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俄羅斯參與亞太經合會對其外貿影響之研究 / The study of the impact on Russia foreign trade of participating in APEC陳芑錠 Unknown Date (has links)
俄羅斯於1998年正式參與APEC事務,參加APEC至今已有12年,並於2012年成為APEC領袖高峰會的輪值主席國。俄羅斯參與APEC是否對其外貿具影響力?本研究透過俄羅斯參與APEC進程、APEC架構下貿易自由化與引力模型實證進行分析。
從引力模型實證分析結果發現:1、APEC對俄羅斯進口具正相關,對出口為負相關,而進口的效益大於出口的負影響。可能因素為俄羅斯加入APEC後,在進口亞太地區商品方面,受惠於APEC的貿易便捷化,進口更為多元;在出口方面,因俄羅斯主要出口商品為石油與天然氣,兩者在於基礎建設與管線輸出的成本比重大,而俄國輸出石化能源主要對象為歐洲,目前已有多條管線通往歐洲,反觀俄羅斯在亞太地區的能源建設起步較晚,多為近幾年間,故效益尚未顯現。整體而言,加入APEC對俄國外貿具有正面的效益。2、貿易對象的國民所得與人口變數,對俄國外貿具正相關,亦即,貿易對象的國民所得增加或人口增加,對俄國的進出口也會增加。3、距離變數對俄國外貿為負相關,當兩國距離越遠,運輸成本越高,兩國貿易量少;當兩國距離越近時,運輸成本就越低,兩國貿易越頻繁。4、俄羅斯國民所得變數與俄羅斯的貿易為正相關,當俄國經濟水準提高,人民可支配所得增加時,會增加對外國商品的購買。5、俄羅斯人口變數方面,其結果並不顯著,若從正負相關來看,俄羅斯的人口對其貿易為負相關,俄羅斯在1995年至2008年人口遞減,但貿易額呈現遞增的趨勢,可能因素為俄羅斯國民所得增加,故雖勞動力減少但總體的經濟則是增長的趨勢。
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衡量台灣在1981年至2012年間的貿易利得 / Measuring Gains from Trade of Taiwan from 1981 to 2012劉祐汝 Unknown Date (has links)
本文在Arkolakis et al.(2009) 模型架構下,經由簡化而一致的貿易估計式,以較少量的數據資料,得到1981年至2012年間的台灣貿易利得,分別在單一產業單一要素、多產業單一要素及多產業多要素三種形式下,其對應的完全競爭與獨佔性競爭的估計結果。實證結果顯示,三種形式下的貿易利得起伏不盡相同,但大致呈現先降後升的一致走勢,表示貿易利得同樣受到1980-2012年間的重大總體經濟事件影響。
在1980 年代,主因第二次石油危機,以及台灣匯率急速升值,導致出口疲弱,貿易利得持續下降。1990年代,則在台灣歷經產業升級調整後,高科技產業使出口增加,進而提振貿易利得逐年上升。進入2000年後,台灣貿易利得隨即因2001年爆發的美國網路泡沫造成衰退。在2002年,台灣加入WTO後,隨著貿易障礙的逐漸移除,貿易利得也有顯著的成長。直到2008年,金融海嘯造成全球景氣衰退、需求疲軟,進而使台灣的貿易利得也巨幅下挫。
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上海合作組織的經貿合作研究 / A study of SCO trade and economic cooperation邱惟萱 Unknown Date (has links)
上海合作組織起源於1996 年4 月,俄中哈吉塔五國元首於上海會晤,會談
的本意是為解決蘇聯解體之後各國家間邊境裁軍問題而非經貿合作,2001 年上
海五國加入烏茲別克成立上海合作組織,之後上海合作組織產生了質的變化,各
成員國元首們倡議進行全面性的合作。於經貿合作方面,2003 年9 月上海合作
組織成員國簽署的「上海合作組織成員國多邊經貿合作綱要」,其中最重要的是
上海合作組織成員國將推展於上海合作組織框架內實施貿易投資便利化,並訂定
出能源、交通運輸、電信、農業、旅遊等領域,為優先合作方向。本研究試圖透
過引力模對上海合作組織成員國的對外貿易數據進行實證研究,以檢證上海合作
組織的經貿合作至今對於各成員國的影響程度。
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波蘭加入歐盟對其外貿影響之研究 / The Impact on Poland's Foreign Trade for Joining EU趙翊如 Unknown Date (has links)
波蘭於2004年正式加入歐盟,加入歐盟至今已有八年,並於2011年成為歐盟輪值主席國。波蘭加入歐盟是否對其外貿具影響力?本論文透過波蘭參與歐盟的過程、加入歐盟後的經濟面向,以及引力模型進行實證分析。
從引力模型實證分析結果發現:一、歐盟雖然對波蘭進、出口貿易都具有正相關,但相較於進口方面,對波蘭出口影響程度卻相當微小。可能因素為波蘭加入歐盟後,在進口歐盟地區商品方面,受惠於歐盟規範下的貿易自由化,進口商品更為多元;而波蘭自1993年至2010年以來,出口貿易對象高達九成以上都屬歐洲地區,當然包含歐盟國家,因此無法確切指出波蘭出口額逐年增長的趨勢,完全是受到加入歐盟的影響。不過,整體而言,加入歐盟對波蘭外貿還是具有相當正面的效益。二、貿易國家的國民生產毛額變數,對波蘭外貿具有正面效益,換言之,貿易國家的經濟水準逐漸提升後,使得人民可支配所得增加,進而增加對波蘭商品的購買次數。三、貿易國家的人口變數,對波蘭外貿具有正面效益,表示當貿易國家的人口增加,對波蘭商品的需求量增加,使得兩國貿易量也隨之增加。四、兩國首都距離變數,對波蘭外貿具有負面效益:當兩國首都距離較近時,運輸成本也較低,因此兩國貿易次數頻繁;而當兩國首都距離較遠時,運輸成本提高,使得兩國貿易量減少。
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銀行業海外擴張決定因素之研究 / The Determinants of Foreign Banking Expansions周秀霞 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文的研究目的在探討影響多國籍銀行(Multinational Bank)進行海外擴張的決定因素。本文採用多國籍銀行在當地設立經營據點的直接投資(Foreign Direct Investment, FDI)方式為代理變數,且有別於之前的跨國研究,同時考量到地主國直接投資的銀行家數與設立的分支機構數。
本文共有三個研究子題,第一個子題以台灣為樣本,分析多國籍銀行進行海外擴張,與在當地同國籍的顧客間的關係。實證結果顯示,當以實體分支機構的擴張為外國銀行擴張的代理變數時,完全支持追隨顧客理論,但以財務擴張為外國銀行擴張的代理變數時,幾近完全支持追隨顧客理論。
第二個子題分析台北、香港和上海(兩岸三地)對外國銀行的吸引力,探討影響外國銀行選擇三個城市進行海外擴張的因素。在國家總體銀行家數的實證結果中顯示,母國GDP愈高、母國與地主國的地理距離愈近、母國與地主國的雙邊貿易愈多以及群聚效果,與在地主國投資的多國籍銀行家數呈現正向關係。至於銀行選擇在這三個城市投資後,會設立多少個分支機構,主要受兩個因素影響,當銀行總資產愈多,以及母國與地主國的文化距離愈近,銀行設立的分支機構愈多。
第三個子題分析多國籍銀行選擇亞洲十個主要城市進行海外擴張的決定因素。實證結果顯示,影響多國籍銀行在亞洲城市直接投資的因素可區分為三方面,首先是母國因素,當母國經濟規模愈大或大銀行家數愈多,在地主城市設立營運據點的銀行較多,設立的分支機構亦較多。其次是母國與地主國間的整合程度,當兩國間的雙邊貿易額增加以及兩國距離較近,在地主城市設立營運據點的銀行家數較少,分支機構也較少。最後是地主國因素,當地主國的經濟環境愈自由、地主國的法規品質愈高或地主國本身為國際金融中心,也會吸引較多的外國銀行,並設立較多分支機構。
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金融機構地理擴張與財務績效指標之實證研究吳建輝 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以大型金融機構在四個大內金融中心建立的據點來分析金融中心之間彼此互相交流的程度,以及金融中心的銀行家數來衡量金融中心對各家大型金融機構的吸引力,並試圖運用引力模型(Gravity Model)與財務績效指標找出對大型金融機構到海外建立據點的決定因素。
首先,針對金融機構的地理擴張進行研究,整理全球銀行的產業特性、業務、組織型態與其在海外建立據點的動機之相關文獻。其次並研究國際金融中心發展的成因與衡量金融中心的相關條件,並選擇亞洲、美洲、歐洲等地的區域金融中心作分析,並依所得高低分為已開發國家城市、開發中國家城市及新興市場,結果發現據點個數有逐年增加的趨勢,尤其是歐美系的銀行對於亞洲新興市場的據點增加最為快速。
最後本研究以世界排名前三百大之銀行分為美洲、歐洲、日本與亞洲大洋洲等四大區域,並以其財務資料對各區域金融中心的據點數進行簡單迴歸;從資料分析中我們可以發現日本地區銀行的績效最差,但對於亞洲開發中國家的金融中心投資最為積極,較偏好勞力成本低廉的地區進行投資;歐洲地區銀行資產規模龐大,較重視據點對股東權益的保障與獲利性,國內存放款愈少,將增加往海外設立據點的動機;美洲銀行的績效指標最佳,獲利對據點的設立有顯著的吸引力,能降低成本,增加收益;亞洲與大洋洲其他地區銀行較重視對已開發國家金融中心的投資,在這些地區較能增加獲利,減少產生備抵呆帳的風險。但最能解釋大型金融機構的因素,為資產的大小,資產排名在前一百名者,對於進行地理擴張的策略佈局最明顯,尤其是上海和倫敦。引力模型對金融業的對外投資獲得良好的結果,能清楚地解釋金融機構在金融中心設立據點的個體財務因素為何。
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本國市場效果、相對需求與區位選擇:創意商品之實證 / Home market effect, relative demand and location choice: an empirical study of trade in creative goods彭素玲, Peng, Su Ling Unknown Date (has links)
本論文的研究主軸為本國市場效果的實證研究, 文章除驗證新貿易理論對創意商品的適用性, 並解析貿易成本與需求規模對本國市場效果的交互影響與其間的非線性關係。實證資料以經創意商品(creative goods)貿易為例。選擇創意商品,除因其具有文化創意特色,可歸為異質產品並且可凸顯無形貿易成本的影響, 且此類商品根據國際商品統一分類代碼(Harmonized system code
; HS code) 六位碼編組而成, 商品分類可謂細緻, 可避免如Schumacher and Siliverstovs (2006)以及Hallak (2010) 指出以總和商品可能相互抵消效果而致的合成謬誤。並且根據UNCTAD(2008) , 此類商品受景氣波動的干擾較少。由於全球創意商品貿易以經濟合作開發組織(The rganization
for economic cooperation and development;OECD) 國家為主流, 且OECD 國家創意商品貿易具有產業內貿易特性, 故而樣本國家以OECD 國家為主, 並於林德效果檢測時擴及至全球創意商品貿易。
實證估計式以Hsu et al. (2012) 推導的引力模型結構式為理論基礎, 加入一個由貿易成本與相對需求組成的非線性本國市場效果設定項,驗證本國市場效果的相關假說。此一本國市場效果設定項除具有理論基礎之外, 並具有實證意涵與對應的假說檢定, 可為實證工作提供重要基石。
估計式中除加入例行的需求規模、貿易成本以及控制貿易成本對商品流動的多邊阻力(multilateral resistance; MR)外,並加入需求與貿易成本的非線性交互作用項。相較過去文獻如Feenstra et al. (1998, 2001) 或Hanson and Xiang (2004) 側重需求與貿易型態關係的確認, 加入此項不
但可以匡正實證估計是錯誤設定造成估計偏誤, 得以正確驗證本國市場效果, 並且能解析本國市場效果成因的作用機制與政策意涵。
實證過程圍繞兩個命題:
命題1 : 如果本國市場效果存在, 但引力模型忽略或未控制本國市場效果, 將使估計產生偏誤。
命題2 : 相對需求與貿易成本對本國市場效果具有非線性影響關係。相對需求增加, 本國市場效果將強化。相對需求對本國市場效果的邊際影響, 會隨相對需求上升及貿易成本下降而遞減。貿易成本增加, 本國市場效果將弱化。隨著貿易成本愈高其對本國市場效果的邊際影響力遞減。
根據2000年至2005年OECD創意商品貿易資料的實證結果,除確認本國市場效果顯著外,各項相關假說檢定並與Hsu et al. (2012) 的理論預期一致。包括實證估計式忽略本國市場效果設定項, 將使估計結果產生偏誤; 貿易成本、相對需求對本國市場效果以顯著的非線性方式交互影響本國市場效果。而由比較靜態分析的實務案例, 再次確認推論與實證結果的一致性。
為進一步檢測命題2 , 確認相對需求與貿易成本對本國市場效果的非線性影響關係。在此以貿易雙方的相對需求與相對貿易強度進行分量迴歸(quantile regression model ; QR) 估計, 捕捉不同貿易強度相對需求的非線性變化特徵, 並檢定相對需求的邊際影響是否隨不同分量而有顯著的差異。在此, 除創意商品貿易資料外, 並加入OECD 會員國的國際貿易商品統計(international trade by commodity Statistics;ITCS) 國際商品統一分類編碼(HS Code) 二位碼的製造業商品貿易資料為估計樣本。實證結果再次應證相對需求與貿易成本對本國市場效果的非線性影響關係, 並且不論是根據分量迴歸檢定結果, 或以估計係數的信賴區間圖示, 都顯示不同分量下, 相對需求對本國市場效果的邊際影響確實存在非線性影響關係, 並且貿易強度與相對需求間呈現正向的變化關係, 約有90% 以上的商品類別, 相對需求的邊際變動軌跡呈現遞增型式, 符合理論預期的顯著非線性變化關係。
最後以偏好相似理論Linder (1961) ,即林德假說(Linder hppothesis) ; 以需求結構因素解析國際產業內貿易之可能原因。林德假說提出重疊需求(overlapping demand) 的概念, 認為影響一國需求結構的主要因素是所得水準, 即一國的人均所得水準決定了該國特定的偏好模式, 若兩國之間收入水準相似, 則兩國偏好模式可能愈相似, 需求結構也將愈相近, 也就是說重疊需求的量愈大, 從而兩國間貿易量也就愈大。反之, 兩國所得水準相差越大, 需求結構差異也就越大, 從而相互間貿易強度也就越低。本文以Hallak (2010)之一般均衡理論與期建構的實證結構式為基礎, 以UNCTAD(2008) 全球及OECD 國家創意商品貿易資料配合分量迴歸估計, 結果顯示林德假說確實適用於解釋OECD 以及全球創意商品貿易現象, 並且根據貿易流量高低之不同分量係數檢定結果也顯示林德效果確實存有差異, 不同分量下林德效果的邊際效果確實有顯著差異。 / This thesis proposes and extends theory-based gravity equations to test the presence of the ‘home market effect’ in the global trade in creative goods. Traditional neoclassical models based on comparative advantage suggest that, all else equal, a country with idiosyncratically strong demand for a good will result in it being an importer of that good. Contrary to traditional trade theory, the home market effect emphasizes the advantages of a large home market as a foundation for exports of a good. The HME is the most obvious characteristic of new trade theory.
The home market effect is caused by increasing returns to scale and trade costs. When it is more profitable for a firm to operate in a single country because of increasing returns to scale, the firm will base itself in the country where most of its products are consumed in order to minimize trade cost costs. The home market effect implies a link between market size and exports.
Here, we imply the framework derived from Hsu’s (2012) model, in which an HME term is appended to the traditional gravity model to capture the home market effect. It is different from Feenstra (1998, 2001) and Hanson (2004) who focused on the linkage between the relative size and the direction of trade. The HME term consists of both the relative market size of the domestic market versus the relative proximity to foreign markets, trade costs and their interactions. It means that except for the traditional gravity equation that includes regular variables such as market size, trade cost and multilateral resistance, which are used to control the obstruction of trade costs on goods traded as the regressors, the extended gravity model appends an HME term which is based on a theoretical foundation that can guide the hypothesis testing and own its empirical content, and can provide a fundamental guideline for empirical study as well as quantitative scenarios.
The extended model can reinvestigate the adaptations to the new trade theory for the trade in creative goods, and analyze and infer the intersection and non-linear relationship for the trade cost and relative market size. We apply the bilateral trade in creative goods in OECD countries as an empirical case study. The creative goods have certain characteristics. The first is that they contain creative and cultural features which can be treated as differentiated goods so that they can withstand the impact of the trade cost. They consist of an HS code of 6 digits, and the classification is sophisticated so that it can avert the fallacious synthesis of Schumacher (2006) and Hallak (2010). Besides, the creative goods fluctuate smoothly as the business cycle is depressed (UNCTAD, 2008).
The empirical issues surround two hypotheses:
Hypothesis One: There will be biased estimates if there exists an HME, but it has been ignored or has been not controlled well in empirical studies.
Hypothesis Two: There exists a non-linear relationship between relative market size and trade costs with the HME. A rise in the relative market size will strengthen the HME and the marginal effect of the relative market size will decline if the relative market size increases or the trade cost decreases. Trade cost increases will weaken the HME and the marginal effect of the trade cost will go up if the trade cost falls.
The estimation results of applying the data for the OECD trade in creative goods from 2000 to 2005 show that the HME exists and thus confirm the hypotheses mentioned above.
In order to investigate Hypothesis Two more precisely, we apply quantile regression (QR) to re-examine and capture the non-linear relationship between the relative market size and trade intensity. Furthermore, we adopt bootstrapping, a non-parametric approach used to construct statistical inferences, to test whether the marginal effect of the relative market size on trade intensity will be significantly different for different percentiles.
One advantage of QR, relative to OLS (ordinary least squares), is that the QR estimates are more robust against outliers in the response measurements. However, the main attraction of quantile regression goes beyond that. In practice, we often prefer using different measures of central tendency and statistical dispersion to obtain a more comprehensive analysis of the relationship between variables. QR has been attributed to the complexity of interactions between different factors leading to data with an unequal variation in one variable for different ranges of another variable.
We employ UNCTAD (2008) trade in creative goods and ITCS databanks for the classification of manufacturing goods at the HS code 2-digit level for OECD countries. The results support the non-linear relationship between relative market size and trade intensity, and confirm that the marginal effects of relative market size on trade intensity are obviously different and show they are positively related, so that the higher the ratio of relative market size, the greater that the intensity of bilateral trade will be.
Contrary to the HME focus on the supply approach, the Linder hypothesis is based on the demand approach used to examine the intra-industry trade. The Linder hypothesis is a conjecture based on trade patterns, that proposes that the more similar the demand structures of countries are, the more the countries will trade with each other.
Furthermore, international trade will also be vigorous if there are similar demand structures between two countries, even if they possess similar factor endowments and technologies.
We also apply the data for trade in creative goods but extend the sample from the OECD countries to the global countries. Based on the general equilibrium framework of Hallak (2010), we use Newey-West estimators and QR as empirical methodology. Examinations of the Linder hypothesis have led to the observation of a “Linder effect” that is consistent with the hypothesis. Econometric tests of the hypothesis usually serve as a proxy for the demand structure in a country based on its per capita income (per capita GDP which is denoted as yit, where i stands for the country index, and t is for time). It is convenient to assume that the closer are the levels of per capita GDP, the closer will be the consumer preferences.
Here, we use the gaps in income between countries such as (ln yit-ln yjt), ln |yit-yjt| and product in income such as ln (yit*yjt) as Linder effects. Neither the results in the income gap or income product show that the Linder hypothesis explains the trade in creative goods for the OECD and Global countries well, and the marginal effects for the Linder effect for different levels of trade intensity are dissimilar. Thus the larger the income gap, the more sensitive is the trade intensity.
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台灣地區高速公路系統建設對人口及產業空間分布之影響 / The impact of highway construction on the spatial distribution of population and economic activities- the case study in Taiwan陳學祥, Chen, Syue Siang Unknown Date (has links)
高速公路系統建設可提升區域與區域之間的可及性與易行性,同時達到節省旅行時間和成本、高速公路交流道沿線地區土地價值上升等效果。此外,高速公路系統建設對於周圍地區人口、產業可產生相當程度之影響,例如大量的人口遷移、區域交通影響衝擊、社會和經濟層面產生重大變化等,進而改變國家及區域發展方向。於此情況下,合宜地評估及分析高速公路系統建設開發對國家及區域發展之影響,將有助於其推展並降低對地區之不利影響。
本研究希望以我國從1976至2010年來,共九條高速公路系統 建設為研究主軸,利用台灣城際運輸系統需求模式(TMD2008)之旅行時間資料、內政部戶口普查及工商普查資料為基礎,並運用事前事後比較(before and after analysis)與空間自相關分析(Spatial Autocorrelation analysis)等分析方法對高速公路系統建設所造成區域人口、產業之空間變動進行評估,分析高速公路系統建設對於區域人口、產業及交通可及性之空間分布變化影響。最後則建構高速公路可及性對區域人口及產業空間影響模型,並針對歷年來高速公路系統建設對國家及區域發展的影響進行實證分析。 / The benefits of highway infrastructure investments include promoted inter-regional accessibility and mobility, saved travel time and cost and increased land value in freeway interchange areas. In sum, highway infrastructure investments play an important role in national and regional development. It contributes to the population re-distribution, the growth of economic activities, and more importantly, the land use change. Therefore, how to effectively evaluate the impact of highway investments on national and regional development is an important research topic. The analytical results in this study can be applied to increase the accuracy of population and economic projection, and to manage transportation policy decisions.
Between 1976 and 2010, there were nine highway systems had been built in Taiwan. This study emphasizes on the impact of highway investments on the spatial distribution of population and industry, and regional accessibility change. In this paper, we utilize before and after analysis and Spatial Autocorrelation analysis with Geographic Information System to analyze demographic data, economic data and TDM2008 database in order to perform the spatial analysis of population and industry re-distribution along highway constructions. Finally, a spatial gravity model is built to verify and describe the related spatial impacts so that several influential factors can be identified by this empirical study.
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區域經濟整合對貿易流量影響之研究---引力模型之驗證 / The Effects of Regional Economic Integration on Trade Flows: The Empirical Evidence in Taiwan under Gravity Model Analysis陳明潔, Chen,Ming-Chieh Unknown Date (has links)
多邊主義下帶動之「全球化」及區域主義下所帶動之「區域化」皆已成為現階段國際經貿發展的兩股重要潮流,透過洽簽自由貿易協定所達到之區域經濟整合,在區域內可消除絕大部份之關稅及非關稅貿易障礙,預計將有助於增進會員國間之貿易量,形成貿易創造效果,而或對於非會員國造成貿易轉向效果。故其將影響國際貿易的流向,國際資源的重分配,進而改變國際分工型態。
為瞭解區域經濟整合對於貿易流量的影響,本文首先將就區域經濟整合之定義與法源、區域經濟整合發展與現況、及台灣與各主要區域經濟整合之貿易概況進行概述。鑒於引力模型可有效的分析雙邊的貿易流量,本文針對該模型之相關文獻及實證歸納與整理,並利用引力模型,選擇全球六個重要區域經濟組織包括北美自由貿易區、歐盟、東協自由貿易區、南方共同市場、安地略集團及紐澳緊密關係協定等區域共計37個國家,以設定虛擬變數之方式實證1990年至2003年長達13年間各區域經濟整合的過程中,其對於區內會員國及對非屬會員國進、出口貿易流量之影響,特別是整合過程中對台灣是否產生貿易轉向之現象進行實證研究,並分析影響貿易流量之因素。
本實證研究發現影響二國間貿易流量的因素分別為出、進口國之國民生產毛額及人均國民生產毛額,以及距離。區域經濟整合具有明顯的貿易創造效果,而貿易轉向效果則隨經濟整合的緊密程度、區域內產業分工型態及與區域外國家出、進口結構及產業間相互競合程度不一而產生不同的影響。在上述六個區域經濟整合中,北美自由貿易區及南方共同市場對台灣產生貿易轉向的現象。本研究亦針對上述之結果與區域經濟整合實際進展現況進行交互分析。最後,本研究將就政策面及後續研究的方向提出建議,俾供參考。 / Globalization and regionalization have been the two main trends in international economic development in recent years. Already, many countries have signed Free Trade Agreements to achieve the goal of regional economic integration. This integration allows members of the region to virtually eliminate all tariff and non-tariff trade barriers and, as a result, increase trade volume between member countries. This phenomenon is called trade creation. On the other hand, trade volume between members of the region and non-member may decrease, a phenomenon called trade diversion. All of this will affect international trade flows, the allocation of international resources and change the pattern of the international industrial division.
In order to learn how regional economic integration influences trade flows, this paper deals first with the definition and regulation under the GATT of regional trade agreements, the present situation and the development of regional economic integration. We also examine the current state of import and export trade between Taiwan and the main regional economies in the world. This paper reviews the relevant literature on the gravity model, a model that can effectively analyze trade flows between two countries, then proceeds to use this model with NAFTA, EU, AFTA, MERCOSUR, ANDEAN Community, and CER (Closer Economic Relationship between the Australia and New Zealand) as regional dummies. This allows us to test alterations in trade flows between members and other members as well as between members and non-members (especially Taiwan) in these six regional trade blocs for the 13 years between 1990 and 2003. This model also analyzes the main factors affecting trade flows.
We find first that the main factors influencing trade flows between two countries are the GDP and per capita GDP of the importer and exporter as well as distance. Secondly, while regional economic integration clearly brings with it trade creation, the degree of trade diversion is affected by such factors as the degree of regional economic integration, the pattern of industrial division in the region, the structure of imports from and exports to non-member countries and the level of competition and cooperation in various sectors. The empirical evidence shows that NAFTA and Mercosur have resulted in trade diversion away from Taiwan. Based on our findings, we offer policy suggestions and suggestions for further research.
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