「教學及評量改進班」是台北市政府教育局現階段對國小教育改革嘗試的一部份。以除去影響教師教學品質的環境因素為起點，希望教師能在小班制教學的環境下，積極發展教師專業自主權，使教學生動、評量多元，並透過鼓勵家長參與學校教育，使學生發揮潛能、快樂自主的學習。研究者自民國八十三年底起，參與這個實驗班，從參與之中和相關人員建立關係、觀察、記錄、訪談中累積豐富的質化資料，並從中逐漸釐清研究問題、建構出本研究之概念分析架構。最後以問卷調查法蒐集實證資料，以驗證各項假設。 　　在實證調查部份，所使用之研究工具有三，分別是研究者根據實驗精神及實際實施狀況，編成「台北市國民小學試辦教學改進班實施調查問卷」，由教師填寫；在學生學習表現方面，挑選學生喜愛學習、主動學習、自我悅納、生活快樂、人際和諧及自制自律為指標，編成「國民小學學生學校生活經驗問卷」，此外，鑑於教評班為自願參加性質，故亦調查學生家庭背景資料以進行統計控制。研究樣本則以除一年級以外之所有試辦「教學及評量改進班」班級為對象。使用t考驗、變異數分析、共變數分析、典型相關分析、皮爾森相關分析及逐步回歸等方法，探討教評班學生和普通班學生之差異、影響教師進行教學改進之相關因素，以及各項教育改革措施和學生表現間的關係。 　　本研究之結果發現：教評班學生比普通班學生更喜愛學習、更主動學習、更能夠自我悅納，在人際間更感到和諧融洽，而在生活快樂感受及學生自制自律的程度上則沒有顯著差異。在教師方面，不同性別及不同教育背景的教師身上，教師的教學生動活潑及評量多元程度並沒有顯著差異，但教師的接班動機、教學年資及相關配合措施則對教師教學有正面影響。影響學生表現因素方面，學生背景變項雖有差異，但並不是造成學生表現差異之主要原因。此外，教師教學歷程因素及教學相關因素對學生表現亦有影響，但關係並不強，無法提供合理解釋力。 　　最後，研究者針對先前長期觀察及實證分析結果，綜合提出解釋。並於文末提出數項政策建議。

假設二元反應曲線為簡單線性羅吉斯迴歸模型(Simple Linear Logistic Regression Model)，在樣本數為偶數的前題下，所謂的最佳D型設計(D-Optimal Design)是直接將半數的樣本點配置在第17.6個百分位數，而另一半則配置在第82.4個百分位數。很遺憾的是，這兩個位置在參數未知的情況下是無法決定的，因此逐次實驗設計法(Sequential Experimental Designs)在應用上就有其必要性。在大樣本的情況下，本文所探討的逐次實驗設計法在理論上具有良好的漸近最佳D型性質(Asymptotic D-Optimality)。尤其重要的是，這些特性並不會因為起始階段的配置不盡理想而消失，影響的只是收斂的快慢而已。但是在實際應用上，這些大樣本的理想性質卻不是我們關注的焦點。實驗步驟收斂速度的快慢，在小樣本的考慮下有決定性的重要性。基於這樣的考量，本文將提出三種起始階段設計的方法並透過模擬比較它們之間的優劣性。 / The D-optimal design is well known to be a two-point design for the simple linear logistic regression function model. Specif-ically , one half of the design points are allocated at the 17.6- th percentile, and the other half at the 82.4-th percentile. Since the locations of the two design points depend on the unknown parameters, the actual 2-locations can not be obtained. In order to dilemma, a sequential design is somehow necessary in practice. Sequential designs disscused in this context have some good properties that would not disappear even the initial stgae is not good enough under large sample size. The speed of converges of the sequential designs is influenced by the initial stage imposed under small sample size. Based on this, three initial stages will be provided in this study and will be compared through simulation conducted by C++ language.

在工業、農業、或醫藥界的實驗中，經常必須拿數個不同的試驗處理 (test treatments)和一個已使用過的對照處理(control treatment)比較 。所謂的試驗處理可能是數組新的儀器、不同配方的新藥、或不同成份的 肥料等。以實驗新藥為例，研藥者想決定是否能以新藥取代原來所使用的 藥，故對v種新藥與原藥做比較，評估其藥效之差異。為了降低實驗中不 必要的誤差以增加其準確性，集區設計成為實驗者常用的設計方法之一； 又因A式最適設計是我們欲估計的對照處理效果(effect)與試驗處理效果 之差異之估計值最小的設計，基於此良好的統計特性，我們選擇A式最適 性為評判根據。古典的A式最適性並未將對照處理與試驗處理所具備的先 前資訊(prior information)加以考慮，以上例而言，我們不可能對原來 使用的藥一無所知，經由過去的實驗或臨床的反應，研藥者必已對其藥性 有某種程度的了解，直觀上，這種過去經驗的累積，影響到實驗配置上， 可能使對照處理的實驗次數減少，相對地可對試驗處理多做實驗，設計遂 更具意義。因而本文考慮在k>v的情形下之貝式最適集區設計，對先前分 配施以某種限制，依據準確設計理論(exact design theory)，推導單項 異種消除模型(one- way elimination of heterogeneity model)之下的 貝氏A式最適設計與Γ- minimax最適設計，使Majumdar(1992)的結果能適 用於完全集區設計。此種設計對先前分配具有強韌性，即當先前分配有所 偏誤，且其誤差在某一範圍內時，此設計仍為最適設計或仍可維持所謂的 高效度(high efficiency)。本文將列舉許多實例以說明此一特性。 We consider the problem of comparing a set of v test treatments simultaneously with a control treatment when k>v. Following the work of Majumdar(1992), we use exact design theory to derive Bayes A-optimal designs and optimal Γ-minimax designs for the one-way elimination of heterogeneity model. These designs have the same properties as of Bayes A-optimal incomplete block designs. We also provide several examples of robust optimal designs and highly efficient designs.

本文以兩個眼動閱讀實驗探討語意訊息 (semantic cues) 和句法訊息 (syntactic cues) 如何在中文關係子句的處理中運作及交互作用。實驗一旨在研究兩種動詞與論元之間的合理性關係 (plausibility) 是否會影響讀者理解不同結構的關係子句。結果顯示，當兩個論元都是合理施事者 (agent) 時，論旨角色的指派 (thematic roles) 有歧義，較難理解；而當只有一個論元是合理的施事者時，讀者趨向指派正確的論旨角色，且較快整合句法上的困難。此外，因中文句法結構特殊，讀者在關係詞之前就處理主語關係子句 (subject relative clauses) 的歧義，在主要動詞上則會遇到賓語關係子句 (object relative clauses) 的理解困難。此發現解決了Hsiao & Gibson (2003) 和 Lin (2006) 的歧見，證明中文讀者在不同位置會遇到不一樣的困難。實驗二所關注的語意訊息為論元的生命性 (animacy)，關係子句中的兩個論元分屬有生命的 (animate) 及無生命的 (inanimate) 名詞。結果發現論旨角色的指派和生命性相互關聯，有生命性的論元較傾向當施事者，而無生命的論元傾向當受事者。讀者仍在關係詞之前遇到主語關係子句的理解困難，但在主要動詞，讀者主要依循生命性的引導來指派論旨角色，句法訊息的影響並不顯著。因此語意訊息在中文的語句處理扮演重要的角色，結果大致上與Traxler (2002)的研究相符。讀者同時受到當下的句法訊息以及語意訊息影響，在不同的位置會遇到不一樣的歧義性，而產生花園路徑效果 (garden-path effect)。 / Two eye movement experiments were conducted to investigate how semantic cues and syntactic structural cues function and interact in Mandarin Chinese relative clause (RC) processing. Mandarin Chinese is unique in combining head-final RCs with a VO basic order (Dryer, 1992, 2003) and also in relying solely on word order as structural cues, without case marking or agreement. However, Mandarin Chinese still preserves flexibility in word order that is motivated by pragmatics. Semantic cues, including the plausibility of the argument-verb relation and argument animacy within RCs, may be crucial to sentence processing in Mandarin Chinese. Experiment 1 aims to examine whether the meaning of the verb allowing only one of the two animate arguments to be a plausible agent may lead to reduction of ORC difficulty (cf. Traxler, 2002). The results showed that the plausibility effects were robust at the head noun and the main verb. A bias of thematic role assignment in the irreversible relation leads readers to correct interpretations, while the reversible relation does not elicit such a bias. The results also solved the discrepancy between the two previous studies (Hsiao and Gibson, 2003 & Lin, 2006) by unveiling a dynamic process in which readers encounter diverse ambiguities at different positions for different structures. Chinese readers disambiguate SRCs earlier due to their non-canonical word order and have trouble integrating the main verb in ORCs owing to perspective shifting. The interaction between plausibility and RC type on re-reading rate suggested that plausibility cues were used to solve syntactic ambiguity. Experiment 2 manipulated contrastive argument animacy in order to investigate whether thematic role assignment correlates with animacy. The results confirmed the hypothesis that while animate entities bias towards agent roles, inanimate ones incline towards patient roles (c.f., Valin & LaPolla, 1997). Besides, inanimate entities are conceptually less accessible than animate ones. Contrastive animacy shows its impact on syntactic processing with robust interactions at different positions. The findings of interactions between semantic cues and RC types in two experiments suggest that semantic cues play an important role in Chinese relative clause processing. Semantic plausibility and argument animacy can influence the process of thematic role assignment. The semantic cues that accord with the biases of thematic role assignment then would ease the syntactic ambiguities. Not only syntactic cues but also semantic cues are utilized by readers in sentence comprehension. In this thesis, the eye movement data provide clear evidence indicating that readers solve various temporary ambiguities syntactically and semantically at different positions of the sentence with relative clauses.

近年來，社區林業的推行已然成為國際間林業經營的新趨勢，而我國亦在2002年推動「社區林業－居民參與保育共生計畫」，倡導「林業走出去，民眾走進來」的社區林業理念，該理念之倡導，旨在鼓勵在地居民參與，凝聚共識及培養社區自主能力，並由政府與社區居民及民間組織形成夥伴關係，以協力推動生物多樣性保育、永續森林生態旅遊及相關林業建設，藉以達成社區發展與森林永續之目標。 台大實驗林過去的林業治理多半採由上而下的治理方式，常導致管理單位與當地居民的對立，治理成效未盡理想，故台大實驗林管理處近年來嘗試遴選適當社區，推動社區林業，期望能找到林業資源治理新契機，然而，其成效若何值得深入考察，又因實驗林乃肩負試驗研究、教學實習、示範經營、環境保育等責任，本研究認為若能在此地區為政策示範地區，當能作為全國的林業治理借鏡，故遴選其轄區內執行之社區為個案加以探討，以獲悉施行實況。 森林係屬排他性很低但取用的減損性高的共用資源(Common Pool Resources, CPR)之一，若未能妥善經營管理，則易產生「共用地悲劇」。Elinor Ostrom(1990)曾就此提出由社區自主治理永續制度安排的設計原則，故本研究將藉以援引，並採深入訪談法，評估台大實驗林接受社區林業補助的案例的施行成果，提出自主治理的難題，包含參與者界定困難、參與者投入的成本與獲得效益不相稱、尚無監督參與者的機制、無權進行制裁機制、上級主管單位授權不足，並提出相關解決對策，期望使社區林業政策之推動更臻成熟，亦透過本研究肯認台大實驗林未來發展生態旅遊之潛力，而為改善我國森林資源治理效能之方針。 / In recent years, the implementation of community forestry industry has become a new trend in the international forestry operations , while now is also promoting " Community Forestry - residents to participate in conservation Symbiosis Project " in 2002 , advocated " Forestry go outside , people come inside ," the community forestry concept the idea of the initiative, designed to encourage residents to participate in the ground , build consensus and foster community autonomy , the government formed by residents and non-governmental organizations and community partnerships to promote the conservation of biological diversity in the third , sustainable forest eco-tourism and related forestry construction , in order to achieve the goal of sustainable community development and forest . The Experimental Forest of National Taiwan University (hereafter referred to as the Experimental Forest) past forestry governance mostly adopt a top-down governance , often leading management units and local residents opposing governance performance unsatisfactory , the Experimental Forest in recent years to try the selection of appropriate community , promote community forestry, expect to find new opportunities for forest resource management , however , the effectiveness of how worthy of further investigation, because of the experimental forests are shouldering experimental research, teaching practice , demonstration management, environmental conservation and other responsibilities , this study suggests that if the demonstration in the area of regional policy when a country's forestry governance can learn from , so the selection of its communities in the area to be explored is the case , learned to perform live . Department of Forestry is low but exclusive access to the shared resources with high impairment (Common Pool Resources, CPR) one of , if not the proper management, is easy to produce , " shared the tragedy ." Elinor Ostrom (1990) had been made by the community self- governance and sustainable design principles of institutional arrangements , the purpose of this study will be invoked , and mining depth interviews to assess the implementation of the outcome of Experimental Forest accepted the case of community forestry subsidies , raise self- governance the problem, in order to propose solutions that promote community forestry policies more mature, improve the performance of our forest resources governance .

由於跨組織關係的出現，企業為增加全球競爭力，供應鏈管理已成為非常重要的議題。其所重視的不僅是功能性的連結，亦著重於內部的流通，因此非常注重供應鏈成員間的資訊分享，用以創造長期永久的利潤。而為達到此目的，企業與企業彼此會互相逹成共識，進而相互結盟成為夥伴關係，這樣的夥伴關係是建立於相互信任、共擔風險與利益共享上，因此可藉由夥伴關係的建立，達到相互的信任進而願意資訊分享，如此不但可取得競爭優勢，並可創造出比企業個體更大的事業績效（Lambert et al., 1996）。 由上述得知，供應鏈組織中夥伴關係的建立常會牽涉到信任的形成，並用此來考量是否願意分享資訊。所以本研究針對資訊分享的議題，探討合作夥伴的信任程度對資訊分享的意願兩者是否有影響，藉由此協助企業在實施供應鏈管理上能有較適當的依循。即是希望建構一個信任函數，並經由運算設定此函數的門檻值進而探討資訊分享意願，若合作夥伴達信任門檻值，則彼此是願意資訊分享的；而針對未達門檻值的合作夥伴，可藉由信任函數中最具效益的構面指標，進行最有效的績效改善，提升供應夥伴的品質、服務、交貨速度及成本等等，用以達到信任門檻值，增加合作夥伴間資訊分享的意願。 因此本研究主要目的為建構一信任函數模型，使合作夥伴達到信任門檻，增加資訊分享意願，最終希望能提升整體供應鏈的績效表現。 / Because of Inter-organizational Relationships’ appearance, enterprises are in order to increase the global competitiveness, supplying chain management has already become very important topic. That pays attention to not only functional linking of ones, also focus on internal circulation. Therefore it pays much attention to supplying the information sharing among a member of the chain. And for achieve this purpose, among enterprises reach an agreement to form an alliance and become the partnership. Such a partnership is founded on trust in each other, taking risks together and benefits-sharing. So they can reach mutual trust then would like to carry on information sharing by setting up the partnership. That not only can make the competition advantage, but also can create the performance greater than the individual enterprise （Lambert et al., 1996）. Consequently setting up the partnership regular involves in forming trust in supply chain. So we can use this viewpoint to consider would like to share information or not. Hence the research focuses on information sharing to probe into the relation between the degree of trust in the partnership and the willingness of information sharing.That is that builds and constructs a trust function, and sets up the threshold value via operation and then discusses the willingness of information sharing. If the cooperative partner reaches the value of threshold will willing to share information between each other. And aimed at cooperative partners who can’t reach the value of threshold, they can precede the most effective performance by using the beneficial dimension. Then improve their quality, service, delivery pace and cost, etc., in order to reach the will of information sharing.

網路「線上促銷」，以鼓動線上購買，或是提供給網路使用者各式各樣優惠的誘因贈獎訊息來吸引點選，在網路行銷及廣告的運用上，越來越頻繁。而根據網友點選廣告意願的調查，指出約有57-65%的網路使用者願意點選「贈獎、誘因式」的廣告；而包括最吸引網友點選的廣告訊息，以「優惠折扣」居首，佔69%。 誘因贈獎的風行，使得網友上網就往好康去，而有「免費（FREE）」字樣的廣告的點選率也的確算是一枝獨秀。但也有人質疑，這種以「誘因」與「贈獎」做為廣告訴求，是否會使得網路廣告效果落入誘因與贈獎的陷阱中，而無實質的廣告傳播效益？ 因此本研究將以網路橫幅廣告為研究主體，探討利用誘因、贈獎做為主要廣告訴求，從MOA的概念出發，探討該類型網路廣告效果，其中包含討混有告效果研究，涵括目標對象、對廣告整體一般態度、誘因線索與主產品的互補程度等概念。 又因為網路環境與網路行為的多變，使得網路理論的驗證與現象的觀察無法分割，本研究將以線上實驗的設計方法，除了驗證變項之間的因果關係之外，亦詳加記錄了線上實驗法過程中，可能發生的問題點，提供未來相關網路研究、實驗的參考。

在面對市場強力競爭之下，許多企業為了達到永續經營的目的，往往藉由改善產品品質、降低生產成本以及加強產品的彈性與效能，以便創造出符合顧客需求的優良產品，進而提升市場競爭力。 本研究主要的對象為電源轉換器(Switch Power Supply)。該電源轉換器在運轉的過程中時常會有溫度過高的情況發生，進而影響顧客對於產品的滿意程度，因此希望藉由降低電源轉換器的溫升以及溫升變異，來提升產品的品質以增加顧客的滿意度。在本研究中利用田口方法以及實驗設計去規劃出適當的實驗流程與實驗方法，並且經由實驗來收集實驗數據，分別採用灰關聯分析、主成分灰關聯分析、模糊評估分析和倒傳遞類神經網路等四種方法進行實驗分析，以決定出最適因子水準組合。 根據工程經驗與實驗結果得知，電源轉換器內主要發熱零件為IC、T1、LF1和D7。最適組合之確認實驗與現況比較發現，雖然LF1的平均溫升約比現況高2℃左右，但是IC、T1和D7的平均溫升卻可以降低2∼4℃，而且這四個主要發熱零件的溫升標準差也都有大幅降低的現象，由於降低產品變異也會提昇產品品質，一旦產品品質提升了便能夠增加市場競爭力，並且增加顧客的購買意願，因此本研究所找出的最適外殼鑽孔形狀與矽膠片厚度組合的改善效果良好。

隨著資訊科技的發展，筆記型電腦已經愈來愈普及，且價格不再高不可攀，消費者在選購電腦時，會以筆記型電腦取代桌上型電腦，因此消費者的購買意願增加，如何吸引消費者的購買意願，是目前許多企業所面臨的問題。消費者在購買產品前所考慮因素以品質最為重要。電腦公司若能提供品質保證，勢必能增加消費者購買的意願。 筆記型電腦為高精密與高價值的產品，攜帶方便為此產品的特色。由於攜帶方便的特性，顧客可以攜帶著筆記型電腦工作，因此一時的疏忽常對筆記型電腦造成損害，其中以外力所造成之損害最為嚴重，包括衝擊碰撞與摔落碰撞。 本研究以北縣某筆記型電腦製造公司之客戶維修資料與公司摔落測試之統計，以液晶螢幕燈管和玻璃損壞之成本最高。所以本論文主要目的希望能研究出筆記型電腦摔落之最佳保護設計，減低摔落所造成之損壞。針對研究之筆記型電腦抗摔落問題規劃防摔角墊實驗以收集相關數據，並利用以下六種不同的分析方法，(1)變異數分析結合迴歸分析方法、(2)田口方法、(3)田口損失函數法、(4)倒傳遞類神經網路法、(5)模糊結合TOPSIS法與(6)模糊結合類神經網路法，分別決定最適防摔角墊組合，並比較其最適防摔角墊組合之異同。倘若這六種分析方法結果不盡相同，則再規劃實驗以求得最適角墊硬度與面積，得到最適防摔角墊組合。

摘要 本研究旨在瞭解國民小學學校型態實驗教育的創新經營、組織效能與校長領導行為之內涵與現況，探討其關係，進而建構與驗證三者之互動模式，最後依據研究結果提出建議。本研究採用文件分析與調查研究法，以台灣地區105學年度公辦公營之國民小學學校型態實驗教育學校教師為研究對象，總共發出335份問卷，問卷回收率為91.94%，有效問卷則為89.55%。正式問卷回收後，分別以描述性統計、獨立樣本t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關以及結構方程模式等統計方法進行分析。 依據研究結果與分析歸納，獲得結論如下： 一、國民小學學校型態實驗教育在學校創新經營現況呈現中高程度發展。 二、國民小學學校型態實驗教育在學校組織效能現況呈現中高程度發展。 三、國民小學學校型態實驗教育在校長領導行為現況呈現中高程度發展。 四、在國民小學學校型態實驗教育之教育人員的背景變項中， 不同職務、校長在該校服務年資、不同學校規模等，在創新經營得分之差異達顯著水準。 五、在國民小學學校型態實驗教育之教育人員的背景變項中， 不同職務、校長在該校服務年資、不同學校規模等，在學校組織效能得分之差異達顯著水準。 六、在國民小學學校型態實驗教育之教育人員的背景變項中，不同服務年資、不同職務、校長在該校服務年資、不同學校規模等，在校長領導行為得分之差異達顯著水準。 七、整體學校創新經營與整體學校組織效能間呈顯著的正相關，且與「學生學習」及「學生展能」之相關程度最高。 八、整體校長領導行為與整體學校組織效能間呈顯著的正相關，且與「行政領導」及「控制」之相關程度最高。 九、整體校長領導行為與整體學校創新經營間呈顯著的正相關，且與「行政管理」及「控制」之相關程度最高。 十、學校創新經營透過校長領導行為影響學校組織效能，校長領導行為具有部分中介效果。 本研究根據以上結論，提出相關建議，俾供主管教育行政機關、學校教育人員及後續研究之參考。 / Abstract This study aims to understand the connotations and status of the innovative operation, organizational effectiveness and the dean’s leadership in primary schools under the school-pattern experimental education, probe into their relations so as to construct and validate the patterns of interactions between these three aspects and finally propose suggestions based on the research results. The document analysis and survey method is adopted for the study purpose and the objects are the teachers in public primary schools that apply school-pattern experimental education in 2016. A total of 335 questionnaires were issued, with a response rate of 91.94% and a valid response rate of 89.55%. The collected questionnaires were analyzed with such statistic methods as descriptive statistics, T-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's product-moment correlations, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The study came to the following conclusions based on the findings and analytic induction: 1.The school-pattern experimental education in primary schools shows a medium to high level of development in the school’ s innovative operation. 2.The school-pattern experimental education in primary schools shows a medium to high level of development in the school’ s organizational effectiveness. 3.The school-pattern experimental education in primary schools shows a medium to high level of development in the principal’s leadership. 4.Among the background variables of educators in primary schools applying school-type experimental education, such variables as the educators’ titles, the principal’s seniority in the school as well as the size of the school would bring significant differences in the scores of the school’s innovation operation. 5.Among the background variables of educators in primary schools applying school-type experimental education, such variables as the educators’ titles, the principal’s seniority in the school as well as the size of the school would bring significant differences in the scores of the school’s organizational effectiveness. 6.Among the background variables of educators in primary schools applying school-type experimental education, such variables as the educators’ seniority and titles, the principal’s seniority in the school as well as the size of the school would bring significant differences in the scores of the principal’s leadership. 7.The school’s overall innovative operation has a significant positive correlation with its organizational effectiveness, with the highest degree of correlation with “students’ study” and “students’ performance”. 8.The principal’s overall leadership has a significant positive correlation with the school’s organizational effectiveness, with the highest degree of correlation with “administrative leadership” and “control”. 9.The principal’s overall leadership has a significant positive correlation with the school’s innovative operation, with the highest degree of correlation with “administrative management” and “control”. 10.The school’s innovative operations would influence its organizational effectiveness through the principal’s leadership, which embodies a partial medium effect. Based on the above conclusions, this study proposed related suggestions for the reference of competent educational and administrative authorities, the school educators as well as future studies.