本研究探討三代同住家庭中，代間婦女的關係。在婆媳間權力型態方面，目的想了解媳婦教育程度、就業與否對婆媳權力型態的影響，以及婆媳權力型態對婆媳和諧度的影響；在問題解決策略方面，想了解使用各問題解決策略與婆媳和諧度的關係，以及媳婦教育程度與婆媳權力型態對問題解決策略使用頻率的影響。以問卷法進行研究，受試為７４３位與婆婆同住的婦女，透過小學老師發給班上符合本研究受試條件的學生，帶回家給母親填答。經過百分比統計、ｔ考驗分析、變異數分析、相關分析與迴歸分析，得到目前三代同住家庭中，以「平等自主型」的婆媳權力型態最多，其次是「婆婆優勢型」，再其次是「媳婦優勢型」。高等教育程度的媳婦比國民教育程度者，在婆媳間擁有較高的權力。媳婦就業與無就業者，在婆媳權力型態、各問題解決策略與婆媳和諧度上，都沒有差異。「平等自主型」的婆媳權力型態，婆媳和諧度最高，其次是「婆婆優勢型」，最低是「媳婦優勢型」；媳婦與婆婆衝突時，越常使用「技巧說服」與「順從」策略，則婆媳和諧度越高，媳婦越常使用「逃避」與「防衛」策略，則婆媳合諧度越低。最能預測婆媳和諧度者，為問題解決策略中的「逃避」策略，其次是「順從」策略，再次是「技巧說服」策略。

本研究旨在以回溯方式瞭解兒童過去的幼兒園經驗、家庭背景因素與兒童教育成就及其幼兒就學準備度之相關情形，並更進一步探討就學準備度對於目前學童在教育成就表現上的影響 本研究以問卷調查法進行研究，問卷調查樣本以立意取樣的方式選取臺北市文山區、萬華區與信義區之公立小學三年級兒童為研究對象，共387位，樣本回收162份，回收率為42%，可用樣本為133份，可用率為34%。研究工具主要分為三大部分，第一部分為瞭解兒童教育成就現況，分別使用兒童小三上學業成績與生活適應能力表現（自評問卷）做為替代指標；第二部份則以家長問卷的方式瞭解兒童個人與家庭背景現況；第三部份為蒐集兒童過去幼兒就學準備度的表現，使用兒童在小一上學期五個學習領域之成績做為替代指標。本研究所使用的統計方法包含描述性統計分析、交叉表（Crosstabs）與卡方檢定（Chi-square test）、皮爾森積差相關(Pearson’s product -moment correlation)、斯皮爾曼等級相關（Spearman's rank correlation）、t考驗（t- test）與多元階層迴歸分析(Multiple hierarchical regression analysis)方法進行分析。 根據分析結果歸納之結論如下： 一、過去就讀公私立幼兒園的兒童在教育成就表現上無顯著差異；二、就讀幼兒園年數與兒童教育成就無顯著相關；三、家庭社經地位與兒童學業成績有顯著正相關，與兒童生活適應能力則無顯著相關；四、小學時期家長參與與兒童教育無顯著相關情形，幼兒時期家長參與與兒童學業成績有顯著正相關，與兒童生活適應能力則無顯著相關；五、兒童教育成就與幼兒就學準備度有顯著正相關；六、「母親教育程度」、「幼兒就學準備度」與「生活適應能力」對兒童學業成績有顯著預測力，「學業成績」對兒童生活適應能力有顯著預測力；七、過去就讀公、私立幼兒園的兒童在幼兒就學準備度上無顯著差異；八、就讀幼兒園年數與幼兒就學準備度無顯著相關；九、家庭每月總收入與幼兒就學準備度有顯著正相關；十、幼兒時期家長參與與幼兒就學準備度有顯著正相關。 最後，本研究根據分析結果，俾供相關建議給家長、教育工作者、教育單位及未來欲從事相同主題之研究者。 / The main purpose of this study is to investigate children’s experience in kindergarten, their family’s background, educational achievements and school readiness by ex-post-factor research. This study tries to explore the relationship between children’s educational achievements and school readiness. By questionnaires investigation, researcher collects data from the third grade students in Wenshan, Wanhua, and Xinyi district in Taipei City. Out of 387 questionnaires handed out, 162 were returned, of which 29 were invalid or partially answered, resulting in a total of 133 effective surveys. There are three questionnaires in this study, including children’s educational achievements, parents’ socioeconomic background, and school readiness. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, Crosstabs, Chi-square test, Pearson’s product -moment correlation, Spearman's rank correlation, t- test, and multiple hierarchical regression analysis. Based on the statistics analysis of the questionnaire, the results of this study are as follow: A. There is no significant difference towards children’s educational achievements between public and private kindergarten. B. There is no significant correlation between children’s school year in kindergarten and children’s educational achievements. C. There is a significant and positive correlation between parent’s socioeconomic status and children’s academic achievement. D. There is a significant and positive correlation between parents’ participation in early childhood and children’s academic achievement. E. There is a significant and positive correlation between children’s educational achievements and school readiness. F. Mother’s education level, school readiness, and the ability of life adaptation are appropriate indicators in predicting children’s academic achievement. G. Children’s academic achievement is an appropriate indicator in predicting children’s ability of life adaptation. H. There is no significant difference towards school readiness between public and private kindergarten. I. There is no significant correlation between children’s school year in kindergarten and school readiness. J. There is a significant and positive correlation between family’s income and school readiness. K. There is a significant and positive correlation between parents’ participation in early childhood and school readiness.

我們提出的智慧型睡眠監測系統，是基於影像分析技術進行睡眠品質觀測，並利用所得到的數據來推斷最佳的喚醒時間。此系統命名為iWakeUp，利用非接觸式的方法來收集影像資料並進行後續處理，此裝置將被安裝在一般的臥室來幫助睡眠者，以期成為增進智慧家庭生活品質的一環。在此論文中，我們將會描述iWakeUp的各個模組包括測定動作量、推斷睡眠階段乃至於如何建立喚醒機制。更特別的是，我們考慮了喚醒時間與喚醒機制的關係，於較早的時間喚醒必須具有更高的信心度，否則將付出較大的代價，反之亦然。另外為了處理晨間臥室中的光影變化，不同的背景模型也已被整合測試，以期讓系統可以提升長時間觀測的準確度。最後，我們也進行了使用iWakeUp的臨床實驗，結果指出使用iWakeUp喚醒的睡眠者具有較低的嗜睡感與更好的活力。 / We present a video-based monitoring system to determine the sleep status and optimal wakeup time in this thesis. We envision a smart living space in which a data collection and processing module named iWakeUp is installed in the bedroom to record and monitor sleep in a non-invasive manner. We describe the overall structure of the iWakeUp system, including the procedure to measure amount of motion, the method for inferring wake/sleep status from the acquired video and the logics for deciding the optimal wakeup time. In particular, a time-dependent decision rule has been incorporated to account for unequal penalties when classification error occurs. Furthermore, various background modeling techniques have been examined to address lighting changes at dawn in the bedroom for long-term monitoring. Validation experiments are carried out to compare the alertness level upon awakening with/without reported a lower level of sleepiness and higher level of vigorousness in comparison to the control group.

區域間由於發展背景與功能取向不同，以致各地區社會福利支出比例有所差異，對治安與生活品質亦造成不同的影響。社會福利制度是促進整體社會平等、維持人民生存的重要體制；犯罪人口的多寡，則是影響國家成長與進步的重要社會問題之一。本研究主要目的為探討台灣地區社會福利支出對總犯罪率、各年齡層（少年、青年與成年）及失業者犯罪人口率之影響程度，並進一步分析不同社會福利補助支出對總體犯罪率及上述不同群體的個別影響方向。研究範圍為1999-2009年台灣地區23個縣市別的追蹤資料（panel data），利用雙因子固定效果模型（two-way fixed-effect model）同時分析各縣市之個別特質與時間趨勢效果，可對討論議題提供精確的估計結果。研究結果顯示，台灣各縣市社會福利支出與總體犯罪率間不存有顯著關係。進一步分析五種社會福利補助支出，發現家庭生活扶助對於改善整體及各年齡層的犯罪問題皆具有良好效果；其他如就學生活補助、醫療補助與急難救助對部分族群之犯罪問題亦有正面幫助。唯失業給付對犯罪問題並無正面影響。因此建議可藉由調整社會福利支出的比例以降低犯罪問題的發生。 / As the mode of growth and orientation policy in various area are different, resulting in proportion of social welfare spending and influence on public security and quality of life are also different. This study aims to investigate the influence of social welfare spending as well as different social welfare assistance on the total crime rate and crime rate of population of specific age groups and unemployed in Taiwan. Using the cross-regional panel data of 23 counties during the period 1999-2009 in Taiwan. The empirical results from two-way fixed-effect model found that there is no significant relationship between social welfare spending and crime rate. However, analyzing the further five social welfare assistances with regard to improve crime problem has been proved, especially living support assistance. Therefore, this study suggests that the criminal coping strategy is proposed to adjust proportion social welfare spending to reduce criminal problems.

本研究目的探討：（一）家庭社經地位、父親參與、母親參與對學習成就結構的關係模式；（二）運用多群組樣本測量模式，比較不同家庭社經地位（高、中、低三群組）學生其父親、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式。 本研究採用「結構方程模式」建立上述模式，並採用TEPS 2001「台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」中9,141位國一學生（只以親生父母親同住子女）及其父親、母親為研究樣本。 本研究歸納出以下結論茲分述如下： 一、 結構方程模式考驗結果顯示「家庭社經地位、父親、母親參與和學習成就模式」與TEPS次級資料達到良好適配，表示家庭社經地位對學習成就具有正相關直接影響效果，同時父親間接參與對學習成就無顯著影響，而母親間接參與則有達到正向顯著影響。 二、 不同社經地位學生，其父親參與對子女學習成就無顯著影響，但母親參與對子女學習成就則呈正相關顯著差異。 三、 「高家庭社經地位學生的父親參與、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式」為良好適配指標，但是父親參與未達顯著性，母親參與程度則達正相關顯著水準。 四、 「中家庭社經地位學生的父親參與、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式」亦為良好適配指標，其中父親參與仍然未達顯著性，母親參與程度則達正相關且顯著水準。 五、 「低家庭社經地位學生的父親參與、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式」適配度指標最佳，但是父親參與仍然未達顯著性，母親參與則依然呈正相關顯著。 最後，依據上述研究發現，就研究結果與研究方法兩方面，將提出相關研究建議以供教育實務上及未來研究之參考。 / The purposes of this study are to explore the effects of mother and father involvement between socioeconomic status（SES）and their children academic achievement. The data of the public released core panel data from the Taiwan Education Panel Survey（TEPS）in 2001 was used. The sample was drawn from TEPS and was constituted by 9,141 adolescents who were seventh graders and lived with their birth parents in 2001. This study explores that what role parental involvement plays between SES and academic achievement, and uses structural equation modeling (SEM) to create a mother and father involvement model that affects academic achievement. In addition, the multi-groups model was used to analyze how the SES affects mother and father involvement and children academic achievement. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The test result of SEM suggested that the proposed “Model of effects of SES/parental involvement on children academic achievement” fit the core panel data well. This showed SES had direct effect on academic achievement and had indirect effect through mother and father involvement. 2. Among all the SES groups, father involvement positively correlated with children’s academic achievement but not significantly. Mother involvement showed positive correlation and significantly. 3. The model of effect of parental involvement in higher SES family fits the data well, but father involvements positively correlated with children academic achievement and not significantly. Mother involvement positively and significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement. 4. The model of effect of parental involvement in middle SES family fits the data well. Father involvement still positively but not significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement; mother involvement positively and significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement. 5. The model of effect of parental involvement in low SES family fits the data best. Father involvement positively correlated with children’s academic achievement but not significantly; mother involvement also positively and significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement. Finally, the study discusses the implications of parental involvement and suggests directions for future research.

本論文試圖針對目前或曾經有過照顧罹病家人之情感性精神病患進行深度訪談，以了解其家庭生活適應整體歷程中，所遇之壓力負荷議題、照顧議題及生活適應影響議題為何。研究設計採取敘事研究法，針對四位情感性精神病患的照顧故事進行資料蒐集與分析。 　　本研究共有三大部份的發現，在壓力負荷層面中，照顧者主要經驗「情緒困頓」、「責任壓力」、「束縛感受」、「被隔離或排斥的感受」、「對未來的恐懼」、「刻板印象、歧視或烙印」、「家庭功能和關係之變化」等七項主觀或客觀議題；在照顧層面中，照顧者主要面臨了「疾病復發引發負面情緒，影響照顧的能量」、「資源和支持系統之運用」、「生理健康」、「心理健康」、「情感需求支持」等五項議題；在生活適應影響層面中，照顧者面臨「角色轉變」、「相關支持」、「照顧信念」、「照顧需求」等四個面向的議題。 　　在了解情感性精神病患身為疾病照顧者之家庭生活適應歷程中，影響其家庭生活適應之相關因素和議題之後，研究者根據研究結果的整理，提出具體建議與結論，提供助人實務工作和政策方案設計在協助情感性精神病患執行照顧角色之參考。 / This research aims to caregivers who have affective disorder had or having the experience of taking care of his or her sick families. With in-depth interview, author try to understand what issues will face during their process of family-life adjustment, like stress and burden issues, care issues, and live adjustment issues. Research design takes narrative research to collect and analyze from four caregivers who have affective disorder. This research has three parts of finding. First, in "Stress and burden issues", caregivers face seven subjective and objective issues, such as "emotional suffering", "responsibility stress", "feeling of restrain", "feeling of being separated or rejected", "fear of the future", "stereotype, prejudice, and stigma", and "changes of family function and relationship". Second, in "Care issues", caregivers face five issues, such as "symptoms cause negative feelings", "using the resources and supportive system", "mental health", "physical health", and "support of emotional needs". Third, in "Life adjustment issues", caregivers face four issues, such as "role change", "supports", "care belief", "care needs". After discovering those issues and relative factors that influence the process of family-life of caregivers who have affective disorder. Base on above findings, author gives suggestions on policy making and practice work for caregivers who have affective disorder.

隨著邁入高齡化社會，高齡者之長期照護問題，由過去完全由家庭負起長期照護責任之型態，已經無法負荷龐大的照護需求，故漸漸轉為國家介入長期照護責任之狀態。各工業國家係透過制訂社會福利政策，無論是透過提供專業居家照護；建立機構式照護服務；發給照護者現金給付；提供家庭照護者喘息服務；甚至是透過社會保險制度之建立，由社會全體共同分擔照護責任，都可看出長期照護責任已經有了轉變，從個人、家庭到國家社會。 惟自實施國家經驗可知，自1980 年代以來，政府財政經費逐漸萎縮，當長期照護需求持續增加，即使透過減少給付項目、控制成本，甚至限制每年的預算等措施，仍然無法有效的降低政府的財政負擔，正式服務提供之擴展受限之情況下，可看出由國家擔負全部照護責任已然不可能，政策制定者以及學者皆開始重新審視家庭照護之能力，以及逐漸重視家庭照護者權益。 故於建立長期照護體制之同時，也承認部分個人責任，進一步思考家庭照護者之定位，以及要如何同時兼顧家庭照護者之權益。然而，目前我國對於家庭照護者之定位仍未有太多討論，而我國目前長照制度無論在經濟上支持或其他支持性服務方面，對於家庭照護者之保障仍十分不足。故本文希望透過研究採行長照保險制度之日本經驗，以作為我國未來長照保險法制建立之重要參考。 本文希望透過對日本長照制度之研究，了解對於在長期照護保險法制度之下，家庭照護者之定位為何？建立社會保險制度後，家庭照護情形如何？是否完全可以由社會保險制度替代？若非如此，則家庭照護者之權益是否受到保障？包含喘息照護服務、經濟性支持、專業人力確保政策方面，法制規定為何？希望透過研究日本長照制度，藉此肯定家庭照護之功能，以期對於我國未來長期照護保險法之制定能有所助益外，更能達到改善家庭照護者現況之效果。

我國女性勞動參與率逐年上升，雙薪家庭比例逐年升高，然而在家庭中幼兒的照顧工作仍以女性為主力，透過完備的公共托育政策將有助於平等性別分工。我國自2001年起推動社區保母系統服務，自2008年起開辦保母托育管理與托育費用補助計畫，旨在於使雙薪家庭父母親能夠安心使用保母托育服務。 本研究目的在探討幼兒父親與母親決定使用保母服務及選擇保母的動機及考量因素，以及使用保母服務托育後父親與母親自覺對自己的父職角色及母職角色的認知有何影響。並透過研究結果以提供保母與保母托育服務管理者參考及協助媒合。 本研究屬質化研究，透過位於台北的彭婉如基金會提供9對父母親受訪者，為避免夫妻權力干擾，訪談方式為研究者與父母親分開之單獨訪談。研究結論歸納九點：一、因家庭經濟考量與無法由家裡長輩照顧而尋求保母托育，且「人際管道」為主要的找保母管道；二、父母親普遍重視保母證照；三、選擇保母時，父母親重視托育持續性，意即可固定保母長期托育；四、父母親期待保母能有其他托育幼兒，使幼兒可學習人際互動；五、父母親選擇保母時重視幼兒感受；六、家長使用有系統管理的保母較安心；七、家庭對於選擇保母是以「母親」意見為主導，且母親考量較細緻；八、母親對於使用保母服務有愧疚感且感受深切，父親則無；九、使用保母服務有助於親職角色的發揮。最後，提出幾點關於承辦社區保母系統基金會的角色、保母訓練課程，以及托育政策等的相關建議。 / Taiwan's female labor force participation rate increased year by year, the proportion of double-income family is gradually increased, however, still women in the care of the children in the family as the main force, through a comprehensive public childcare policy will contribute to equal gender division of labor. Taiwan since 2001 to promote Communal Nurse the System service, Child care management and child care fee allowance program offered since 2008, aims to double income families, parents can feel at ease to use the Family child care providers nursery service. The purpose of this study was to investigate fathers and mothers decided to use the family child care providers nursery service and the motives and considerations of selecting the family child care providers, as well as after the use of the family child care providers nursery service, the father and the mother is conscious awareness of fatherhood and Motherhood what impact. And through research results to provide Family child care providers and the Family child care providers nursery service managers Reference and assist in matching. This study is a qualitative research, nine pairs of parents of respondents through the Peng Wan-Ru Foundation located at Taipei. The way of interview in this study to separate researcher and the parents is for avoiding the interference from parents by marital power. Conclusion this study of nine points:1.Due to the family economy and at home elder cannot take care of children, seeking for a child care, and seeking for a child care “interpersonal channels” is the main way; 2. Parents generally value the Family child care providers’ license; 3.Select a family child care provider parents attach importance to child care sustained, meaning family child care providers can be long-term childcare; 4.Parents look forward to the family child care providers can take care other children so that children can learn social interaction; 5.Parents choose family child care providers focus on children feeling; 6.Parents use family child care providers of systems management service feel trust; 7.Family select the family child care providers leading on the views of "mother", and mother considerations is in greater detail; 8. Mother feeling guilt and deep feelings for the family child care provider service, but no father; 9.The family child care providers nursery service contribute to the parenting role to play. Finally, offer some points of the foundation’s role to host the Communal Nurse System service, family child care providers training courses and childcare policy recommendations.

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese