教科書為老師及學生在課堂中學習英語的一個主要依據，所以教科書的內容和活動設計都會直接影響教學過程的進行方式和學生的學習狀況。本論文針對現行國民中學英語教科書中的口說活動進行探討，比較其中兩家出版社所出版的英語教科書如何設計口說活動及相關練習。本論文將教科書中的口說練習活動分別依照(1)活動類型、(2)溝通前之練習(pre-communicative activities)/溝通式活動(communicative activities)及(3)溝通程度(communicativeness)作分析，然後進一步去討論該活動設計是否符合九年一貫課程綱要中所敘述的方向準則。 根據資料分析結果，兩套教科書所採用的活動類型與進行方式相當類似，且集中在發音、句型練習、對話三種活動類型；所採用的口說活動類型中，以「在溝通前之練習」為主，「溝通式活動」則是相對少了很多；在溝通程度的分佈上，也都是以Category 4 (new information being transferred)和Category 6 (no information being processed)為主要。整體而言，此兩套教科書的活動設計不夠符合溝通式教學法的精神，在口說練習活動的設計上，雖然提供學生開口練習的機會，可惜份量不多，並且常缺乏語境，仍偏重傳統結構式的教學法，藉由反覆練習讓學生熟記文法句型。此與九年一貫課程綱要中所敘述之相關口說能力的準則相比較，仍有值得思考再進一步改善的空間。 / In the language classroom, textbooks are the primary resources which teachers and students rely on, so the content and the activity design would have direct influence on how the teaching/learning process proceeding. The present study analyzes speaking activities in two sets of English textbooks, trying to evaluate how they design the speaking activities and what similarities and differences are found between these two sets. These speaking activities are investigated from the perspectives of activity types, pre-communicative and communicative activities, and communicativeness, and then are discussed and evaluated based on the Nine-year Integrated Curriculum Guidelines. According to the results, it is found that both two sets of textbooks apply similar types of speaking activities, where pronunciation, drills, and dialogue are used most. Moreover, most of these activities are pre-communicative and fall into Category 4 (new information being transferred) and Category 6 (no information being processed). Overall, the design of speaking activities is not communicative enough. Although both sets try to provide more opportunities for students’ verbal practice, the proportion is not high, and meaningful contexts are usually ignored. Furthermore, the structural method is emphasized, using repetition and memorization as main techniques for language teaching and learning. Finally, with regard to the Nine-year Integrated Curriculum Guidelines, it seems that activities in the textbooks are not closely in compliance with the guidelines for the large proportion of less communicative activities. Also, definitions of each guideline are not precise or clear enough, and this situation results in influences on how textbook writers realize and interpret these guidelines, and how they design the activities.

本研究的主旨是以內容分析法探討馬來西亞自獨立以來至今(1957-2009)的國民中學歷史教科書中的國族建構歷程，並輔以深度訪談法與參與式觀察法來進一步探究馬來西亞歷史教科書的演變。 本研究發現是從歷史教育中發現馬來西亞的國族建構是由掌握政權的馬來人之根本賦與的情感，轉化為對馬來西亞這個國家政體(state)的認同。而馬來西亞歷史教育中的對「國族想像」的建構中，是以具族群屬性的「馬來人和馬六甲王朝」、政治範疇中的執政黨即「國陣政府和巫統」、宗教範疇中的「伊斯蘭教」為主要內涵，其「國族」的邊界與「族群」的邊界的劃分實際上並無二異。在這樣的歷史教育的國族建構歷程中，被排除在「國族邊界」之外的，其實是那些馬來半島和東馬地區的原住民、在境內為少數民族的華人和印度人、在政治發展過程中「無聲」的在野黨以及更多非伊斯蘭的議題。 從馬來西亞的歷史教育研究中，發現馬來西亞政府對「國族國家」(Nation-state)的建構存有迷思，統治者仍然有著期待將多元民族的社會形成「一個民族一個文化一個國家」的觀念。

本研究旨在藉由問卷調查，探討未來國中英語教科書編寫指引，並回答以下三個具體研究問題： (1)調查國中英語教師對於現行英語教科書之意見，是否符合現行國中英語教科書的編寫原則，並且進一步瞭解(2)在主題、份量、難易度方面，有何意見，以及(3)提供一套未來國中英語教科書適用之編寫指引。研究發現如下：(1)現行國中英語教科書包含溝通式教學法的一些原則，但並非所有的原則；(2)現行國中英語教科書符合部分英語教科書編寫通則，但需要再加強；(3)主題方面，例如日常生活、節慶、電腦受教師們喜愛；(4)現行國中英語教科書之份量與難易度一般而言適中，但份量和難易度並未均衡分佈於各冊；以及(5)未來國中英語教科書教師最愛之六項主題與六項活動。 / This study aims to find some relevant writing guidelines for future junior high school (hereafter JHS) English textbooks by conducting a questionnaire survey. Specifically, the study aims to do the following: (1) to find if the current set of JHS English textbooks has observed closely the guidelines, and (2) to understand teachers’ opinions about the current textbooks on themes, loading, and difficulty, and (3) to provide a set of alternative guidelines for future JHS English textbook writing. And the major findings include the following: (1) the current JHS English textbooks follow some principles of CLT, but do not include all of them; (2) the current JHS English textbooks meet some of the general principles for English textbook writing, but they need to be improved; (3) themes such as daily life, festival, and computer are appreciated by the JHS English teachers; (4) the degree of loading and difficulty of the current JHS English textbooks are moderate in general; however, the loading and difficulty in each volume are not evenly distributed; and (5) the six favorite themes and activities chosen by most teachers have to be covered in future JHS English textbooks.

1966年聯合國教科文組織通過《關於教師地位之建議書》，肯定教師為一專門職業，並表示：「在執行其專業任務時，教師應享有學術自由。由於教師特別有資格去評估最適合學生的教學輔助方法，他們應當在如教材的選擇及修正、教科書之評選及教學方式之實際應用等方面，擔負決定性的角色。」然而戰後台灣中小學的教育內容長期由教育部掌控，統編本教科書、禁止使用參考書及測驗卷，都是許多台灣中小學生求學時的共同經驗。在種種政策的限制下，教師長期欠缺教材選擇權。 本論文從教師教材選擇權的理論出發，透過政府公報、報紙等史料的瀏覽以及相關法令的分析，嘗試呈現戰後台灣國民中小學教師教材選擇權的發展脈絡及面貌。國民中小學教師的教材選擇，包括教科書選擇與補助教材選擇。在教科書選擇方面，深受教科書制度影響，而影響戰後台灣教科書政策的主要因素有蔣中正的強人意志、升學主義和解嚴後對教育開放多元的訴求。而在補助教材的選擇上，同樣受到政府的限制。其中參考書和測驗卷的使用，教育部更始終採取禁止的態度。 / In 1966, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) adopted “Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers” agreed that teaching should be regarded as a profession and said, “The teaching profession should enjoy academic freedom in the discharge of professional duties. Since teachers are particularly qualified to judge the teaching aids and methods most suitable for their pupils, they should be given the essential role in the choice and the adaptation of teaching material, the selection of textbooks and the application of teaching methods.” This thesis starts from theoretical studies, through analyzes in government published gazette, newspaper, and related law and ordinance, and then attempts to present the development of teacher’s option in teaching materials of Elementary School and Junior High School after the Second World War in Taiwan. The teaching materials include textbooks, reference books, and supplementary materials. The educational policy and school system effect deeply to the selection in textbooks. The Chiang Kai-Shek’s determination, the Obsession, and demands of open and diversification of education after martial law lifted are all the major causes to define the textbook policy in Taiwan after WWII. In the selection of supplementary materials, it is also under government’s restriction. The usage of reference books and test paper are complete prohibited by Ministry of Education in Taiwan.

職業不僅是一項工作，更是一種生活方式、一種社會行為，它擁有個人性與社會性的特質，對職業的認識，被視為是有用的工具，亦是成為社會人的重要起點，因此我們更不可忽視自年幼時期，與職業的互動、獲得職業相關知識的情形，而職業有許多面向可以探討，本研究關注於職業工作內容、職業社會階層、職業社會分工、職業性別角色、職業與年齡等與職業相關之面向。 兒童期、早期社會化是人生歷程裡重要的階段，此階段開始對職業有初步的了解與模仿行為，透過社會化的過程，習得有關職業的社會知識。國小是兒童時期最重要的社會化機構之一，是兒童接收價值觀念、多元教育的關鍵場所，其中，教科書成為國小此一社會化機構的重要代理人，教科書不僅是老師教學的工具，也是學生接觸最頻繁的學習來源。 因此本研究欲透過內容分析法，檢視國小國語、社會教科書，每一課之文字內容與圖像，整理與詮釋有關職業社會化的訊息與意涵。研究對象主要包括兩時間點所出版之教科書，即國立編譯館依六十四年公布之《國民小學課程標準》編輯之國語、社會教科書，以及翰林出版社依九十二年公布之《國民中小學九年一貫課程綱要》編輯之國語、社會教科書，以此做為統編本與審定本依據不同標準編輯的兩時代教科書代表，整理、分析國編版、課綱版之教科書內容，在職業社會化相關面向上的呈現差異，是否有特定認知、形象或意識型態，從中觀察與歸納職業社會化意涵如何變遷，以探究我國兒童由教科書所接收之職業社會化知識。

鑑於教科書審查規準的建構在建構過程、方法模式、規準結構及規準內容等各方面均未臻理想，本研究透過文獻分析與問卷調查等方法，針對教科書審查規準的建構問題進行研究。除探討教科書審查規準的定義、功能、特質、發展模式等相關概念外，更著重於建構原則的歸納；此外，並以九年一貫課程社會學習領域教科書審查規準為例進行實際建構。研究之主要目的在於為教科書審查規準的建構，奠定理論性的與實證性的基礎，並提出研究所得供各界做為訂定、修訂或研究審查規準之參考。 經由文獻探討，本研究認為審查的實施在我國現階段的教科書發展上具有正當性與必要性，教科書審查規準之主要功能在於可以積極性地輔助審查的執行以及消極性地管制約束審查者，次要功能則是在於可以做為出版業者編輯研發教科書的參照指標，此外亦可發揮做為與公眾對話的共同語言、做為師資培訓參考教材等衍生功能。審查規準的建構，在鉅觀層面的發展模式上，應包括規準建構規劃、規準建構、規準實施、規準檢討評鑑等四大要素，以及相關的規準改革作為與回饋程序；其微觀層面的建構程序，則應包括建構定向、規準設計、規準妥適性驗證、規準修訂、規準定案等步驟及相關的回饋線。在鉅觀與微觀層面的發展與建構模式下，教科書審查規準的建構成為一個循環不斷的動態發展歷程。審查規準的建構及其妥適性的檢核，必須把握或遵循一些技術性與實質性的原則，計有四類十三項。第一類為「與規準建構程序相關的原則」，包括：適當程序原則、專業共議原則；第二類為「與規準基本定位相關的原則」，包括：分科建構原則、審查專用原則、質性處理原則；第三類為「與規準結構相關的原則」，包括：程序區隔原則、必要規準原則；第四類為「與規準內容相關的原則」，包括：廣泛周延原則、適切水準原則、效度原則、具體明確原則、內在標準原則、項目獨立原則等。如果做為事後檢核規準妥適性之用時，則尚應檢視其是否能發揮其預期的功能。 為建構九年一貫課程社會學習領域教科書審查規準，本研究透過教科書角色與功能、課程設計、及閱讀理解等相關研究的啟示，歸納出內容選材、組織結構、教學設計、圖文傳達、物理產製、研發過程等六大項，做為審查規準頂層架構的六個構面，再進一步解析各構面的細部架構。整個規準架構與既有的相關審查或評鑑規準做對照，具有相當的普效性與涵括能力，用以做為教科書審查規準之架構，應是合理而可行的。惟為實際使用，此一理論架構必須一合理的審查作業進程做階段區隔，並以手冊形式詳細闡述各規準項目的定義與審查方法，提供審查人員做為共同的背景知識與評鑑基礎。 為驗證所歸納之審查規準建構原則的妥適性，以及所建構之九年一貫課程社會學習領域教科書審查規準的妥適性，本研究問卷調查方式，諮詢各類專家學者、教師、出版業者，以及文字編輯、美術編輯、印刷、媒體等相關專業人員之意見。諮詢結果發現，在建構原則妥適性方面，其中適當程序原則、專業共議原則、分科建構原則、審查專用原則、程序區隔原則、適切水準原則、效度原則、具體明確原則、內在標準原則、項目獨立原則等建構原則並無太大爭議，至於質性處理原則、必要規準原則、廣泛周延原則等方面，部分諮詢對象抱持不同看法，認為審查規準的建構可以考慮併用質性與量性方式來處理審查結果，可以考慮區分必要規準與一般規準，並可以將部分教科書屬性、成分與研發過程等改由其他評鑑進行處理。基於審查的特質與目的，本研究仍建議應力求維持並遵循上述建構原則，若欲放鬆，則必須有良好的配套措施。 至於九年一貫課程社會學習領域教科書審查規準的妥適性，本研究係依據教科書審查規準建構原則進行檢核。在與規準建構程序、規準基本定位、規準結構相關的原則等方面，所建構的審查規準基本上均能符合。至於與規準內容相關的原則以及是否能發揮預期功能等方面，諮詢對象多半肯定所建構的審查規準能夠符合各該項建構原則，但提出有部分的修訂意見。 最後依據文獻分析的結果與實證研究的發現，本研究針對教科書審查規準的應用、未來建構、未來相關研究等，分別提出若干建議。 / Since there is still some unsatisfactory parts on the constructive process, methodology, structures and contents of screen-and-approval criteria(SAC) of textbooks, this study tries to explore these issues through literature analysis and questionnaire survey. The definition, functions, property, develop-and-construct model and constructive principles of SAC are discussed, and tries to construct SAC for social studies textbook of 1-9 curriculum guideline of compulsory education system is tried. The main purpose of this study is to establish the theoretical and empirical basis for the construction of SAC, and to offer reference for people who is going to construct SAC, modify SAC, or inquire the issues of the construction of SAC in future. The screen-and-approval process of textbook is indispensable to the development of qualified textbooks in Taiwan. The major function of SAC is to assist and to restrain the screen-and-approval process, moreover it can guide the publishers to develop and publish qualified textbooks. SAC can also be a common conversation language between public and screen-and-approval institution, and be a reference material for the teachers who are being training. On the macro-dimension, the development model of SAC should include four elements : planning, constructing, implementing, and evaluating. On the micro-dimension, the construction process of SAC should follow three steps: to decide the approach of the construction of SAC, to design SAC, and to verify the validity of SAC. Through the model and process described above, the construction of SAC forms a dynamic circulating process. For the construction of and the appropriateness verification of SAC, there are 13 principles which can divide into 4 categories that must follow. The first category includes two principles that relate to constructive process that includes: 1.the construction of SAC must arrange some adaptive processes; 2.the construction of SAC must invite some experts and stakeholders to participate. The second category includes three principles that relate to constructive approach : 3.construct a subject-oriented SAC, not a generic type one; 4. construct SAC for screen-and-approval use only, not for all kinds of textbook evaluations; 5.the result of screen-and-approval must display in quality mode. The third category includes two principles that relate to the structure of SAC : 6.SAC must separate to some sections according to the stages of the screen-and-approval process; 7.all SAC must be uncompromising criteria. The fourth category includes six principles that relate to the content of SAC that includes: 8. SAC must contains all criteria that textbook screen-and-approval need to consider; 9.the standard of passing of each SAC must proper; 10.all SAC must be relevant to textbook quality and effectiveness; 11.the implication of each SAC must concrete and clear; 12. SAC must exclude the criteria that relate to practical effectiveness of textbooks; 13.all SAC must exclusive mutually. For the appropriateness verification of SAC, it is necessary to check whether the SAC can function as to assist and to restrain the screen-and-approval process, and to guide the publishers to develop and publish qualified textbooks. In order to construct SAC of social studies textbooks of 1-9 curriculum guideline of compulsory education system, the structure of textbook SAC is established through the discussion or research about the role and function of textbook, curriculum design, and reading comprehension. The upper structure of SAC are constituted by 6 dimensions: content selection, organization structure, instructional design, communicate effectiveness of text and illustrations and tables, physical making-up, and R & D process. Each dimensions includes many criteria items. For practical application, the theoretical structure of SAC should separate to three sections: the complication planning of textbook series, the main components of individual textbook, and the other components of individual textbook. Furthermore, it is necessary to elaborate the definition and evaluative method of each SAC in a booklet, so as to be the background knowledge and evaluation basis for people who screen-and-approval textbooks. This study tries to verify the appropriateness of the constructive principles and SAC of social studies textbooks through consults several professors, teachers, publishers and somespecialists in edition, graphic arts, typography, and courseware. For the appropriateness of constructive principles, most of them are agreed by consultants, but those three principles that the result of screen-and-approval must display in quality mode, all SAC items must to be uncompromising criteria, SAC must contains all criteria that textbook screen-and-approval need to consider, leave some rooms for arguing. Some consultants suggest the result of screen-and-approval can display in both qualitative and quantitative mode, some items of SAC can meet selectively, and some items of SAC are criteria that ought to consider in other situation of textbook evaluation. For the sake of the nature and goal of textbook screen-and-approval, it is suggested tend to persist the three principles above. If the construction of SAC don't follow those three principles, some remedies are needed. For the appropriateness of SAC of social studies textbooks of 1-9 curriculum guideline, it can meet the constructive principles which are relevant to constructive process, approach, and structure. Most consultants agree that the SAC can meet those constructive principles which are relevant to the content and can perform the expectative functions, but some suggestions for revision are offered. Consequently, with the outcomes of literature analysis and the findings of empirical research, some recommendations for the application, construction, research of SAC are made.

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University of Macau / Faculty of Education

高中歷史教科書自1999學年度起即由統編本開放為「一綱多本」之審定本，各版編著者雖皆依據1995年部頒之課程標準，然仍因編寫理念不同，內容之差異性難以避免。目前新編高中歷史教科書即有六版：三民、大同、正中、南一、建宏、龍騰，實有必要加以探討。 本文從政治與歷史密不可分之關係，探討高中歷史教育與歷史教科書之間的關係與演變，焦點集中於高一下冊本國近現代史部分。鑒於目前新編高中本國史下冊審定本中的六版教科書，因編寫理念不同，在外部結構及主題內容有較大差異，在政治立場上尤為突出，特擇取中國近現代為研究主題，加以比較分析。在研究方法上，本文依據教科書的特性以內容分析法為主，從外部的結構量化分析，比較各版本在標題綱要、提綱、注釋、大事年表等方面之差異；從實質內容的分析，比較各版本間在課文內容、歷史評價、圖片內涵、研究與討論等方面之異同。藉此檢視其是否與部頒之高中歷史課程標準相符，觀察新舊教材轉變之軌跡，以及對此後之大學入學測驗、歷史教育之影響。同時透過本文之研究，希望能對當前台灣地區之歷史研究與歷史教育提供不同面向之省思，所提相關建議作為日後教育主管機關之參考與採納。 / After the school year of 1999, history textbooks for senior high school were no longer published, in a unified version, by the Ministry of Education (MOE) only; private publishing houses have been allowed to compile and publish various versions of textbooks since then. Even though all publishers follow the curriculum standards/ guidelines enacted by the MOE in 1995, diversity of contents still exists because of different concerns about compilation. Currently, there are six versions of history textbooks for senior high school: San-min, Da-tong, Zheng-zhong, Nan-yi, Jian-hong, and Long-teng, and therefore it is necessary to have a further discussion. This paper discusses the evolution of history education and history textbooks for senior high school and the relationship between the two by analyzing the interplay between politics and history. Since the six versions of history textbooks are very different in their external structure and contents because of varied concerns over compilation, and the diversity is especially apparent in their political stances, modern and contemporary history of Chinese are chosen as the topics to be compared and analyzed. As for methodology, this paper mainly takes the content analysis approach due to the characteristics of textbooks. It compares the differences in titles, outlines, footnotes, and chronologies of important events by making quantitative analysis of the external structure, and compares the disparities in texts, historical evaluation, pictures, and questions for discussion by analyzing the contents. By doing so, the paper aims at examining whether the textbooks meet the curriculum standards, observing how the teaching materials have changed, and discussing the impacts brought by the change on college entrance exams and history education. Also, it is hoped that the paper offers reflections on historical research and history education in Taiwan from different perspectives, and the suggestions will be considered and adopted by the educational authorities.

教科書是教師教學活動的主要媒介，是學生獲得知識的主要來源，它負有傳遞知識與社會價值的任務，在內容編輯上要符合理想的教育思想，配合社會時代的發展，更須適應學生不同成長及知識學習的需要，因此占有十分重要的地位。然而在教學現場及學生的學習歷程中，除了教科書，還包含習作、學習單、教學指引、教學活動、教具、數位媒體、實驗、補充材料和延伸閱讀等，這些伴隨著教科書主體的產物，形成了教科書的產業。 台灣的中小學教科書原為統編制，自民國78年開放國中藝能科教科書予民間編輯、出版，至民國85年國小學科教科書開放，當時投入民編教科書的出版業者達14家，投入後才發現要進入市場的門檻甚高，內容須不斷與時俱進，加上印刷、發行、物流、運送、尊重著作權等要素，已非過去全數利用政府資源來編輯、發行的狀況。加上台灣少子化嚴重，物價上揚，書價無法由業者自主，教科書的產業處於極微利的狀況，出版業者要永續發展是一個很重要的課題。 本研究將以資源基礎理論（Resource-Base Theory, RBT）來探討企業多角化策略的成效，以K文教事業為例，討論的問題如下三點： 一、台灣教科書產業的發展過程與演進 二、台灣總體環境，如政策、少子化等因素對教科書產業經營之影響 三、教科書產業如何運用既有的資源進行多角化策略成功與失敗因素分析 本論文採用個案研究方法，透過相關文獻回顧，以Amit & Livnat（1988）針對多角化策略經營的觀點，著重在既有資源能力的延伸、新能力的建構、產品線擴充來研究；再以Grant（1991）提出的資源基礎觀點，從企業擁有的資源與能力去做探討，包括公司的研發力、採購力、生產力、行銷力等方面來說明及印證。 本研究發現，企業在進行多角化策略投資評估時，若能更具體分析出企業本身既有的能力，並與多角化策略發展有更多正面的關連，則成功的機會越大，反之則越小；最後從營收的成長來判斷其經營的效益。 / Textbooks are a major media to teaching, a main source for students to gain knowledge. They bear the responsibility to pass on knowledge and social values. The contents not only need to reflect ideal educational philosophies and social era developments, but also adapt to different growing and learning needs of the students. Their importance is without question. However, other thank textbooks, exercise books, worksheets, handbooks, teaching activities, teaching tools, digital medias, lab activities, supplementary materials, and extended readings are also part of classroom teaching and student learning progress. These ancillaries, together with the main body—textbooks, comprise the textbook industry. In the past, elementary and junior high school textbooks in Taiwan were unified and published by the government. Until 1989, textbooks of non-academic subjects were opened to private publishers for editing and publishing and in the year of 1996 elementary academic textbooks. Fourteen private publishers entered the business at that time. Not until later, they realized how high the threshold is to enter the business. The contents must keep up with social realities, not to mention other important elements such as printing, publishing, logistics, shipping and copy rights, etc. which could no longer rely on the total support and resources of the government. In addition, the exacerbating low birth rate and price inflation problems in Taiwan prohibit the publishers from setting textbook prices. As a result, the textbook industry is caught in low marginal profits. Therefore, sustainable development of publishers is an important topic to be discussed. This study uses Resource-Based Theory (RBT) to investigate the effectiveness of diversification strategy with K Educational Publishing Group as an example. The following three areas are explored: 1.The developments and evolutions of the textbook industry in Taiwan. 2.The effects of macro-environment factors, such as government policies and low birth rate on Taiwan textbook industry. 3.The analysis on successful and unsuccessful factors of using existing resources for diversification strategy by the textbook industry. This research utilizes case study method. Through literature review, the diversification strategy management perspective by Amit & Livnat (1988) is used in the study with the focuses on the extension of existing resources and skills, constructing new abilities and expanding product lines. In addition, this study also employs resource-based perspective proposed by Grant (1991) to explore the resources and abilities of the enterprise, such as the company’s research and development, purchasing, and marketing abilities as explanations and validations. The results indicate that if the enterprise could objectively analyze its existing abilities when engaging in diversification strategy investment evaluations and have more positive connections with diversification strategy developments, it will have greater chance to success, otherwise smaller. Lastly, revenue growths can be used to evaluate management effectiveness of the enterprise.