近年來，國內房價飆漲，自民國93年以來國內房價所得比自民國93年第1季為4.7倍成長至民國103年第1季為7.51倍，尤其台北市自民國93年第1季為6.14倍成長至民國103年第1季為14.6倍最為嚴重，住宅負擔能力成為社會大眾所關注之議題。本文探討住宅負擔能力與購屋自備款資金來源種類互動關係，以及房價或租金負擔與消費行為間關聯性。 對於購屋自備款資金來源與負擔能力，由二元羅吉斯特迴歸模型分析不同購屋自備款資金來源選擇與負擔能力之關係，再採複迴歸模型分析購屋自備款資金來源對購屋負擔能力造成之影響。透過二元羅吉斯特迴歸模型分析，在購屋自備款資金來源無須或須償還選擇中，以不同購屋者選擇之有顯著影響因子分別為購屋區位、家戶月所得、貸款負擔率。複迴歸模型分析影響貸款負擔率，顯著影響因子分別為購屋區位、購屋面積、家戶月所得、購屋決策者年齡、購屋自備款資金來源。 另外，房價或租金負擔與消費行為關聯性分析，本文將消費行為分為居住及生活行為，以複迴歸模型分析影響因子，再以次數分配分析減少生活支出項目及影響程度，發現因購屋或租屋支出，而減少生活支出項目，相同支出為基本日常開支、休閒娛樂(如旅遊)等2項；不同支出項目，購屋者為減少投資理財及儲蓄，租屋者以購物及奢侈品支出減少，兩者消費行為不同，購屋者較重視投資理財及儲蓄；然由影響程度大小觀察，得知租屋者影響程度較大，其經濟能力通常較差。 / In recent few years, the housing price grows rapidly. Since 2004, the growth of housing price was 470% in the first quarter of 2004 and 751% in the first quarter of 2014. In Taipei city, the growth of housing price was 614% in the first quarter of 2004, and it was the worst with growth rate of 1460% in the first quarter of 2014. Therefore, the ability of mortgage loan is the top focusing topic around the country. In our study we discusses the association of the ability of mortgage loan and the source of down payment; the association between housing price versus buying consumption behavior and rental fee versus buying consumption behavior. In our study, we discuss three topics. First, the association of the ability of mortgage loan and the source of down payment is analyzed by using logistic regression. In the logistic regression, the response variable is the down payment with or without second mortgage. The significant variables for impacting the sources of down payment are the location of house, the monthly income of household, the percentage of mortgage loan to household income. Second, the impact of mortgage loan is analyzed by multivariate regression. In multivariate regression for the impacting of mortgage loan, the significant variables are the location of house, the size of house, the monthly income of household, the age of housing buyer, and the source of down payment. Third, housing price or rent burdens associated with consumption behavior analysis，This article will be divided into residential consumption behavior and lifestyle behaviors. The analyzing methods are multiple regression and frequency distribution analysis. The most important finding is that people with mortgage loan or rental fee have lower down their living expense. The same expenditures for these two groups (homeowner and renter) are grocery expenditures and entertainment expenditures. The difference expenditures are the reduction of investment and savings for homeowners; the reduction of shopping expenditures and purchasing luxury products for renter. The buying powers are different between homeowners and renters. The homeowners are more focus on the investments and savings. However, the buying power has more impact for renters, who have poor economic status.

在都市發展環境當中，居住環境品質取決於居住者本身之感受程度，可分為內部環境及外部空間結構，內部環境係指針對居住者本身所在的生活圈裡，外部空間結構則多半為公共設施的鄰近程度、交通便利性及嫌惡設施等因素，世界衛生組織曾於1961年世界衛生報告中提出理想居住環境為安全性、健康性、便利性、舒適性等基本理念，經由探索性、驗證性因素，分析彙整出解釋社區居民對居住環境品質之衡量著力點在於實體性、社區服務與管理、現代化等三大方面，因此居民感受度是與前開四種基本理念相呼應的。 在針對居住環境品質與社區滿意度相關文獻探討後發現，居住環境品質多與社區滿意度有關聯，顯示在建構生活品質模式應先將領域分群，透過客觀、認知及評估因子，即可呈現各領域的滿意度。 為解決公共設施保留地取得、歷史建築物保存及公共開放空間之提供等議題，我國開始實施容積移轉制度，主要目的為追求環境寧適、健全實質建設、保留彈性立法規則及民眾參與，惟接受基地在注入原基準容積後，其鄰近居民之居住環境品質是否受到影響及衝擊，為本研究所關注之重點；本研究係探討容積移轉制度實行迄今，接受基地容積移轉案件在興建完成後，對週邊土地所帶來之影響。 本研究以容積移轉接受基地興建前後對居住環境品質之問卷調查，以新北市中和地區之接受基地周邊住民作為受訪對象，以因素分析、結構方程模式為分析方法，以五大變數－接受基地興建前既有環境滿意度、接受基地興建後正面環境改善、接受基地興建後負面改變影響、容積移轉政策修正建議及其政策滿意度進行模式驗證；研究結果發現既有環境滿意度對負面改變影響、政策修正建議呈正向影響，對正面環境改善、政策滿意度呈負向影響，另負面改變影響、政策修正建議則具有著之中介效果，該研究可作為未來推動容積移轉制度辦理之修正建議。 / In the urban development environment, living environment quality depends on how residents feel. It can be divided into internal and external spatial structure environments. The internal environment refers to living areas where the residents themselves reside; the external spatial structures are mostly the proximity, accessibility and distaste factors of public facilities. The World Health Organization’s 1961 World Health Report proposed the basic concept of the ideal living environment for safety, health, convenience, comfort, etc. They compiled an analysis of the environmental community to explain the measure of the quality of living through exploratory, confirmatory factors. The analysis compiled an explanation of the way community residents measure environmental quality. The focal point lies in the three aspects of modernization: physical properties, community service and management. Therefore residents' susceptibility echoes the former four basic philosophies. In regards to the quality of living environment and community satisfaction, after disscussing relevant literature, we found that the quality of living environment correlate with community satisfaction interaction. This shows that during the construction of life quality models, domain clustering should first take place, then go through the analysis of objective factors, perceived factors, evaluated factors before presenting various domains of satisfaction. However, to address topics on land reserved for the public infrastructure, topics on historical building preservation and public open space topics, Taiwan began to implement transferable development rights control. The main goal of this system was to pursue environmental quality, improve substantive construction, maintain the flexibility of legislative rules and promote public participation. However, the main concern of this study is whether or not the environmental living quality of nearby residents' was affected after the development rights of the receiving area received incremental development rights and built high-rise buildings. This study mainly dicusses ways to implement the so far accepted transferable development rights case after construction is complete, and the effects brought on by the surrounding land. This study looks at environmental quality before and after transferable development rights acceptance and construction. A questionnaire was designed for this study and was administered to local residents of the Zhong-he, New Taipei City development rights receiving area as target respondents. This study was conducted by way of factor analysis and structural equation modeling analysis. Five variables were proposed, which are variables of nearby residents of the development rights receiving area regarding environmental satisfaction before construction; variables of nearby residents having positive evaluation after construction; variables of nearby residents having negative evaluation after construction; variables of nearby residents regarding transferable development rights policy amendment; variables of nearby residents regarding transferable development rights policy satisfaction, to conduct a model confirmatory. The results show that environmental satisfaction variables have a positive impact on negative evaluation variables and policy amendment variables, but have a negative impact on positive evaluation variables and policy satisfaction. In addition, negative evaluation variables have indirect effects on policy amendments. This study can be used as a reference for the implementation of the transferable development rights system in handling amendments in the future.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第16504号 / 工博第3497号 / 新制||工||1529(附属図書館) / 29161 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙田 光雄, 教授 林 康裕, 教授 小林 正美 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17544号 / 工博第3703号 / 新制||工||1564(附属図書館) / 30310 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙田 光雄, 教授 門内 輝行, 教授 山岸 常人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

都市部においては、通常「マンション」と呼ばれる高層集合住宅での居住はごく一般的になっている。区分された居室に各世帯が生活するマンションでは、対面の機会が少ないことによる居住者間のコミュニケーション不足、プライバシー確保のための相互不干渉原則がもたらす無関心、その結果としての独居高齢者や病弱者の孤独死、子どもの社会性育成不全、災害対応力の脆弱性などの問題が生じている。本論は、ソーシャル・キャピタルやコミュニタリアニズム、およびシェアリングエコノミーの視点から、コミュニティの存在意義とその機能を理論的かつ歴史的に考察した上で、こうしたマンション特有の問題を解決するにはマンション内のコミュニティの形成と活性化を図ることが有効ではないかとの仮説を立て、その仮説を実証すべく、マンション住民による共同農作業等の社会実験を実施し、その結果を分析し、そこから得られた知見を基に、機能的かつ持続可能なマンション・コミュニティ実現のための方途や課題を提示したものである。 / 博士(ソーシャル・イノベーション) / Doctor of Philosophy in Social Innovation / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

我國憲法學者多數認為外國人雖為基本權主體，但依照權利性質說，並不享有國際遷徙自由，從而國家可任意地拒絕其入境、居留或驅逐出境。最主要的理由在於，依照國際法，主權可自由決定是否允許外國人入境及課予入境條件。從而，主權也可自由設計入出境管理制度，那麼藉此箝制外國人言論、宗教或學術自由等基本權利，並非不可想像，甚至我國亦有實例發生。雖然，憲法學者也指出國家應儘量尊重外國人的入出境，亦不得任意藉此任意侵害其他基本權利。不過，既然外國人沒有作為憲法權利的國際遷徙自由，即難以對抗立法者藉由入管制度造成的侵害，更抹滅全球化時代下外國人國際遷徙活動本身具有的各種意義與功能。 有鑑於此，本文一方面嘗試跨足國際法，檢視現行國際人權法對外國人國際遷徙的保障程度，並回溯國際法古典著作探尋主權與國際遷徙自由的軌跡；另一方面，分析現行憲法學說之不足，藉由與國際法的對話成果，嘗試重新構築憲法保障外國人國際遷徙自由的體系。之後探討國家於限制外國人的國際遷徙自由時，應如何遵循法律保留原則、比例原則與正當法律程序，並提供救濟管道，始合乎憲法第23條之意旨。經由憲法基本權保障機制的確立，最後進一步檢討現行入出國及移民法，提出建言。 / The study is intended for elaborating on the freedom of international movement for aliens. First of all, the author examines the protected area of international movement for aliens under current international law and explores the classics of international law in order to research into the entangling relationship between sovereignty and freedom of international movement. In addition, the author analyzes constitutional doctrines at the present times and their inadequacy by applying international law. Meanwhile, what this article does attempt to do is to provide a new framework of the protected area of freedom of international movement for aliens under constitutional law. Also, in an effort to protect the freedom of international movement for aliens, the author discusses how to apply principles of non-delegation and proportionality and due process of law appropriately to prevent state power from violating it. Finally, the author examines immigration law and offers suggestions.

我國已於2009年透過制定施行法的方式將兩公約內國法化，正式引進適足居住權，然而多年來嚴重違反本權利要求的迫遷案件依然不斷上演，衝擊人民基本權利與臺灣在國際社會上的人權信用甚鉅。由於司法部門係確認適足居住權定位並確保其實踐的關鍵角色，本文乃以居住議題相關的司法裁判為核心，探討在我國究應如何透過司法途徑建構及落實適足居住權。 經爬梳聯合國針對此議題作成的權威文件，本文整理出適足居住權的形成、發展、監督落實機制、內涵、以及締約國應負擔的國家義務等內容，勾勒出對我國而言尚屬陌生的適足居住權形貌。在我國採取接納說的一元論架構下，兩公約於經批准後即容納為我國法律體系的一部，其規範效力並非取決於《兩公約施行法》；屬強行國際法性質的人權條款具有憲法位階的高度，其餘則為法律位階，並得在系爭人權規定提升為基本人權層級後，與包含一般性意見在內的國際人權文件共同作為具體明確的違憲審查指標。而為了盡可能消弭經社文公約上的適足居住權規定與我國憲法基本權間的落差，本文檢驗了若干基本權條款，認為居住自由、遷徙自由、生存權、財產權、文化權及環境權可共同承接適足居住權的內涵，使適足居住權得以提升至憲法位階，作為一項獨立的基本權，並指出過往與居住議題相關的大法官解釋審查依據應有疏漏。 確立憲法層次的適足居住權後，本文全面檢視我國涉及適足居住權的裁判並深入分析其中六則個案，嘗試歸納我國司法部門看待及操作適足居住權的模式，再指出引進適足居住權的意義——適足居住權不因屬經社文權利即不具備可司法性，司法者毋寧應於審理裁判時妥適運用合憲、合公約的法律解釋方法，甚至在系爭個案為消極抵禦侵害、不涉有賴立法與行政兩大政治部門定奪的資源分配事宜時，賦予公約條文直接適用的可能性。若衝突明確，無法透過解釋方式排除國內法律與公約牴觸的疑義，大法官在釋憲時亦應充分衡量適足居住權的各該憲法規範依據。 本文最後並提醒，政治部門同樣必須承擔實踐適足居住權的國家義務，不論是與居住相關的法令及行政措施的檢討改進、抑或政策及法令的制定，均有待其積極作為，始能在實害發生前即充分滿足適足居住權的保障，避免事後救濟的緩不濟急。

博士(法学) / Doctor of Laws / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University