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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

WTO協定間法律適用關係之研究 / A Study on the overlaps between provisions in WTO agreements

張南薰, Chang,Nan Hsun Unknown Date (has links)
關於WTO協定間條文與條文間之適用關係,依據小組所建立的原則,即基於WTO協定係屬一體承諾之性質,WTO協定下之義務應屬累積的義務,會員在任何時點均應遵守所有的義務,除非有形式上的衝突存在。然而,整個WTO協定包括了馬爾喀什建立WTO協定、商品貿易多邊協定、服務貿易總協定、智財權等不同部門的協定,到決議文、瞭解書等,有多達六十多種不同的法律文件。這些法律文件是在不同時期及不同背景下,經由不同的談判者所協商而成,而談判者在談判當時,對於各項法律文件間之關係未必有所認知並進一步地為適當的安排,因此未預見的重複、漏洞或衝突,即有可能產生。對於WTO協定條文間錯綜複雜的關係,WTO實務在若干案件中雖有所著墨,但對於何時應屬累積適用及何時構成法律衝突而具有排除適用之效果,並無一致性的判斷標準存在,因此本文即希望透過將WTO協定間法律適用關係之類型化,進而歸納出應屬累積適用關係及排除適用關係的條文,並尋求體系化及一致性的的判斷標準。 / Because of the Uruguay Round negotiations brought about a 'single WTO package' at a very late stage of the negotiations, the WTO system itself has not clearly regulated the issue of the possible relationships between provisions in GATT 1994 and other Annex 1A Agreements or provisions in different Agreements. The only linkages set out in WTO law are one general rule of prevalence, in case of conflict (the General Interpretative Note to Annex 1A) and several cross-references in individual Agreements. The authors submit that panels and the Appellate Body have so far identified four relationships between provisions of the WTO Agreements, which can be characterized as conflict, express derogation, confirming, and complementarity. These relationships have different legal effects on the application of the provisions concerned. Although it is not excluded that over time more types of relationships will be identified and developed, it is useful to take stock of the case law setting out the possible linkages. While not purporting to be exhaustive, the present work is an attempt to analyze the cases that appear to be the most significant for clarifying the different relationships.
12

關係人移轉計價問題之研究 / The Research of Related Party Transactions:Transfer Pricing

劉師尹, Liu, Shih Yin Unknown Date (has links)
近年來企業或個人,透過移轉計價與關係人進行非常規交易之案例時 有所聞。或許其非常規交易之動機,並非為了規避稅負,而政府為了維護 自身管轄權之行使,或基於公平理念保障少數股權股東及債權人之權益, 勢必對藉由移轉計價進行非常規交易者有所規範。 目前國內對於關係 人間移轉計價問題之研究文獻,大多著重於關係人以非常規交易規避稅負 之型態剖析,及國內外涉及非常規交易調整方法之法令介紹。而關於移轉 計價之理論基礎與關係人之定義二項課題,皆未予以詳盡探討。而國外之 研究文獻,對於廠商間之移轉計價行為是否符合效率?往往多所爭議、並 無定論。此外部份文獻認為,廠商係在政府所允許之常規範圍內,來決定 其移轉價格之數額。但政府如何訂定常規價格?似乎並無文獻論及。故本 文擬由理論、實務及法令三方面,來探討關係人移轉計價之問題。
13

以SDN為基礎之具服務品質感知的智慧家庭頻寬管理架構 / SDN based QoS aware bandwidth management framework for smart homes

林建廷, Lin, Jian Ting Unknown Date (has links)
隨著智慧家庭技術及物聯網的裝置大幅度地成長,智慧家庭的網路流量亦隨之升高。當大量成長的智慧家庭流量造成網路壅塞時,可能使緊急服務的警告機制失效,或是造成某些應用服務品質低劣而不堪使用。這些問題恐阻礙智慧家庭未來的發展性。 為改善上述問題,本文提出創新的物聯網智慧家庭頻寬配置管理架構。以ISP業者管理數以千計的物聯網智慧家庭為情境,針對智慧家庭多樣化的應用服務,利用具前瞻性的軟體定義網路,提供ISP業者對智慧家庭外部網路頻寬做最佳化的配置。 本研究依改良後的3GPP LTE QoS Class Identifier (QCI),分類智慧家庭的服務,並考量服務的優先權及延遲程度,提出BASH演算法。透過本研究,ISP業者能依定義好的服務類別,將匯集後的智慧家庭服務流量藉由配置訊務流(traffic flow)的權重,計算出不同服務的最佳頻寬分配量,達到提升QoS及使用者QoE的目的。 為確認本論文所提出之方法的有效性,實驗設計是利用Linux伺服器架設OpenvSwitch、Ryu控制器及Mininet模擬器,建構SDN網路環境。實驗結果顯示,本研究所提出的BASH與ISP所用的傳統頻寬分配方法相比,能有效提高30%的throughput,降低159%的delay time及967%的 jitter time。 / With the increasing number of IoT (Internet of Things) devices and advance of smart home technology, the network traffic of smart home is also raising rapidly. When network congestion occurs due to massive traffic, some emergent alert mechanisms might become invalid or cause some application services performance degraded. All kinds of these will dramatically hamper the future development of smart homes. In order to resolve these problems, we propose an innovative bandwidth allocation smart home management framework for IoT enabled smart homes. The application scope of this research assumes a scenario that an ISP (Internet Service Provider) should support thousands of IoT enabled smart homes for a variety of services. The proposed bandwidth allocation framework is based on the promising software defined networking (SDN) architecture and is responsible for optimizing bandwidth allocation on external Internet traffic. We modify the 3GPP LTE QoS Class Identifier (QCI) to adaptive to the services suitable for smart homes. The proposed bandwidth allocation smart home (BASH) algorithm considers service priority and delay at the same time. With this framework, ISP is able to optimize bandwidth allocation by aggregating thousands of classified services of smart homes and thus effectively enhance Quality of Service (QoS) and user experience (QoE). In order to verify the proposed methods, we implement a SDN environment by using Linux Ubuntu servers with Mininet, Open vSwitch and Ryu controller. The experiment results show that BASH outperforms ISP traditional method in increasing the throughput by 30%, reducing delay and jitter by 159% and 967%, respectively.
14

政策の受容可能性の形成手法とその統制手法

吉川, 和挟 26 September 2022 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第24251号 / 人博第1056号 / 新制||人||247(附属図書館) / 2022||人博||1056(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 佐野 亘, 教授 小畑 史子, 准教授 見平 典, 教授 森 裕亮 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM
15

Dickie的藝術制度理論 / Dickie’s institutional theory of art

李佳穎, Lee, Chia Ying Unknown Date (has links)
寫作這篇論文的動機,是為了探討哲學家George Dickie的藝術制度理論(Dickie’s institutional theory of art)。在第一章中,回顧哲學家Arthur Danto與Morris Weitz的反本質主義(anti-essentialism),及其如何影響Dickie藝術制度理論的發展,以及研究制度理論的重要性;第二章中,說明Dickie的藝術制度理論內容,並以實際的作品為例子講述藝術制度理論的應用;第三章至第四章中,整理反對藝術制度理論的數個哲學家(Jeffery Wieand, Robert Stecker, Stephen Davis, Richard Wollheim, Noël Carroll)的重要論點,並為Dickie的藝術制度理論辯護。最後第五章為結論,提出「藝術眼鏡」此一觀點用以修正藝術制度理論。 / The purpose of this paper is to investigate George Dickie’s institutional theory of art. I will first discuss Arthur Danto and Morris Weitz’s anti-essentialism, which is the groundwork for Dickie’s institutional theory of art. I will then discuss Dickie’s institutional theory of art, which has been developed as two versions. Both versions have been widely criticized. Stephen Davis argues that art created outside any institution seems possible, although Dickie’s institutional theory of art rules it out. Noël Carroll argues that Dickie’s definition of art is circular, and his institutional theory of art fails to distinguish art institutions from other social institutions. Jeffery Wieand argues that Dickie’s perceptually indistinguishable objects argument fails to show that his institutional theory of art is tenable. In this paper, I will argue that Dickie’s theory can be modified as “the glass theory of art.” If this is true, then these criticisms fail to undermine Dickie’s theory, and Dickie’s theory is still powerful.
16

機械、電子及防織工業研究發展活動之研究

駱禎毅, Luo, Zhen-Yi Unknown Date (has links)
第一章為導認。第一節說明論文的研究目的,第二節為研究架構,以圖形表現出整篇 論文研究變數間的相互關係,并對各變數作一簡略的說明。第三節為研究方法及限制 ,說明抽樣方法,資料搜集,分析工具及研究限制等。第四節則將全篇論文的章節, 內容作一扼要的說明, 以便對整個論文的結構有所瞭解,便利閱讀。 第二章主要描述國內企業目前在研究發展上的概況,并作產業間的比較。第一節係定 義論文「研究發展」的意義。第二、三節則對研究發展的支出、人力投入,管理績效 給予操作型定義,并介紹國內廠商在此三項構面的實際作法,對產業間的差異也作了 適當的說明。 第三章在研究企業特性與研究發展間的關係。第一節的重點在探討廠商的規模,成長 率,外銷比例歷吏等策略形態和研究發展( 包括支出,人力投入,管理績效三個構面) 的關係。第二節探討高層管理人員對變革、傳統技術、風險等三個人格特質的態度與 企業研究發展的關係。第三節係研究企業面臨的外在環境對其研究發展的影響。 第四章則說明目前國內企業對各種政府獎勵輔導措施的重視程度,以期尋求最具激勵 作用的獎勵措施,鼓勵民營企業加強研究發展。本章并在第二節中,探討企業在研究 發展方面遭受的阻力,瞭解這些阻力,將有助於確定輔導的項目和重點。 第五章為結論與建議,綜合本論文的研究發現,提出若干建議給廠商及政府,以期我 國企業在研究發展活動上,有更大的成效。
17

個人特質、企管教育、就業特質輿企管碩士就業績效之關係

邱立權, Qiu, Li-Quan Unknown Date (has links)
第一章導論,共三節。第一節敘述國內企管碩士教育、就業的現況、及存在的問題。 第二節敘述本篇研究的目的,第三節敘述研究的範圍。 第二章研究步驟,共分四節。第一節對有關企管碩士研究的文獻作一探討,第二節是 本篇研究的架構,第三節針對本研究之架構提出假設,第四節是研究設計,乃關于本 研究的問卷、操作性定義、抽樣、分析等方法,并對其限制加以說明。 第三章調查結果與資料分析,共二節,第一節乃資料分析的結果及假設印證的結果, 第二節乃加以解釋。 第四章結論與建議。
18

家電消費者資訓收集行為及其對廠商行銷策略擬定之影響

李曾密, Li, Zeng-Mi Unknown Date (has links)
第一章緒論,共三節。第一節敘述消費者的購買行為及其過程,在決策過程中,其收 集情報之行為如何。第二節敘述本篇研究的目的。第三節敘述研究的範圍。 第二章研究步驟,共分四節。第二節對有關消費者收集情報的研究文獻作一探討,第 二節是本篇研究的架構,第三節針對本研究之架構提出假設,第四節是研究設計,乃 關於本研究的問卷。操作性定義、抽樣,分析等方法,并對其限制加以說明。 第三章為調查結果與資料分析,共二節,第一節乃資料分析的結果及假設印證的結果 ,第二節乃加以解釋。 第四章結論與建議。
19

Le portrait japonais du VIIIe au XVIe siècle. Études des représentations artistiques et des sources historiques / Japanese portrait from the VIIIth to the XVIth century. Studies of artistic representations and historical sources

Hein, Jean-Claude 03 October 2009 (has links)
Comment définir ces peintures ou rondes-bosses que sont les portraits japonais figurant des moines ? Par leur forme spécifique qui, issue d’un prototype continental qui n’a pas été remis en question, est demeurée stable à l’exception de brèves périodes. Cette constance s’explique par l’importance accordée à la Chine, l’usage de modèles iconographiques (zuzō) et le recours à une réplique qui n’est jamais dénigrée. Le portrait est de plus une image au bénéfice des sectes qui la produisent. En fournissant une représentation qui ne se dégrade pas, il est aussi la preuve d’un état de sainteté, voire de bouddhéité. Quant à la fonction de certificat des portraits Zen (chinzō), elle semble rare. Portrait de groupe, rouleaux illustrés (emaki) et littérature ont également décrit des personnages à leur façon, autorisant des comparaisons. Le portrait aurait pu inventer sa propre représentation ; il a préféré emprunter aux images sacrées : figurations de vénérés, maṇḍala et illustrations de jātaka. / How can one define these paintings and sculptures in the round that make up Japanese portraits of monks? Through their specific form that derives from a continental prototype which has never been reappraised and which remained stable except for short periods of time. Such a consistency results from a strong influence of China, and from the use of iconographic models (zuzō). Furthermore, copying a work of art has never been undervalued. Portraits are also images which benefit the sect that produces them. By providing an image or representation that never decays, they bear testimony to a monk's holiness, even buddhahood. Lastly, the Zen portraits (chinzō) are often seen as a kind of certification; however, this function seems quite rare. Group portraits, scrolls (emaki) and literature also describe people in their own way, allowing comparison with portraits. Portraiture could have followed its own path; it has preferred to borrow from holy images: deities, maṇḍala and jātaka illustrations.
20

非營利組織租稅徵免之研究

吳國明 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文旨在探討非營利組織及其捐贈者所享受的租稅優惠,是否應依組織性質的不同而有所差異。本研究參考相關文獻及美國內地稅法的分類方式,將國內非營利組織依公益性質及商業性質劃分為六類,並寄發問卷詢問國內會計師、營利事業財務主管及負責人、非營利組織管理者及負責人、學者及稅務人員對此六類組織及其捐贈者享受各項免稅優惠的贊同程度。本研究以敘述統計、t檢定及一般線性模式等統計分析方法對文獻探討所建立的假說進行測試,得出下列實證結果: 一、各界對於非營利組織及捐贈者享受免稅優惠的贊同程度,依組織公益性質的不同而有顯著的差異。公益程度愈高者,各界贊成免稅的程度愈高。 二、各界對於非營利組織及捐贈者享受免稅優惠的贊同程度,依組織商業性質的不同而有顯著的差異。各界對不具商業性質的組織有較高的免稅贊同度。 三、各界對於非營利組織及其捐贈者享受租稅減免優惠的贊同度,因減免項目的不同而有顯著的差異。 四、各界對於捐贈者享受所得稅或遺贈稅扣除優惠的贊同程度高於非營利組織本身享受各稅減免的贊同程度。 五、非營利組織管理者對於組織本身享受所得稅、營業稅、關稅及財產稅免稅優惠的贊同度顯著高於其他受試者。 經過文獻探討、各國免稅規定之比較及實證結果分析之後,本文重要的結論與建議如下: 一、鑒於公益性組織與互益性組織在所得稅上享受相同的租稅優惠,建議修改免稅適用標準,比照英美的做法將非營利組織依公益性質有系統的劃分為二至三類,並依組織公益性質的不同給予不同程度的租稅優惠。例如:對私人基金會的投資所得課徵特種稅(excise tax);個人或企業對互益性組織的捐贈行為應享受較少的所得稅及遺產及贈與稅之免稅優惠。 二、建議恢復部分非營利組織銷售行為免稅的規定,可參酌英國、美國、新加坡及德國的稅法規定,將免稅範圍限制於符合免稅目的或慈善目的之銷售行為,或給予具商業性質的組織及其捐款者較低程度的免稅優惠。 / This study classifies the nonprofit organizations in Taiwan into six categories in terms of the degree of their public and business characteristics. The subjects are asked to express their opinion to the tax exemption of these six kinds of the nonprofit organizations. The subjects include the scholars, the certified public accountants, the managers and executive officers of the nonprofit organizations and the business companies, and the tax collectors of the tax authority. Descriptive statistics, t tests, and GLM are applied to analyze the responses of the subjects. The following results are obtained: 1. The subjects' agreement to the tax exemption of the nonprofit and its donators are significantly influenced by the degree of public for the organizations. The higher the degree of public for the organizations, the higher the subjects' agreement. 2. The subjects' agreement to the tax exemption of the nonprofit and its donators are significantly influenced by the degree of business for the organizations. The subjects have higher agreement to the tax exemption of the non-commercial organizations. 3. The subjects' agreement to the tax exemption of the nonprofit and its donators are significantly different between the different taxes. 4. The subjects' agreement to the tax deduction for donation is higher than the agreement to the tax exemption for NPO. 5. The managers of the nonprofit organizations have higher agreement to the tax exemption of the nonprofit than other subjects. After analyzing the responses of the subjects and comparing the tax laws of several countries, we provide following proposals to revise the tax laws. 1. The nonprofit need to be systematically classified according to the public characteristics and treated differently. For example, the investment income of the private foundations needs to be taxed for excise tax; donators of the mutual organizations should be benefited less by the deduction of the income tax and estate tax. 2. The tax exemption of the sales conduct of some nonprofit organizations should be retained but subjected to the organizations whose conduct conforms to the charitable or exempt purposes. Besides, the commercial organizations should be benefited less by the tax exemptions.

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