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僑外來台投資經營績效的影響因素 / The Determinants of Performance of Overseas Chinese and Foreign Nationals in Taiwan楊佩詩, Yang, Pei Shih Unknown Date (has links)
在全球化浪潮下,廠商為追求利潤極大化,紛紛向外尋找適合的市場,其營運策略已由傳統的國際貿易移轉至全球對外直接投資,並儼然成為各國經濟發展的重要動力。對外直接投資對地主國而言,可帶來經濟成長的動力、創造就業機會、促進技術移轉及創新活動等外溢效果,因此,各國無不積極吸引外商前往投資,台灣亦不例外。由於,僑外來台投資對台灣經濟發展具有重大貢獻,據此,本研究利用經濟部投資審議委員會2008年委外調查之「華僑及外國人投資事業營運狀況調查表(非服務業)」問卷資料,分別由廠商特性、競爭優勢及營運策略等構面,探討僑外來台投資營績效之影響因素,並運用Probit Model進行實證分析。實證結果發現,產業類別、廠商規模、成立時間、租稅負擔、國際化程度及在台設立製造生產部門等,是顯著影響僑外來台投資經營績效的重要因素。因此,政府除鼓勵僑外來台投資非資訊電子工業、擴大公司規模、善用先占優勢、提升國際化程度及設立製造生產部門外,亦應給予租稅優惠,降低其租稅負擔,使其有較佳之經營績效表現,以吸引並提升投資意願。 / Corporations in pursuit of profit maximization have to seek out a suitable market under globalization trend and their business strategy has changed from the international trade shifted to the foreign direct investment. This study explores keys of performance of overseas Chinese and foreign nationals in Taiwan. By using Probit Model analysis based on 2008 statistical data from Investment Commission of Ministry of Economic Outsourcing Survey are empirically analyzed. Findings from the research indicate that “industry category, firm scale, set up time, the taxation, internationalization level and the establishment of manufacturing sector in Taiwan,” are significantly factors on firm's performance. Therefore, in order to have better operating performance and enhance the willingness on investment in Taiwan, the government should encourage overseas Chinese and foreign nations invest in Taiwan on non-information and electronics industry, expand firm scale, use of first mover advantage, enhance the internationalization level and set up manufacturing sector, but should also give tax incentives to reduce their tax burden.
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區段徵收地主選擇行為之研究黃怡婷 Unknown Date (has links)
目前區段徵收乃是政府進行土地開發的方式之一,多用來取得所需之公共設施用地或特定目的事業用地,高鐵桃園車站特定區即採區段徵收方式進行開發,以取得高鐵所需之車站用地。由於現行區段徵收為抵價地式制度,被徵收之地主有領取抵價地與領取現金補償兩種選擇,因此,政府實施區段徵收時,將受到地主不同選擇行為之影響而有不同的辦理成效,使得區段徵收地主選擇行為在徵收辦理過程中,具有決定性的影響力。
本研究自土地開發之觀點探討區段徵收地主選擇行為,並著重於選擇行為影響因素之分析。由於相關文獻針對此部分的研究甚少,因此,首先歸納區段徵收地主選擇行為之影響因素,共分為地主屬性因素、政策管制因素及未來期望因素三類,並以高鐵桃園特定區為實證案例,透過問卷調查與Logit模型之建立,分析各項因素對特定區地主選擇行為的影響程度;其次則分析選擇行為的影響效果,以了解區段徵收地主選擇行為之前因後果,並進一步提出政策建議。
經由高鐵桃園車站特定區之實證分析,本研究得出以下六點結論:
1.大地主傾向領取抵價地,小地主與共有地主傾向領取現金補償,可藉由土地屬性之掌握,預知地主可能的選擇行為。
2.公告現值調漲時機關係徵收補償費之支出,並左右地價與市場景氣對選擇行為的影響,政府應先公告實施區段徵收後才發布都市計畫,以減少徵收補償費,提高財務可行性。
3.區段徵收地主選擇行為受價值觀之影響大,應考量地主保有祖產價值觀等個人屬性之影響,以預知選擇行為。
4.建築基地最小開發規模攸關小地主配地權益與土地開發型態,政府應考量土地規模與使用,訂定合理的建築基地最小開發規模。
5.抵價地領回比例與分配區位受公共設施用地規劃之影響,為領地地主改領現金補償的主要原因,可藉由抵價地相關規定誘導地主選擇行為之改變。
6.政府辦理區段徵收時,普遍未充分告知計畫內容與相關規定,影響地主權益。 / Zone expropriation is one kind of land development methods through which government can obtain the land for public facilities or specific uses. For example, the development of Taoyuan High Speed Rail station special zone is of this kind. According to zone expropriation system, there are two compensatory choices for landowners. One is by cash and the other is by pay-for-land. Therefore, landowner's choice behavior would play an important role in the process of zone expropriation.
With the view of land development, this paper discusses landowner's choice behavior in the process of zone expropriation and focuses on the factors of choice behavior. Here we sum up three kinds of factors that will affect landowner's choice behavior: they are landowner attributes, government regulations, and landowner expectations. According to the empirical study of zone expropriation in Taoyuan High Speed Rail station special zone, this paper has six conclusions:
1.Large landowners prefer to choose pay-for-land. On the contrary, small and common landowners prefer cash compensation.
2.To reduce the amount of cash compensation, the government should announce zone expropriation more early than urban plan.
3.The concept of keeping ancestral estate would influence landowner's choice behavior very much in the process of zone expropriation.
4.The development scale would affect the right of small landowners and the form of land development. The government should set a suitable development scale by considering the scale and use of land.
5.The assigned proportion and location of pay-for-land is the main reason why landowners with pay-for-land change to choose cash compensation.
6.The government seldom informed landowners of the whole plan and the relevant regulations in the process of zone expropriation.
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論所有權對農地利用之影響 / The Impact of Ownership for Farmers on the Agricultural Land Use張雅惠 Unknown Date (has links)
早期農業係臺灣社會經濟發展之基石,各相關農業政策皆以糧食增產為主要目標,後因後期臺灣經濟由農業為主漸漸轉向以工業為主,故在時代變遷下,過去多數文獻指出第一次農地改革強調以「所有權」為中心,成功達到農業生產增加目的,以及Arthur Young之名言「荒漠變花園」,認為「所有權」是激勵農民生產之誘因,在現今都市化擴張及工商業發展的社會背景下,是否仍為當前農地政策之主要思維?實有重新探討之必要。爰此,本研究為探討臺灣農地利用是否仍需存有「所有權」之迷思,嘗試釐清在時代變遷下,農民是否須擁有農地所有權才能激勵農民從事農地利用?或只要能保障農民之投入成本能於未來收益相符,即便是透過使用權方式承租農地亦能激勵農民從事利用?並期能透過財產權觀點分析現行農地利用政策,提供未來農地政策研擬修訂之重要參考依據。
基此,本研究首先整理過去相關文獻及政府統計資料,在此基礎上釐清過去涉及地權政策之農地改革變遷過程,以及臺灣農地利用現況問題,藉以建立後續分析架構。其次,針對宜蘭縣三星鄉農民進行問卷調查,以釐清農民在從事農作過程中,擁有農地所有權對農民之影響情形,並瞭解農民透過購買或承租方式擴大農場經營規模之考量為何。最後,為深入分析及探究問卷調查結果之背後影響因素,本研究再針對中央及地方政府機關行政人員進行訪談,據以進行綜合分析。透過此研究脈絡之探討,本研究獲得之重要發現與結論,茲分述如下。
一、本研究透過實證分析得知,農民擁有農地所有權雖會對農地利用有正面影響,但不必然會直接激勵農民從事農作,仍需視當時的社會制度下,何種行為能夠激勵農民達到行為目標(增加所得),即具有激勵效果。而農民擁有農地使用權,亦能提高從事農地利用意願、激勵努力從事農業生產及維護農地環境,惟因使用權具有期限,故相較於農民擁有農地所有權,在提高農地改良投資及對長期從事農作有幫助兩方面,較無法激勵農民。因此,本研究結論指出過去以所有權為中心之農地政策,因社會變遷結果,不必然須再以所有權為中心,亦能具有激勵農民從事農作生產之效果。
二、依據本研究分析及推論,第一次農地改革之成功,應不能僅歸於創設所有權,而是因為透過政策實施重新界定財產權範圍,並建置財產權之權利及義務關係,故使農民投入之成本與未來收益能相符,願意投入更多的勞力從事農作,進而激勵農民願意努力從事農業生產,而建立第一次農地改革成功基礎。以此觀點亦能說明,第二次農地改革後,即便農民擁有農地所有權,惟因從事農作收益不佳,農民投入之成本於未來並無法充分回收時,則會變相導致農民任其休耕、閒置、消極利用,或是觀望日後農地變更之增值。因此,所有權並非能直接激勵農民從事農地利用,即便農民係透過承租方式擴大農場經營規模,只要能保障農民投入成本能與未來獲得收益相符,皆可激勵農民努力從事農作。
三、經本研究調查發現,由於目前購買農地價格太高,且農民擁有農地所有權與使用權對農地利用激勵效果相似,因此在資金條件不足情況下,透過承租方式取得農地,可減輕農民在資金負擔方面的壓力,實為未來主要擴大農場經營規模之方式。而目前政府所推動之小地主大佃農政策,雖係以承租方式擴大農場經營規模,且施行迄今頗具績效,然其政策績效似有成長趨緩之趨勢,故本研究針對小地主大佃農政策績效成長趨緩之原因進行分析,發現主要因地主願意出租之農地多已經初步釋出、三七五減租政策之持續影響、農民健康保險資格影響農地整合活化、缺乏地緣關係難透過承租農地擴大農場經營規模及特殊農業經營傾向以購買農地擴大農場經營規模等五項原因,可能影響該政策績效有趨緩成長之勢。故本研究基於研究觀察及發現,據以研提五項政策修正建議,包括:1.由於農地多已初步釋出,故應開始從農地規模化轉而思考農地集中化,不再僅追求量的成長;2.透過農地管理中心整合目前委託經營、口頭租約、代耕之擴大農場經營規模方式,不僅以書面契約為必要條件;3.調整農民健康保險之資格條件,不必然以擁有或承租一定農地面積以上為審查必要條件;4.透過現有大佃農師徒學習或是參與學習方式,引領新農民獲得當地農村信任感,順利承租農地;5.獎勵地主及承租人雙方簽訂長期農地租賃契約,以刺激承租人規劃及思考更長期之農地利用等,可供作為政府機關未來進行相關政策修訂及調整之參考依據。
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集團內子公司地主國知識產生與移轉之研究 / Host-Country-Specific Knowledge: Generating and Transferring Among Member Firms in Business Groups范慧宜, Fan,hui yi Unknown Date (has links)
本研究透過三個台灣大型MNCs(集團企業)的深度訪談,期望了解集團成員入如何產生與移轉特定地主國知識的議題。台灣MNCs(集團企業)在國際化時,地主國環境不同於母國,使得台灣MNCs(集團企業)海外成員不足以利用其擁有的經驗與知識去因應環境差異所產生的挑戰與問題,而需要產生新的解決辦法。台灣MNCs(集團企業)海外成員所在地之經營環境與母國環境有差異時,其處理方式有二:規劃性(定期會議處理各階段所面臨之問題)及隨機性(臨時會議對於臨時狀況進行處理);另外,在地主國發生的突發事件亦會產生地主國知識。當集團海外成員所面臨之經營環境與母國環境差異越大者,所產生特定地主國知識的量會越多。
透過每次在該地主國設廠及執行每一次新產品發展流程的經驗過程中各階段中因為與地主國環境介面互動而產生特定地主國知識,所以台灣MNCs(集團企業)是以漸進方式累積集團成員在特定地主國面對問題解決問題的方法。當遇到問題越多時,台灣MNCs(集團企業)海外子公司特定地主國知識累積速度越快;但每種特定地主國問題的解決方法是需要各階段多方人員不斷地溝通才能產生的,所以當內外部溝通成本越高時,會減緩海外成員累積特定地主國知識累積速度;為了加快累積特定地主國知識,台灣MNCs(集團企業)大量借助資訊科技及人員面對面溝通,期望加速溝通效率以因應快速變動的環境。
在同一地主國,透過三個台灣大型MNCs(集團企業)的深度訪談發現,台灣MNCs(集團企業)在特定地主國知識移轉機制路徑有三,且在探究過程中發現海外總部(OHQs)的存在,所以進一步探討,在特定地主國中,集團成員間移轉地主國知識時,海外總部(OHQs)所扮演的角色及其存在的價值;在取得這個知識的過程中,有哪些因素會影響移轉機制中正式化機制與非正式化機制使用比例?知識移轉時,正式化機制與非正式化機制之間是一個連續帶的概念,而影響集團成員間知識移轉機制選用時,正式化與非正式化機制搭配比例的影響因素包含:知識特性、子公司自主性、知識情境鑲嵌性、經營模式(產品相似性、技術差距性)以及地理距離。
台灣MNCs(集團企業)在知識移轉制度建立初期,較仰賴非正式化機制,隨著制度建立完備程度增加,正式化機制使用的比重提高,但是非正式化機制對於知識移轉機制的效力仍然存在於中高階主管層級,對於基層主管及員工而言,則會完全仰賴正式化機制,以確保自身工作上的權責釐清。台灣MNCs(集團企業)進行國際擴張時,海外成員初期國際化知識是從MNCs總部遺傳而來。台灣MNCs(集團企業)海外成員間特定地主國知識移轉路徑有三:1)透過集團總部(HQs)移轉、2)子公司間移轉及3)透過集團海外總部(OHQs)。本研究認為當台灣MNCs(集團企業)總部在特定地主國設立集團海外總部(OHQs)後,集團海外總部(OHQs)在特定地主國知識移轉上會取代集團企業總部的角色(意即地主國知識移轉時,路徑三會取代路徑一)。
台灣MNCs(集團企業)國際策略在大陸拓展的廣度(各個集團成員(產品不同)赴大陸投資)及深度(負責新產品發展流程階段越多)增加,使總部須處理的專業知識涵蓋範圍廣且處理資料量大,對於位於台灣的MNCs(集團企業)總部而言,處理資訊成本是很高的;再者,集團在大陸據點越多,對於總部監督成本上亦是很大的負擔,所以在大陸設立海外總部(OHQs),以與集團總部進行某種程度的分工;同時,當世界各地子公司均需將地主國知識回傳至台灣MNCs(集團企業)總部時,台灣MNCs(集團企業)總部即將面臨很複雜的處理及整合成本,所以海外總部(OHQs)有存在的必要。台灣MNCs(集團企業)設置的海外總部(OHQs)所進行的交流、整理及儲存的資訊較複雜和多元化,其設立目的包含:降低監督成本、降低整合成本、降低協調成本、降低知識移轉過程中由於資訊不對稱所產生的無效率情形。集團海外總部(OHQs)亦促進地主國集團成員間知識快速流通,且將知識從母國或其它地主國之集團成員處引入,也就是大量的知識流入與流出的主要樞紐。當集團型態是屬於聯邦分權式時,集團海外總部(OHQs)的設立是有困難的。集團海外總部(OHQs)可能設立在主要市場地理居中位置、交通便捷之處或離知識最接近的地方,以降低「集團」海外成員開會時的交通成本。
集團海外總部(OHQs)是在集團總部(HQs)監控下創造出其在特定地主國知識移轉扮演的角色獨特性及存在必要性,為避免集團海外總部(OHQs)憑藉結構洞角色壟斷所有特定地主國知識,進而取代集團總部(HQs),集團總部(HQs)透過其與集團海外成員間稽核性連結及其對集團海外總部(OHQs)的正式控制(包含所有權控制及組織層級控制)來防堵集團海外總部(OHQs)坐大,以有效管理集團海外總部(OHQs)。
正式機制與非正式機制間是一個連續帶的概念。然而,在移轉過程中,哪些因素會影響到正式與非正式機制搭配的比例呢? 當海外成員自主性高時,採用正式化機制強迫集團海外成員間進行知識分享,亦搭配非正式化機制的社會互動,來緩和彼此間因競爭所產生不願意分享的情形;當知識的情境鑲嵌性程度越高,越需要使用非正式機制來縮小正式機制中知識再利用的可能性;當產品相似性很高,知識來源者與接收者若能搭配少部分(短時間、次數少)的人員互動,便能加快知識再利用的速度;當技術越接近時,知識需求方較可準確地預估需求單上的要項,雙方技術差距越大,越需要仰賴非正式關係使知識來源者願意「多」花時間來教導知識接收者;當集團成員地理距離愈遠時,透過正式化機制,如海外總部(OHQs)進行地主國資料蒐集以避免資訊不對稱造成的知識移轉障礙,以克服因為地理距離所產生的知識移轉障礙。 / Knowledge about host countries and international environment is needed when firms enter international markets. A firm encounters more challenges when it enters a new market with no knowledge. After entry, it then can gain valuable experiential knowledge about the host country (i.e., host-country-specific knowledge) and this knowledge is helpful for further operation in the country and internationalization (Yu, 1990). A firm can gain hands-on knowledge by operating in a host market and then it can filter the information gained into forms it needs for internationalization later on.
The purpose of the study addresses host-country-specific-knowledge generating and accumulating by overseas member firms in business groups by identifying factors that affect how business groups from an emerging economy transfer host-country-specific knowledge among their group members. We have found that formal and informal mechanisms were helpful in facilitating the transferring of host-country-specific knowledge. In the literature, it is often assumed that knowledge can be easily and automatically transferred within business groups. Our study confirms that business groups do transfer knowledge among subsidiaries purposely and has also demonstrated that some mechanisms are needed to realize this intent.
While the business group’s network provides a platform for facilitating flows of host-country-specific knowledge, the mere existence of such a network does not automatically result in knowledge transfer. From managerial viewpoint, both formal and informal mechanisms should be in place to promote and encourage host-country-specific knowledge transfer. Gaining a good understanding of the mechanisms contributing to knowledge transfer is strategically important for knowledge management. Regarding the use of mechanisms, our results indicate that the buildup of internationalization knowledge can go along with a firm’s development in foreign markets and also can allow for accumulation of various types of knowledge. The more significant the difference between the contexts encountered by foreign subsidiaries and headquarters is, the more the quantity of knowledge the former will create regarding the host country. When foreign subsidiaries encounter similar problems within a tight time frame in a host country, the accumulation of knowledge about the host country will be faster.
In the early stages, setting up knowledge transferring system relies more on informal mechanisms. The more mature the system is, the higher the proportion of formal mechanisms is used. However, although informal mechanisms are effective for chief executive officers and senior vice presidents, primary executives and operators rely solely on formal mechanisms in order to clarify responsibilities. With more important strategic position of the host country, the headquarters will establish overseas headquarters in order to quickly respond to the market requirements. In a specific host country, overseas headquarters, established by the HQs, may substitute for the headquarters in transferring host country-specific knowledge among member firms via formal mechanisms. When a business group belongs to federal decentralization, external market mechanisms will be adopted to transfer knowledge among its member firms. The overseas headquarters hardly governs transferring knowledge among overseas member firms and the headquarters. When the overseas headquarters is established, the headquarters adopts auditing connection to prevent the host country from monopolizing host-country-specific knowledge.
A headquarters can successfully implement multiple formal and informal mechanisms for knowledge transfer. With respect to knowledge transfer, the higher the level of subsidiary autonomy, the greater the necessity the headquarters rely on formal mechanisms to transfer host-country-specific knowledge among member firms. Encouraging sharing within a business group through some managerial mechanisms can wear down the negative influence caused by opportunism and information asymmetry on the part of the subsidiary and the inter-member competition for the transfer of host-country-specific knowledge. Overseas headquarters accumulates a vast experience and are capable of absorbing, transferring and applying knowledge adequately. They can transcend the geographical limitations and establish good cooperation relations between knowledge originator (the subsidiaries in the host country) and knowledge receiver (other sister firms and the headquarters), warranting the success of the knowledge transfer. Provided that knowledge is tacit, information technology is necessity in transferring knowledge initially documented while social interaction is needed in transferring the rest knowledge embedded in persons. Finally, product and technology similarity are factors affecting how headquarters rely on formal mechanisms in transferring knowledge among member firms.
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區段徵收地主配地選擇行為之研究-以高速鐵路新竹站為例 / Zone-expropriation and discuss the landowner’s choice behavior.Therefore, this study of THSR (Taiwan High Speed Rail) Hsinchu Station Zone- expropriation as an example古瓊漢 Unknown Date (has links)
政府辦理區段徵收希望帶動新社區的繁榮,達成都市整體發展,取得公共設施用地及節省龐大建設經費支出等之目標,而地主希望藉由政府的開發行為,享有土地利用價值提高、公共設施完善等好處,然而所謂的公私互蒙其利,共創政府與民眾雙贏的開發方式,卻仍常產生地主為了財產權保障抗爭之情形而導致區段徵收作業延宕,因此,本研究以高鐵新竹車站特定區區段徵收案為例,針對地主選擇行為進行探討,透過群落分析歸類地主選配抵價地的型態,經由因子分析找出影響選配抵價地行為之因子,最後藉由羅吉特建立地主選配抵價地模型,希望可以提供政府部門及地主在選配抵價地之參考。研究結果如下:
一、 透過群落分析,予以歸類分析,劃分易於解釋的分配類型,可獲得二個群組四個方案,由此可瞭解地主選配抵價地型態。
二、 參與抵價地配地作業以男性地主居多,以年齡層多集中於中年左右,受訪地主多為已婚;受訪地主針對各項選配抵價地之影響因素均表示影響程度上都是以影響很大為居多,其中受訪地主多數認為使用分區類別、面前街道寬度、鄰近嫌惡設施程度、坵塊形狀、街廓評議地價高低等因素對於選配抵價地影響很大,又以鄰近嫌惡設施程度為居高。
三、 經由研究得知目前政府提供予地主之資訊管道不足或宣傳不周,對於整體區段徵收作業仍需加強與地主資訊的傳遞,以及充分公開整體計畫內容。
四、 部份地主不太滿意先抽籤再選配街廓的抵價地配地作業方式,其原因有主要為因籤號先後導致無法選配期望街廓佔多數,其次為權利價值較小者可能無法選配街廓,而需再與他人合併分配。
五、 建構八種類型之二項羅吉特模式,並透過AIC及SC值找出能力較佳的群組方案,由方案中得知地主多數還是以居住適宜性及小規模開發為主要。
六、 由二項羅吉特模式實證結果顯示,模型共通變數為土地變數的使用分區類別、基地最小開發規模訂定、鄰近嫌惡設施程度、緊臨遊憩設施狀況、坵塊座向,以及地主行為變數面前街道寬度影響程度、鄰近嫌惡設施影響程度、區段徵收前土地座落位置影響程度、性別、學歷、職業等等,均顯著影響地主選配抵價地之行為。 / Zone-expropriation by government hopes to achieve these targets like exciting new community's prosperity, achieving the overall development of the new city, accessing the public facilities and saving huge expenditures. By the government's development activities, the landlords enjoy the benefits of increased value of land and good public facilities. Handling Zone expropriation creates a win-win situation between the Government and the landlords. However, in the process of Zone-expropriation often generate opposition of landowners to protect their property rights which led to delays in Zone-expropriation operations. Therefore, this study of THSR (Taiwan High Speed Rail) Hsinchu Station Zone- expropriation as an example and discuss the landowner’s choice behavior.
Through cluster analysis classified the landowner’s choice behavior. And by factor analysis to identify the major factors of landlord’s choice behavior. Finally by Logit modeling the landlord model hopes to provide some valuable suggestions for government. The study results are as follows:
1. Through cluster analysis, the study classified and divided into two groups that are easy to explain. The two groups contain four plans each and they can explain the landlord’s choice behavior.
2. Landlords of participation of Zone-expropriation are mostly male with age around 40 to 60 years old. These mostly married landlords think these are the major factors, the use of zoning category, the street width, the neighboring facilities, the shape of street block, the value of street blocks. The neighboring facilities rank the top 1 factor.
3. Through the research shows that government lacks of information or promotional channels. Government should improve the communication with landlords and fully disclosed the contents of the overall Zone-expropriation plan.
4. Landowners are not satisfied by the flow of ballot at first and then land choosing. The major reason is landlords can not choose the expected lands after ballot. And the second reason is the land loads with smaller land value can not choose street blocks unless they combine with other landlords’ land value and choose the expected land.
5. In the study, construction of eight types of models from two of Logit modeling, through the AIC and SC values come out the better group and plan. It shows the better plan is the small-scale residential development and good environment for the most landlords.
6. By the empirical results from Logit model show that model common variables are the land use zoning category, the base size of the minimum development, near the level of aversion facilities, recreational facilities close to the zone, street block location, the width of the street, the impact of land location before zone expropriation, gender, education, occupation, etc. They are significantly affected the selection behavior of land choice.
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近代日本の植民地主義と非ユダヤ人シオニズム ―内村鑑三・矢内原忠雄・中田重治におけるナショナリズムと世界認識―役重, 善洋 23 March 2016 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第19811号 / 人博第782号 / 新制||人||188(附属図書館) / 27||人博||782(吉田南総合図書館) / 32847 / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生文明学専攻 / (主査)教授 前川 玲子, 教授 高橋 由典, 教授 岡 真理 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM
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國際解決投資爭端中心管轄權問題及其改革之研究-兼論WTO納入投資人與地主國爭端解決機制之展望 / A Study of Jurisdiction and Reform of the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes, with a Discussion of the Prospects for Inclusion of investor-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism in the WTO徐耀浤, Hsu, Yao Hung Unknown Date (has links)
伴隨著全球化潮流的來臨,國際直接投資金額大幅成長,相對的,投資爭端案件亦持續增加,國際投資人於是迫切期待一個有效而公平之國際投資爭端解決機制。台灣經過多年經濟發展,已成為全球重要對外投資國家,惟根據調查,台灣廠商發生投資爭端,並不擅於利用國際仲裁維護其本身權益。據此,本論文乃針對國際投資協定有關投資人與地主國爭端解決法制加以研析,並希望能對我政府對外談判及廠商對外投資提供具體實用之對策,惟國際間對於投資人與地主國爭端解決機制研究面向相當廣泛,本文研究主軸則以世界銀行於1965年成立之國際解決投資爭端中心(ICSID)之管轄權為中心。
本論文先自投資人與地主國爭端解決機制之發展背景介紹起,並論述1966年生效的ICSID公約主要條款與其他國際投資協定的關係,其後則進一步從ICSID管轄權角度切入,對ICSID對人(ratione personae)及對物(ratione materiae)管轄權相關法律問題逐一說明,並輔以個案加以研析之。
經過上述分析後,本文繼而對現行投資人與地主國投資爭端解決機制提出評論,在制度面方面,本文對ICSID未來運作提出放寬對物管轄範圍、檢討投資未予定義之作法、雙重國籍認定及外國控制的程度與形式等四項改革建議。此外,本文亦針對ICSID管轄權與BITs最惠國待遇條款問題、BITs不同的爭端解決機制所引發程序衝突問題,以及仲裁判斷衝突(conflicting award)問題,說明ICSID公約與BIT所產生之一些法律問題。在未來展望方面,則分析在多邊投資架構是否為解決現階段投資人與地主國爭端解決機制之新契機,以及WTO納入投資人與地主國爭端解決條款之可能性分析,本文末並對我國政府與廠商現階段利用ICSID機制提出建議。 / While the inexorable trend towards globalization has caused international direct investment to grow dramatically, it has also led to a steady increase in the number of investment disputes. International investors therefore eagerly look forward to the institution of an effective and impartial international investment dispute resolution mechanism. Although Taiwan, through its many years of economic development, has become a major source of foreign investment, surveys show that Taiwan firms are not good at using international arbitration to protect their rights and interests in investment disputes. This study accordingly analyzes the investor-State dispute settlement provisions in international investment agreements(IIAs) in an effort to provide concrete, practical strategies for the government of Taiwan in international negotiations and for Taiwanese firms in their foreign investment. Since there is already extensive research literature addressing investor-State dispute settlement mechanisms, this study focuses on the jurisdiction of the International Center for Settlement of Investment Dispute(ICSID) under the aegis of the World Bank in 1965.
This study first introduces investor-State dispute settlement mechanisms and their development. Next, the study discusses the main provisions of the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (ICSID Convention) came into force on 1966 and its relationship to other IIAs. The study then explains the various legal issues connected with ICSID’s jurisdiction ratione personae and ratione materiae, and finally, analyzes specific cases.
The results of the aforementioned analysis are employed to critique existing investor-State investment dispute settlement mechanisms. This study makes four system-related recommendations, namely that the ICSID convention should: 1) liberalize the scope of ICSID’s subject-matter jurisdiction; 2) review undefined investment methods; 3) recognize dual nationalities; and 4) reform the degree and circumstances of foreign control. This study further discusses legal problems related to the ICSID Convention and bilateral investment treaties (BITs), including conflicting awards, procedural conflicts stemming from different dispute settlement forum in BITs, and problems involving ICSID's jurisdiction and most-favored nation(MFN) provisions in BITs. As for future prospects, the study analyzes whether the current multilateral investment framework can resolve the problems of the current investor-State dispute settlement mechanism, and examines the possibility of incorporating investor-State dispute settlement mechanism in the WTO. This study concludes with recommendations concerning how the government and companies of Taiwan can use the ICSID mechanism at the current stage.
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企業生命週期與進入模式關聯性之研究 / The research of connection between business life cycle and entry mode簡吉龍, Chein, Allan Unknown Date (has links)
『國際化』對於台灣企業而言,已是必然的趨勢。因此,如何成功地進入國外市場?可以說是目前台灣企業最重要的課題。而對一個想要進入國外市場的企業而言,除了選擇所要進入的國家外,更重要的是『進入模式』的決定。一個適當的進入模式對於企業往後的國際營運影響深遠,不僅直接影響到該市場的成敗,對於企業的其他市場亦具有間接的效應。因為在全球整合性的競爭下,市場間的競爭關連性上升,一個市場的成敗往往是在另一個市場上優、劣勢的來源。
目前學者對於影響企業決定『進入模式』的因素看法並不一致。不過大致仍可歸納出內部與外部因素兩個方面(Root, 1987)。而『企業生命週期』可視為企業內部因素的表徵,因此,企業的組織階段勢必對進入模式的決定有某種程度的影響。而由於『企業生命週期』的概念較為普遍,對於台灣一般的企業而言,實用性較高。因此,本研究的動機乃是基於探討『企業生命週期』與最適『進入模式』間的關連性。而影響進入模式的因素除了組織內部因素外,還有企業外部的環境因素,尤其是地主國的環境因素,對進入模式的決策更具有關鍵性的影響。因此,本研究亦將地主國的環境變數納入考量,以提高研究模型的解釋能力。
基於以上研究動機,本研究有以下主要目的:1.探討並整理『企業生命週期』與國外市場『進入模式』相關的文獻。2.以『企業生命週期』理論為出發點,發展一個觀念架構,用以描述企業的組織階段與地主國環境變數,對於國外市場進入模式決策的影響。3.以台灣企業為對象,針對本研究所發展的觀念架構,進行實證分析,並提出研究結果以供業界及後續研究參考。
本文以郵寄問卷方式,對於台灣企業進行實證研究;所採用分析方法包括:敘述性統計、因素分析(Factor analysis)、集群分析(Cluster analysis)、變異數分析、鑑別分析(Discriminant analysis)、t-test 以及 Logistic Regression Analysis 等等。研究結果顯示:
一、目前從事國際化的台灣企業,根據其組織內部情況,我們可將其劃分為創業期、加速期、制度化期、以及再生期四個階段。
二、企業生命週期對進入模式之影響
1.再生階段相對於創業階段而言,在出口對其他、出口對生產據點、以及出口對銷售據點三種情況下,具有顯著性影響;也就是說在以上三種情況下,再生階段會比創業階段傾向採用較高涉入的進入模式。
2.加速階段與制度化階段相對於創業階段而言,只在出口對銷售據點時,具有顯著性影響;亦即,在考慮出口與銷售據點兩種進入模式時,加速階段或制度化階段均會比創業階段傾向採用銷售據點形式之進入模式。
3.若考慮銷售對生產據點,或者是合資生產對獨資生產據點時,則不論是加速階段、制度化階段或是再生階段,相對於創業階段而言,均未有顯著性影響。
三、地主國環境因素對進入模式之影響
1.關於地主國環境變動程度之因素,實證結果雖具顯著影響,但與本研究假設相衝突。因此,只可經由文獻之整理加以推論(詳見 P.98),而無法獲得明確之結論。
2.不論是考慮出口對其他、出口對銷售據點、或是出口對生產據點,當地市場之規模與文化相似性具有顯著性影響。亦即,當市場規模愈大或兩地文化相似愈高時,企業會傾向採用涉入程度較出口為高的進入模式。
3.若考慮同為生產據點的合資生產與獨資生產兩類進入模式時,企業對當地環境之熟悉程度具有顯著影響。亦即,當企業對所進入的市場環境愈熟悉,其愈傾於採用獨資生產的進入模式。反之,若企業對當地環境較陌生時,則會傾向以合資的方式進入該市場,以分散投資風險。
4.若以出口對生產據點以及銷售據點對生產據點而言,當地市場之吸引力具有顯著性影響。亦即,相對於出口或銷售據點,在當地市場吸引力愈大時,企業會傾向採用生產據點形式進入模式,以獲取在當地投資設廠之利益與優惠。 / Internationalization is the developmental trend of Taiwan business. The choice of the entry mode for foreign markets play a vital role in global competition.According to other literatures, we find that the factors effect this choice can devide into two part: internal and external factors. And the business life cycle express the internal ones. According to these reasons,our research has the following porpose:
1.Review the relevant literatures about the business life cycle and entry mode.
2.To develope a concept infrastructure to describe the influence of business life cycle and host country environment for entry mode.
3.Using the Taiwan business as empirical respondents to approve our concept infrastucture, and give some suggestions to Taiwan entrepreneur.
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我國與留學地主國間留學互動模式之探索暨我國未來留學人數之預測 / Exploring the Causal Model in Studying Abroad between Taiwan and the Leading Host Countries, and Forecasting the Number of Studying-Abroad Students of Taiwan張芳全, Chang, Fang Chung Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以「人口遷移學推拉理論」為基礎,探索我國與留學地主國間留學互動關係的推拉因果模式,及其間的一致性和關聯性,並對我國未來留學生人數進行預測。研究的主要目的為:(1)瞭解我國與留學地主國留學教育概況,並探討海外留學對留學地主國與送出留學生國家國家的正反面效果;(2)說明人口遷移學中的推拉理論及評閱有關留學生流動的研究文獻與報告;(3)探索我國與留學地主國間留學互動的推拉因果模式;(4)探索我國與留學地主國間在留學互動的推拉因果模式間之一致性與關聯性 ;(5)對我國未來出國的留學生人數進行預測;最後(6)根據研究結果提出建議,作為制訂留學教育政策及未來研究的參考。
在探索留學互動的推拉因果模式與其模式間的一致性和關聯性時,是以我國與美國、德國、日本及法國等四個留學地主國為對象,採1954年到1988年共35年縱貫動態分析為主。在我國未來留學生人數預測上,則以1950年到1988年的動態資料為主。研究資料來源是「中華民國教育部統計」、「中華民國台灣地區統計提要」、「中華民國統計年鑑」、UNESCO統計、國際貨幣基金統計年報、美國國際教育組織的Open doors統計,做為分析的根據。
本研究之資料處理係利用國立政治大學PRIME 6150大電腦的SPSSX、SAS/ETS及PC版的LISREL 7統計套裝軟體,另外引用余民寧(民81)所設計「二次式分配準則SAS/IML之程式」,作為統計分析的工具。本研究共提出十個虛無假設,並擬以下列方法檢定研究假設。
一、以共變結構分析(LISREL)檢定我國與留學地主國間留學互動的推拉因果模式,即假設一~四。
二、以二次式分配準則 (QAP)檢定我國與留學地主國在留學互動的推拉因果模式之一致性與關聯性,即假設五~十。
三、以單變量時間數列ARIMA方法與迴歸分析方法,進行我國未來留學生人數之預測。
本研究之主要結果為:
一、我國與美國間留學互動的推拉因果關係證實存在。
二、我國與德國間留學互動的推拉因果關係證實存在。
三、我國與日本間留學互動的推拉因果關係證實存在。
四、我國與法國間留學互動的推拉因果關係在修正模式後證實存在。
五、我國與美國、我國與德國在留學互動的推拉因果模式之適配共變數矩陣具有.429的顯著相關性與一致性。
六、我國與美國、我國與法國在留學互動的推拉因果模式之適配共變數矩陣具有.469的顯著相關性與一致性。
七、我國與美國、我國與日本在留學互動的推拉因果模式之適配共變數矩陣的相關性與一致性僅-.098而已。
八、我國與德國、我國與法國在留學互動的推拉因果模式之適配共變數矩陣具有.763的顯著相關性與一致性。
九、我國與德國、我國與日本在留學互動的推拉因果模式之適配共變數矩陣具有.510的顯著相關性與一致性。
十、我國與法國、我國與日本在留學互動的推拉因果模式之適配共變數矩陣具有.377的顯著相關性與一致性。
另外,在我國未來出國留學人數預測上,民國87年以前預期每年將至少有6600名以上的留學生出國,並且當國民所得達12000美元時,出國留學的人數預期將可能突破10000人以上。
本研究根據研究結果提出建議,作為政府制訂留學教育政策及未來研究的參考。 / This research is based on "the push-pull theory of population mobility. It explores between Taiwan and the leading host coun-tries the causal model, consistency and correlation of the push-pull interaction in studying abroad. It also forecasts the number of studying-abroad students of Taiwan in the future. Therefore, the purposes of this research are: (1) to understand the foreign education of both Taiwan and the leading host coun-tries and further to probe the pros and cons of foreign educa-tion; (2) to explain the push-pull theory of population mobility and to comment the literatures of studying abroad; (3) to explore between Taiwan and the leading host countries the causal rela-tionship of push-pull interaction in studying abroad; (4) to explore between Taiwan and the leading host countries the consistency and correlation of push-pull causal model in studying abroad; (5) to forecast the number of studying abroad students of Taiwan; and (6) to propose suggestions for the policy-making of studying abroad and future studies according to the results of this research.
In exploring the causal relationship model, consistency, and correlation of the push-pull interaction in studying abroad, the subjects will be Taiwan, U.S.A., Germany, Japan, and France. The data are collected from The R.O.C. St-atis-bics of the Educa-tion Ministry, The R.O.C. Statistics Summary of Taiwan Areas, The R.O.C. Statistics Yearbook, UNESCO Statistical Yearbook, Interna-tional Financial Statistics Yearbook, and Open Doors (1991-1993) of the Institute of International Education. While in forecast-ing the number of studying-abroad students of Taiwan the data will be ranged from 1950 to 1988. All data of this research are dynamic.
The handling of data will adopt SPSSX, SAS/ETS, and LISREL7 packages program and will cite Yu Min-ning"s SAS/IML program of QAP (1992). All packages program are in the Computer Center (PRIME 6150) of National Cheng-chi University, exclusive of LIS-REL7 which is set in personal computer. This research will propose ten null hypotheses, and the statistical methods used to confirm the null hypotheses are as follows:
(1) Use Linear Struc-tural Equation (LISREL) to test the causal relationship of the push-pull interaction in studying abroad between Taiwan and the leading host countries. (Hypotheses 1-4)
(2) Use Quadratic Assignment Paradigm (QAP) to test the con-sistency, correlation of the push-pull interaction in studying abroad between Taiwan and leading host countries. (Hypotheses 5-10)
(3) Use both Autoregerssion Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) of univarate time series and regression analysis to forecast the number of the studying-abroad students of Taiwan in the future.
The main results of this research are as follows:
(1) There exists a push-pull causal' relationship in studying abroad between Taiwan and U. S. A. .
(2) There exists a push-pull causal relationship in studying abroad between Taiwan and Germany.
(3) There exists a push-pull causal relationship in studying abroad between Taiwan and Japan.
(4) There exists a push-pull causal relationship in studying abroad between Taiwan and France after modifying the model.
(5) Taiwan-U.S.A. and Taiwan-Germany best-fitted covariance matrices are significantly similar. The correlation coefficient is .429.
(6) Taiwan-U.S.A. and Taiwan-France best-fitted covariance matrices are significantly similar. The correlation coefficient
(7) Taiwan-U.S.A and Taiwan-Japan best-fitted covariance matrices are not significantly similar. The correlation coeffi-cient is only -.098.
(8) Taiwan-Germany and Taiwan-France best-fitted covariance matrices are significantly similar. The correlation coefficient is .763.
(9) Taiwan-Germany and Taiwan-Japan best-fitted covariance ma-trices are significantly similar. The correlation coefficient is .510.
(10) Taiwan-France and Taiwan-Japan best-fitted covariance ma-trices are significantly similar. The correlation coefficient is .3768.
Therefore, nine null hypotheses are rejected and only one null hypothesis is accepted.
Besides, in forecasting the number of the studying-abroad students of Taiwan, it will be expected to send out over 6600 students to study abroad every year before 1998. Furthermore, when the per capita income of Taiwan reaches US$12000, the number of studying-abroad students will be over 10000 per year.
Finally, according to conclusions and results of this re-search, some suggestions for the policy-making of studying abroad and future studies in this field are proposed.
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