過程中,引發政策網絡不同政策社群質疑與爭議,而至九十四年立法院審議九十四年中央政府總預算時,以「各機關均已編列年終獎金、考績獎金及不休假獎金,不宜巧令名目編列績效獎金」為由,刪除中央機關績效獎金相關預算。鑒於政府績效獎金制度操作成敗,牽動整體文官及政府績效,甚至影響民眾對政府觀感,實應回歸該制度本質,由實際執行層面作深入評估。以政策評估角度而言,公共政策或制度執行及終結應以完整成效評估作為參據,因此本研究期待能以回應性評估理論為基礎,透過研究個案內外在利益關係人角度針對該研究個案實施是項制度成效進行全方位評估,期盼透過不同利益關係人間多元評估觀點,細緻化該方案推動過程問題及衡平各利益關係人〈包含制度規劃者、執行者、使用者、政治首長及民眾〉的主張,並針對這些關鍵因素對於研究個案機關提出研究建議,另對整個績效獎金制度未來可發展方向提出政策建議。經本研究評估研究個案的執行結果發現:組織績效文化孕育是實施績效獎酬的基礎建設、評估結果應作為標竿學習與雙圈學習﹙double-loop learning﹚積極功能、管理階層績效管理能力未臻成熟,相關改革應注意系絡問題、外在利益關係人分析運用足以提供策略規劃之基礎等,是類影響制度成敗的重要原因,不論未來政府是否繼續推動績效獎金制度或者改採績效薪資管理,其均為組織推動績效管理應予以考量的要項。爰本文建議研究個案現階段應先由孕育側重績效導向的組織文化、重視評估結果所能提供發展性及積極性的功用、發展管理與規劃階層的績效管理能力、外在利益關係人需求的重視及強化制度政策行銷策略等措施著手改進,而對於整個制度而言,雖然目前該制度已暫時停擺,但對未來發展而論,這些都是一種有用的經驗及資源,是以本文建議政府在推動過程中仍應注意下列兩個概念:掌握績效管理核心,整合行政立法資源、發展績效管理積極功能,提供民眾溝通橋樑。
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委員會參與真能回應政策需求嗎? 以全民健康保險會參與為例之評估 / Can Committee Participation Be Responsive to Policy Demands? An Evaluation of Participation in Taiwanese NHIC羅凱凌, Luo, Kai Ling Unknown Date (has links)
行政部門委員會為政府內具有公共參與特質的合議制組織,來自社會層級的利害關係人被納入決策圈,並共同決定政策內容,作者稱之為委員會參與機制。此決策模式結合了社會與政府對公共參與的期待,並在世界各國廣泛使用。行政管理者宣稱可透過社會代表性的提升,提高政策的正當性與回應性;但實務上,委員會卻遭遇密室協商、激化對立、政治操弄等質疑。對此,本研究提出以下疑問:公共參與是否真能回應社會的政策需求?該如何具體評估參與績效?
依據委員會的決策結構特質,作者由公共參與的理論視野探討代表性和回應性的因果機制,提供一套以委員會為主體的參與評估標準。代表性在理論上有形式與實質代表性兩個層次,共包含參與制度、議事行為與會議影響力三個面向;回應性則強調利害關係人對委員會回應需求的主觀評價,又分為民主程序與實質利益的需求回應能力兩類。參與概念落實在制度賦權和議事行為,應該會同時強化兩類回應性。在研究方法上,本文以全民健康保險委員會為分析案例:首先透過跨國比較,分析台灣、日本、韓國、加拿大以及德國在類似的審議機制中,如何建構委員會代表性的制度。依此基礎,再針對第一屆健保會的運作進行分析,透過利害關係人問卷、健保會會議記錄內容分析、深度訪談與焦點團體等方法,深入探討健保會之政策回應能力。
研究結果發現:一、委員會參與的制度賦權和正當性皆來自代議機關,尚無法取而代之。台灣健保會之形式代表性,在行政單位主導下仍偏好具有政治動員能力的團體,較忽略社會連帶或保障弱勢的價值。二、健保會在民主功能和實質結果兩個回應性面向的評價皆為正面,而民主程序的評價又優於後者。然而,相互理解的功能評價再高,卻未對實質回應性產生顯著影響。三、是否具有健保會席次並不影響回應性評估;但直接與會者以及實際參與愈積極者,卻反而對委員會回應利害關係人需求的能力抱持較悲觀的看法。最後,在程序面和實質面評價上最為顯著的因素為會議影響力,會議影響力愈大的團體,其回應性也就愈高。
總結上述來回答核心問題:參與是否會提高利害關係人的回應性?在極大化個體利益的動機下,參與制度和行為都只提供爭取權益的機會,不必然導致實質利益。再加上負擔參與成本以及競爭資源的政治現實,參與者進入體制後,反而對委員會的政策回應能力持質疑的態度。是故,會議影響力為關鍵因素,只有在參與過程中獲利愈多者,其回應性才有直接的正面作用;若忽略參與途徑和結果的連結以及權力互動,就過度簡化了參與的政治本質。基於此,行政管理者掌握了決策結構與行政資源,若想取得較佳的回應性評價,就必須在制度和過程面中平衡不同的社會力量,才能使委員會發揮多元參與的功能,而不只是優勢團體的工具。 / Governmental committees are a kind of public participatory mechanism, whereby policy stakeholders are incorporated in the decision making procedure and negotiate with each other to policy outcomes. This mechanism accords with the expectations of both society and government and is frequently used by executive branches all over the world. Ideally, social representativeness can strengthen legitimacy and thereby increase responsiveness. However, in practice, there have also been some criticisms of the committee mechanism, including black box decision making, conflict enlargement, and administrative manipulation. To response this debate, my study addresses whether this type of public participation is responsive to policy demands as well as how to substantially evaluate its effectiveness.
Theoretically, participation has a positive impact on policy demands, I provide more precise analysis using the concepts of representativeness and responsiveness. The former refers to how interests are presented in the decision making process, including in both the formal and substantive dimension. The latter refers to the committee’s ability to respond to procedural and substantive demands from society.
To illustrate the theoretical framework, the National Health Insurance Committee (NHIC) in Taiwan is taken as my case study. The empirical section is divided into two parts, Fist, I explore original guiding values and institutional design of five committees that emerged under different political-social contexts in Japan, South Korea, Canada, Germany and Taiwan. Based on the results of this comparison, the NHIC in Taiwan is my main topic in the second part. The participatory behavior of committee members and their evaluation of the NHIC system are discussed through the various research methods, such as interviews, focus groups, stakeholder surveys, and also context analysis of meeting minutes.
Four results of the study are illustrated as follows: 1. Because the legitimacy of the committee mechanism is empowered by traditional representative authority (the elected legislative or executive branch), it serves a supplementary rather than substitutive function to the existing system. Especially in Taiwan, the administration prefers the advantaged groups more capable of mobilizing social supports over the vulnerable groups which may bring the values of social solidarity and justice into the decision-making of the committee. 2. Stakeholders positively appraised the NHIC’s responsive capacity, both in the procedural and substantive dimensions, with the former appraised more highly than the latter. However, a high level of communication functions had no impact on responsiveness. 3. The institutional variable has no impact on responsiveness. However, direct participation in meetings was associated with more pessimistic views of the NHIC when compared to the non-participators. In addition, the more actors were involved in the NHIC, the more negative their evaluations were. 4. The most significant variable for responsiveness is the decision influence of stakeholders.
Does participation strengthen stakeholders’ responsiveness? Under the condition that individuals are motivated by interest maximization, while institutional design and participatory behavior seek to pursue individual interest, it may not always realize substantial benefits. Furthermore, after becoming institutional insiders, the costs of participation and the political reality of power competition will make stakeholders more skeptical about the responsiveness of committee mechanisms. In other words, whether participation can increase the stakeholders’ satisfaction mainly depends on the benefit they can obtain from it. Without taking into account the link between participatory approaches and results, as well as the interaction between various stakeholders, we cannot gain a full picture of the nature of policy participation.
In terms of practical reforms, to increase performance responsiveness, administrators who control the structures and resources of the NHIC should incorporate different social forces and interests on the input and process dimensions. This will enable the committee mechanism to perform the function of pluralistic participation, rather than simply serving as a political tool for advantaged groups.
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地方文化產業治理機制評估研究:以貓空茶文化產業為例 / A study of evaluation on the governance mechanism of local cultural industry: a case study of Maokong tea industry林亦杰, Lin, Yi Chieh Unknown Date (has links)
貓空製茶歷史悠久,獨特的鐵觀音茶為遠近馳名的地方特色產業,而貓空結合茶產業與休閒觀光產業的經營型態,長久以來塑造出今日貓空獨特的地方茶文化產業。本研究以貓空的茶文化產業為研究對象,並結合地方治理理論與回應性評估方法,目的在建構出貓空茶文化產業發展的治理架構,確認此架構中公部門、地方與非營利組織、茶農與茶產業經營者三方行動者的任務,並描述三方互動的動態治理機制,最後透過回應性評估的方式,對貓空茶文化產業治理機制進行評估。
本研究運用文獻分析法與深度訪談法,與貓空茶文化產業治理中三方行動者進行訪談,研究結果發現貓空當地茶農與茶產業經營者為發展的基礎,但隨著內外部不利因素的威脅,茶農與茶產業經營者面臨勞動力老化、氣候變遷、法令限制等問題;在地方與非營利組織方面,木柵區農會是治理機制運作中最重要的角色,主要任務是扮演水平與垂直溝通平台、提供茶農所需資源、辦理對產業發有所助益的優良鐵觀音茶比賽,另一方面貓空茶情社區發展協會是由地方自組而成的社區組織,目的在發展貓空社區與市政府方面的業務合作及協調,但在當地經營上也面臨些許問題;公部門方面,茶業改良場文山分場具茶葉專業知識,給予茶農在上游栽植方面許多幫助,而主管貓空發展的產業發展局則是退居二線進行產業輔導,工作內容為多元經營硬體與文化設施、定期撥列經費進行補助;在釐清各方行動者任務後,本研究整合茶產業與休閒觀光產業,建構出貓空茶文化產業治理的運作機制。在治理機制評估方面以「治理機制妥適性」、「參與者的輔導推廣能力」、「計畫目標達成度」三個指標進行評估,主要爭議點有四:(1)在於水土保持法令上一方面維持貓空茶區生態,一方面也限制了發展;(2)貓空纜車與當地茶產業發展關聯性不大;(3)產業發展局退居二線與當地茶農接觸較少,平行機關多且人員調動頻繁;(4)貓空茶文化產業面臨轉型困境。研究建議三點:(1)貓空茶文化產業的轉型與行銷;(2)茶比賽模式的推廣;(3)根留貓空當地人才。 / MaoKong cultural tea industry is a unique local industry of Taiwan. This study integrated Maokong cultural tea industry, local governance, and responsive evaluation theory, moreover the main purpose is to construct a governance framework of MaoKong cultural tea industry, and find out the task of those three operations in the framework: (1) governmental departments. (2) local and nonprofit organizations. (3) tea farmers and tea industry operators.
Additionally, literature analysis and depth interviews are the research methods of this study, through the interview with the actors of Maokong cultural tea industry , we found that: (1) local tea farmers and operators are the basis of tea industry, but they confront some inside and outside threats. (2) the most important role of the part of local and non-profit organization in Maokong tea industry governance, is the Muzha Farmers’ Association, which the main task is to establish a horizontal and vertical communication platform for the framework. The jobs of Muzha Community Development Association are to development this community, and collaboration and co-ordination with the Taipei city government, but also facing some issues with the local farmers. (3) In the public sector, first of all, Tea Research and Extension Station - Wenshan Substation with expertise provides lots of help in tea to the tea farmers. The Department of Economic Development, Taipei City Government in these days is to step aside for operating the hardware of cultural facilities, and providing subsidies to the tea industry operators.
As well as this study suggestions are: (1) integrating all the resources of governance actors and using marketing methods to development Maokong cultural tea industry. (2) the promotion of Maokong tea competition mode. (3) root and reward local tea industry talents.
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敬老福利生活津貼政策之回應性評估 / The Responsive The Responsive Evaluation of the Senior Citizens Welfare Living Allowance Policy尚靜琦, Shang,Ching-Chi Unknown Date (has links)
台灣年齡結構快速老化及子女供養的比例降低,政府對於老人經濟安全的保障逐漸成為重要的議題。然國民年金的推動卻一波三折,而敬老津貼政策成為了目前非軍公教族群老年經濟安全保障的制度,本研究欲從政策利害相關人回應性的角度去評估敬老津貼政策。
而本研究的研究焦點,為民國九十一年中央政府所開始發放的全國性的「敬老津貼」,並以領取敬老津貼人數最多的台北縣作為實證研究的範圍,利用了Dunn & Poister所提出的效能性、「效率性」、「公平性」、「適當性」、「回應性」及「充分性」六種政策評估指標去評估敬老津貼政策的現況,並透過對利害關係人深度訪談的分析,匯整及建構出敬老津貼政策評估指標下利害關係人的相關主張、關切與議題。
研究發現現行敬老津貼政策之利害關係人的議題產生多集中在公平性指標下,而且利害關係人對於敬老津貼增加金額的需求性主張及滿意度,深受國內其他老人津貼制度的影響。因此政府須重新評估一律排除公務體系退休者領取津貼、排富絛款設立及以職業為劃分的老人津貼政策的適當性;同時須注意國內及地方縣市的福利差異甚大的現象,才能符合照顧國民之公平性。其次,對於老人津貼制度金額不一的公平性爭議,應趕緊實行國民年金加以整合。另外則是雖然領取敬老津貼者對於申領敬老津貼的程序過程的便利性具有共識,然未接到敬老津貼申領津貼通知的老人,很有可能會影響老人請領津貼的時間點。而對於中低收入老人生活津貼的計算方式應考慮放寬未有奉養事實的子女資產部分,以及除了發放津貼的方式,也可規劃增加老人收入的老人福利選項。另外,領取敬老津貼者受訪者普遍對敬老津貼金額為中等的滿意度,而敬老津貼對於解決月可使用生活費9000元以下的老人經濟問題的效能性和充分性較高。 / The acceleration of population aging and diminishing financial support from offspring to senior citizens necessitate the establishment of a senior citizen’s social security system. Faced with the difficulties in implementing the citizen annuity, the government came up with an alternative plan in 2002: the Senior Citizens Welfare Living Allowance. This study shall take Taipei County, currently the administrative region with the largest number of Senior Citizens Welfare Living Allowance recipients in Taiwan, as an example. The six policy evaluation indicators suggested by Dunn& Poister, i.e. effectiveness, efficiency, equality, appropriateness, responsiveness, and adequacy are used to evaluate the current state of the Senior Citizens Welfare Living Allowance policy. The claims, concerns, and issues of the stakeholders of the Senior Citizens Welfare Living Allowance policy are concluded after holding in-depth interviews with the stakeholders.
Research results found that stakeholders of the issues are mostly concerned about the equality of the policy. Demands of and satisfaction with the policy is determined by similar senior citizens’ allowance systems. Appropriateness regarding the distribution of allowances to participants of the public servant pension system is also of concern to the stakeholders. Inequality in the varying amount of the allowances between administrative regions is an issue, among many others, that can be addressed by the implementation of a citizen annuity system. In general stakeholders are moderately satisfied with the incumbent Senior Citizens Welfare Living Allowance policy. The policy is more effective and adequate for those with a monthly income of less than NTD$9,000.
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開放大陸地區人民來台觀光政策之評估李依盈, LEE,YI-YING Unknown Date (has links)
二○○一年年底通過了「大陸地區人民來台從事觀光活動許可辦法」,希望藉由此政策之推行,作為向中國大陸釋出善意的證明,以及挽救台灣觀光產業的處方籤。然而此政策是我國單方面的善意開放,再加上未來全面開放的時間表也沒有確定。因此,有相當多的不確定因素影響到此政策的執行成敗。此外,此政策從二○○二年一月執行至今已發生過多次的跳機(觀光客滯留)事件,致使社會各界均對此政策產生疑慮與擔憂。
因此,本文的研究目的在於:一、為該政策作一全面的檢討評估,以期提供整體性與前瞻性的政策分析與政策建議。二、提出更有效地安全管理機制,以減少中國觀光客在台逾期滯留。
研究歷經文獻檢閱、研究架構之提出、深度訪談與資料分析等過程後,研究所得結果彙整如下:
一、此政策執行至今仍然無法達到其預期的政策目標,讓台灣的觀光產業更加蓬勃發展。
二、旅遊品質與旅遊資源在短期內並非為影響此政策達成目標的關鍵因素;不過以中長期來看,旅遊品質與旅遊資源其實是影響台灣觀光產業發展的一個根本因素,也是最為重要的要素。
三、安全管理機制是必要且重要的,然而安全管理機制與其他因素相較之下,安全管理機制則屬於比較微觀的,比較屬於技術層面的東西。
四、在此開放旅遊的政策中,與中國簽訂旅遊協議其實是最基本的前提要件,屬於最重要的一個影響因素,若是少了這道程序,之後的安全管理機制與旅遊品質都會直接或間接受到影響。
五、今日的安全管理機制難以發揮功效,主要的原因在於我們沒有與中國大陸簽 訂協議。而且即使訂定出一套看似百密而無一疏的安全管理機制,也無法百分之百的杜絕中國旅客來台逾期滯留的問題。
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台北市民主治理之研究(1994~2008年) / A Research to Democratic Governance of Taipei City (1994~2008)郭中玲 Unknown Date (has links)
台灣地區的民主化過程一直是中外學者注視的焦點。在長期實行民選地方政府或地方自治的台灣,真正是一個民主的社會嗎?在解嚴、動戡時期終止前,很容易回答,由於沒有組黨自由,中央民代選舉只是部分的增額改選,台灣的全國政治並不能達到民主社會的基本標準。但是,地方選舉則是長期地、完整地在舉行,要回答台灣地方是否民主,仍很難輕易地給予答案。地方民主是如此複雜、多樣化的面貌,如何才算達成地方民主?本論文基本上是以Leach和Percy-Smith所提出的地方民主的四個面向為標準,此即:1、課責性;2、回應性;3、參與性;4、代表性;進而探討。
筆者研究後發現:第一,從台北市的民主經驗來看,代表性應該不是問題的癥結;所謂的代表性是否意味著該和R. A. Dahl所言的,和社會人口或職業的結構相符合?在地方民主上來看,由於社會的多元化,以及要求民意代表的專業及高學歷背景,代表社會結構的多元民主(polyarchy)是否值得再強調?可以深思。第二,從台北市的民主經驗來看,參與性應該是地方民主很重要的一項指標。如何讓民眾更直接的參與到民主政治中,除了選舉之外,應該有更多的、直接的交換意見的平台或管道,例如公民投票、公民論壇、協調會等等。第三,地方民主的參與和地方政府的回應性夾雜在一塊,民眾參與到政策討論的領域中,政府也加入予以回應。所以,地方民主中,回應性與參與性似乎呈現某種程度的關聯性。第四,不論是參與性、回應性等民主的程度,都與政府能力有關,似乎地方政府解決問題的能力越高,民眾就越會表現出對於地方政府做為的參與,以及政策的回應。
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