本論文基於尋求解釋權變觀點長久以來存在的問題：『為何實證上配適對績效影響一直沒有一個一致性的定論(mixed empirical support)』，因為根據權變觀點的主張『組織效能決定於組織的特徵(例如：策略、組織結構)與組織所處的情境是否配適(fit)，當兩者配適時則組織會產生較佳的績效』，所以企業追求配適，績效將愈高。由於配適概念具有績效意涵，因此配適在許多理論建構過程中，扮演重要的角色，例如：國際企業領域著名的折衷理論(Eclectic theory)，所以當權變觀點的核心主張『配適有助於提升績效』在實證上不一定成立時，則會影響理論的建構與發展。 為了解配適概念在實證上遇到的問題，本論文透過三個研究進行分析。在第一個研究，本論文針對權變觀點的文獻進行系統性的整理，並採用統合分析(meta-analysis)探討配適與績效的關係。研究結果顯示，配適對績效的效果量(effect size)為正，說明權變觀點的核心主張依舊成立，組織追求配適確實可以產生正向的績效。而影響實證結果不一致的原因則來自於配適的定義與衡量方法、衡量配適的變數個數、以及是否採用時間落差(time lag)三項干擾因子，呼應Venkatraman(1989)的主張。 接下來，第二個研究本論文採用質性個案研究的方式，探討配適與績效的關係。研究過程中結合動態能力(Dynamic Capability)的概念，透過企業在不同成長階段的營運活動分析，觀察企業如何追求配適、如何調整與轉換既有的配適構型、以及追求配適對企業經營產生哪些影響。第一個研究發現與企業追求配適有關，企業追求配適的前提，必須先擁有有價值的核心優勢(例如：製造、產品開發)，並以該核心優勢為中心，透過不同價值活動的緊密配合與組合，建立初期的配適構型(configuration)。第二個研究發現與配適的調整與轉換有關，發現為：(1)當企業成功創造初期的配適構型後，企業內部開始產生餘裕資源；(2)隨著企業價值活動的強化，前期的暫時性核心優勢會逐漸轉變為長期性的核心優勢；(3)透過創業家精神與策略更新，企業開始運用餘裕資源構築多核心優勢的配適構型。第三個研究發現與配適對企業經營之影響有關，發現如下：(1)企業建構配適構型時，當價值活動間關係愈緊密、複雜時，愈容易形成阻隔機制，競爭優勢愈能持久；(2)透過阻隔機制(isolating mechanisms)效果的發揮，以及時間壓縮的不經濟(time compression diseconomies)效果，可增加模仿的困難度並拉開與競爭對手之間的距離，創造績效。 第三個研究則承接研究一與研究二的部分結論，透過實證重新驗證配適與績效的關係，同時對於文獻上餘裕資源效果的爭論提出解釋。研究結果發現：(1)當企業內部存在互補的企業專屬資源以及擁有豐富產業經驗的高階管理團隊，則運用餘裕資源創造配適的效率愈高；(2)藉由調整TMT管理團隊的組成方式可以有效避免管理者的代理問題，增加運用餘裕資源創造配適的效率；(3)當企業運用餘裕資源創造配適的效率愈高，則企業運用資產獲利的能力愈強，企業績效也愈高。 總結來說，本論文從實證上配適與績效關係不一致的現象出發，對於實證結果不一致的原因提出說明，並且透過質性個案研究的方式，了解企業追求配適的過程及配適的效果，最後，藉由實證的方式，重新驗證配適與績效的關係，並且為企業如何有效運用餘裕資源提供具體的建議。 / This thesis aims to interpret the long existing question in contingency theory: mixed empirical support, i.e., no consistency can be found in the empirical relationship between fit and performance. This is intriguing, since according to contingency theory, organizational effectiveness is dependent on the fit between an organization’s characteristics (such as strategy and structure) and its existing circumstances, and with such a fit, the organization will have a better performance. Consequently, firms that pursue fit will achieve better performances. Since the concept of fit includes implications on performance, fit plays an important role in the development of many theories, e.g., the well-known eclectic theory. Hence, when contingency theory’s core proposition of fit is conducive to performance becomes fallible, overall theory construction and development will be affected. To further understand the fit issue, three studies are conducted in this thesis. For the first study, contingency theory literature was systematically studied and meta-analyzed with a special focus on the relationship between fit and performance. The findings show that fit has a positive effect size on performance which supports the core proposition of contingency theory in which organizational pursuit of fit does lead to positive performance. The reason for mixed empirical supports originates from three interference indicators of fit measurement methodology, number of variables, and whether the use of time lag. This finding echoes Venkatraman’s (1989) viewpoint. Next, a second study was conducted using qualitative approach to further explore the relationship between fit and performance. By integrating the concept of dynamic capability into the study, the researcher, by analyzing business operation activities in different stages of firm growth, observed how businesses pursued fit, how existing fit configurations were adjusted or changed, and what effects were created through the pursuit of fit in a firm. Three major study findings were identified. Firstly, in terms of how businesses pursue fit, a pre-requisite is that businesses must possess valuable core competences (e.g., manufacturing, R&D) and, by closely combining and coordinating different value activities to these core competences, initial fit configurations are built. Secondly, in terms of adjusting and changing fit, the findings include: (1) with the business’ initial successful fit configuration, slack is produced within the business; (2) as the business strengthens its value activities, previous temporary core competences will gradually transform into long-term core competences; and (3) through entrepreneurship and strategic renewal, the business will utilize its slack create a fit configuration of multiple core competences. Lastly, effects of fit on business management includes: (1) in the process constructing a business’ fit mechanisms, as the relationship between value activities become closer and more complex, isolating mechanisms are more easily formed, leading to more sustainable competitive advantages; and (2) by capitalizing on isolating mechanisms and time compression diseconomies, imitation become more difficult and the distance between competitors are widened, thereby creating performance. The third study adopted the findings of the previous two studies to empirically re-examine the relationship between fit and performance, while also proposing an explanation to the slack resource debate found in past literature. The research findings include: (1) when a business possesses complementary proprietary resources and highly experienced top management team (TMT), it enjoys a higher success rate of using slack resources to create fit exists; (2) agency costs can be reduced and increase in the efficiency of slack resource utilization to create fit can be achieved by adjusting the configuration of the TMT; and (3) with a higher rate of fit achievement through slack resource utilization comes stronger abilities to generate profits from business assets as well as a higher performance rate. In conclusion, this thesis started off by providing an explanation to the empirical inconsistency between fit and performance. Moving along, the researcher then used the qualitative case study research method to explore the process of businesses’ pursuit of fit and the effects of fit. Lastly, with an empirical study, the relationship between fit and performance is re-examined and specific suggestions are provided on effective business utilization of slack resources.

隨著雲端運算盛行,企業採用大量虛擬主機來取代實體機器,虛擬主 機有效率的模擬實體機器達到企業減少能源耗損與提高成本效率目 標。 文中提及虛擬主機映像檔目錄系統(VMIC)主要讓使用者能有效 率搜尋期望的檔案並獲得下載的實體位置,故本論文研究重點著重在 改進安全性在原 VMIC 系統,應用 Pakiti 監控系統來掌握更新檔狀況 於實體機器或虛擬機器環境,使資安人員能在短期間內獲得正確資 訊,及時升級更新檔避免攻擊災害發生。 / As cloud computing techniques advance, Virtual Machines (VM) seems to be an appropriate solution than physical machine deployment. Having multiple instances of virtual machines cause more efficient use of computing resources to achieve the aim of energy consumption and cost effectiveness. In this thesis, Virtual Machine Image Catalogue (VMIC) is designed for helping users search and acquire expected virtual machine images promptly. Nevertheless, security of VMIC is also a crucial task to keep systems up-to-date and defends against security attacks. Pakiti is adopted to monitor patch status of physical and virtual machines, and schedules the warning information to remind security staffs to update the patches.

過去都市更新相關文獻中，多在分析都市更新制度與探討相關法令缺失，且多以權利變換方式探討地主權益之分配，較少以量化分析來研究都市更新協議合建分配型態，對於地主所關注合建分配比率之影響因素也未能深入研究。本研究透過文獻回顧與台北市都市更新之現況分析後，掌握可能之影響變數，藉由實證資料之蒐集與相關變數之選取，將資料進行複迴歸實證分析，以探討影響都市更新合建分配比率之顯著變數。 本研究篩選出可能影響合建分配比率之14個自變項，並排除相關係較高之土地所有權人數及建築成本兩變數後，透過複迴歸分析，結果顯示有8項達顯著性之影響因素，其中個別屬性變數包括每人土地面積、每容積公告土地現值、平均容積率、臨路寬度與臨路寬度平方、都市更新容積獎勵率、區域房價等6項達顯著性，除臨路寬度平方與都市更新合建分配比率呈負向關係外，其他皆呈正向關係，而在總體經濟變數有上一月基準利率及上一季M2年增率等2項達顯著性，其中上一月基準利率與都市更新合建分配比率呈負向關係，而上一季M2年增率與都市更新合建分配比率呈正向關係。 由實證結果得知，增加都市更新容積獎勵，確實有助提昇地主合建分配比率，因此，政府應適度調整容積獎勵項目及上限，使地主參加都市更新後，能獲得較佳之居住環境與較高之居住面積水準，甚至保障地主原居住面積水準，以增加地主參與都市更新之意願。期望政府持續大力推動都市更新政策，透過建築規劃及設計，達到改善市容、美化環境、增進公共安全及提昇居住水準等政策目的，進而達到政府、地主及開發商三贏之目標。 / Most of the past research studies on urban renewal involves analysis in the related regulations and their shortcomings. Furthermore, studies based on allocation of land owners’ equity rights are mostly done from perspective of the rules set from the government supervised appraisal process known as Rights Transformation. Few of them are conducted using the quantitative approach to derive the equity rights of the landowners from the perspective of the process known as Joint Development --- a process of private negotiation and derived terms. Thus, through analysing research articles and the current state of the urban renewal projects in Taipei, this study first intends to identify the possible variables that might affect the equity share distribution. Then using regression analysis based on the selected variables and collections of empirical data, this study explores and derives variables of significant impacts on the equity share distribution between developers and landowners in jointly developed urban renewal projects. This research has screened 14 independent variables that might have impact the equity share distribution. Results of regression analysis identify 8 significant factors, including land area per owner, government assesed land value per floor area, average floor area ratio, road width, square of road width, floor area incentive for urban renewal, and surrounding area housing value. Most of the variables have positive relationships with the landowners’ equity except for the square of road width. Macroeconomic variables such as last month’s prime interest rate and M2 growth rate in the previous quarter are found to have significant impact as well. Of which, prime interest rate is found to have negative relationship with landowners’ equity, and M2 growth rate is found to have positive relationship. Based on this empirical study, the result shows that increasing urban renewal floor area incentives indeed enhances landowners’ equity rights in a jointly developed urban renewal project. Thus, government should adjust appropriately each of the floor area incentives and their maximum allowed limits, giving the original residents a better living environment and a slightly larger living space from the redeveloped project. Furthermore, to increase the willingness of the original residents’ participation in urban renewal projects, the government could guarantee the retention of their floor area in the redeveloped projects to be the same as the floor area before urban renewal. The government should continue to promote its urban renewal policy. Proper architecture planning and design will improve the city’s appearance and the environment, as well as enhancing public safety and living standards - through which the government will not only achieve its policy objectives, but also create a win-win situation between the developers, landowners, and the government itself.

牛街是北京市內一條古老的街道，位於現今北京市宣武區西南隅，呈南北走向，北起廣安門大街，南至南橫西街，此街一帶為北京市最大的回族聚居區，以牛街為中心，在其東西兩側，有大大小小幾十條胡同，居住著數以萬計的回族居民。牛街回族聚居區由於歷史悠久，不僅在國內聞名遐邇，在國外伊斯蘭世界裡更是耳熟能詳的回族聚居區代表。 牛街有著近千年的歷史底蘊，蘊含了世居都市回族的文化內涵，然而北京市政府為了適應北京國際大都市建設的需要，對於位居中心城區的宣武區，於一九九七年開始推行了大規模的危改計劃，此一都市更新計畫，影響牛街回族社區的發展極大，改變了回族聚居的生活型態，將世代居住在此的牛街回族，透過政策的執行，轉變為散雜居的形式，回族住在已經發生翻天覆地變化的牛街社區裡，還能繼續保持與傳承屬於自己的民族傳統與宗教文化嗎？ 這個問題不僅是牛街的個案而已，當今中國各地大都市的回族聚居區，都同樣面臨這樣的狀況，要怎樣在國家體制與社會變遷的影響之下，而不被都市的生活習慣與價值觀所左右，迷失了自己的民族身分，而持續保持回族的民族文化並加以傳承，這都是居住在城市中的世居回族們，要加以深思的問題與考驗。 筆者先從歷史背景的描述，先理解牛街回族社區的形成，以及掌教制度的崩解和寺坊制度的瓦解過程，再簡介北京市宣武區政府的危改計畫內容後，最後從經濟生活與族群關係的角度，橫向地來探討北京牛街回族經歷城市更新計畫與社區轉型的變遷因素，如何改變與適應這不同於以往的生活型態，希望藉此個案的研究，提供台灣學界對於中國都市回族研究的窗口。

都市更新是台北市近年提升老舊地區居住品質的土地開發方法，然過去文獻僅探討都市更新獎勵容積對更新單元的影響，未針對都市更新對鄰近地區房價影響進行實證研究，故引發本研究動機。此外，投入公共資源的都市更新政策，隨外部性提升後，對鄰近地區住宅價格是否產生正向價格外溢效果，進而造成都市房價高漲，本研究將運用空間迴歸分析進一步釐清。 本研究以台北市2004年至2009年之不動產交易案例為樣本，並以2006、2007年核定都更地區或單元時間點為預期房價起漲點，蒐集周圍地區不動產實際成交資料共8996筆，並運用特徵價格理論及空間迴歸分析都更實施前後，及不同規模大小對周圍地區價格影響因素與變化，最後以分量迴歸觀察都市更新對高、低房價的影響。實證結果發現都更實施後會造成周圍地區房價上漲，都更基地規模越大對房價有明顯提升的效果，且對於低價區的房價影響最為顯著。

本論文由都市政權理論觀點切入，並連結台灣政治經濟環境及結構變遷過程，探討都市更新權利變換制度建置之政治經濟背景、實際執行狀況及面臨的課題。由於推動更新的最大的困難仍在於取得更新地區內土地及合法建築物所有權人之同意，因此都市更新條例規定強制參與更新之權利變換制度，以多數決的同意門檻並透過鑑價方式查估更新地區內各權利人之權利價值後，循法定程序據以執行更新。經研究發現權利變換制度的設計係賦予實施者具有關鍵的決定權，以作為協調的中介機制，進而調合各方利益及衝突。結論並指出由於權利變換制度係將價值分配予以檯面化，因此各權利人間對於價值的認知差異及利益的分配產生之爭議，仍造成該制度在法令及實際執行上的困難。因此，尚需仰賴政府適時挹注公有土地資源，以促使更新順利推動。嗣後並據以提出對於都市更新權利變換制度的後續執行方向之建議。 / In this research, I approach the subject from an urban regime perspective and connect it with the transition process in the political and economic environment and structure.Then, I examine the political and economic background, the actual implementation and the issues faced in the establishment of a property rights exchange system during urban renewal. The most difficult part in promoting redevelopment is to obtain the agreement from the owners of the land and of legally built structures on the areas slated for redevelopment, thus the regulations for urban renewal provide for forced participation in the property rights exchange system, with the threshold for agreement fixed at a majority rule and the value of the rights for each right-holder in the redeveloped area determined by appraisal; legal procedures are then used to implement the redevelopment. This study reveals that the property rights exchange system as it is designed endows those implementing it with crucial decision powers as an intermediary system for mediation and then for harmonizing the interests of each side and preventing conflicts. The conclusion shows that the open nature of the value distribution in the property rights exchange system leads to controversies due to the perceived differences and benefits in the apportioned value to each right-holder, creating legal and practical difficulties in the implementation of this system. Thus it is dependent on the government allotting enough funding at the necessary time for public land resources so that the renewal project can process smoothly. Finally, I offer some suggestions on the direction for the follow-up to the implementation of a property rights exchange system during urban renewal.

都市更新是為改善都市環境之重要方法之一，因此，本研究係透過都市更新住宅案例在更新前後與相關環境因子進行分析，藉由CFD(Computational fluid dynamics)模擬方式來釐清都市更新完成後周邊風環境與熱環境之影響狀況。研究結果顯示，住宅都市更新案對於周邊風環境與熱環境之影響，就風環境係屬顯著，而熱環境得視個案而定，同時主要影響區域約略在100~150公尺之範圍內。而模擬結果亦顯示，建築物低樓層的退縮、棟距調整、鋪面材質更改將會影響更新後之風環境與熱環境。 建議未來可將模擬範圍、建築物退縮及棟距距離及地面材質納入都市更新風環境與熱環境之評估準則，以規範明確之環境審議機制，並使規劃評估者有可遵循之依據，亦可確保模擬的可靠度。 / Urban renewal is one of the most important ways to improve the urban environment. Therefore,this study conducted an analysis of environmental factors in residential cases before and after urban renewal and clarified the impact of urban renewal on the wind environment and the thermal environment of the ambient areas using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The results of the study showed that the residential cases had a consistently significant impact on the wind environment, while the impact on the thermal environment varied from case to case. The main impacted area fell within a radius of 100~150 m. According to the results of the simulation, the shrink of buildings’ low floors, adjustments to building distance, and changes in paving will impacted the wind environment and the thermal environment following urban renewal. In the future, we recommend that researchers include evaluations of the wind environment and thermal environment of urban renewal in the scope of simulation, shrink of buildings, building distance, and paving in order to clearly determine the mechanisms for environmental review for evaluators’ reference and ensure the reliability of the simulation.

20世紀初期，以新城建設為特徵的發展形式對大陸地區的農地資源造成極大破壞，在經歷了「空間大躍進」的失敗之後，都市更新成為大陸地區新時期城市建設的的重點方向。台灣地區之都市更新事業早在日治時期就已起步，1998年《都市更新條例》頒布以來已具備完善的制度架構以及豐富的實施經驗。在相似的文化背景之下，作為都市更新的先行者，台灣地區是否能夠給尚處於起步階段的大陸地區提供借鏡意義，大陸地區又能否後來居上為台灣地區的都更困境提供良方？這便是本研究所要探討的課題。 本研究從法令政策及實施效果兩個面向切入，以制度面與執行面對兩岸之都市更新政策與方法進行比較分析。法令政策方面，通過台灣地區都市更新制度以及大陸地區土地產權制度變遷過程之梳理，釐清當前兩岸都市更新的基本流程。本研究認為兩岸都更流程雖然在某些細節存在差別，但總體來說仍十分相似。實施效果方面，本研究選取台北市、上海市以及深圳市三個城市之案例進行分析。在相似的都市更新流程下，兩岸在具體案例的實施過程則表現出政府角色的差異，形成了台灣地區民間主導更新、大陸地區政府主導更新的局面，而這也是兩岸都市更新的主要差異。 本研究認為，土地產權制度的差異是造成兩岸都市更新中政府角色不同的主要原因。換言之，台灣地區土地私有制使得民間成為都市更新的主導者；相對地，大陸地區土地公有制下的土地財政則使得地方政府主導了都市更新。在產權差異的大背景下，兩岸都更在操作方法上並無足夠的相互借鏡意義，因此本研究僅從更新理念上對兩岸之都更事業提出了一定的建議。

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第24364号 / 法博第287号 / 新制||法||177(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 原田 大樹, 教授 岡村 忠生, 教授 仲野 武志 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM

一、研究動機：設備更新是經常面臨的問題。設備更新分析已發展出多種模式，可是 廠商未能充分使用，乃引發本研究對其中問題再做探討。 二、研究架構：(一)列舉設備更新面臨的問題。(二)探討各種模式是否解決前項問題 并做小幅度修正。(三)比較與選用模式。 三、研究重點：(一)綜合整理各種更新模式并比較應用。(二)時間幅度及不確定性對 各種模式及決策的影響。(三)設備更新計劃之擬定。(四)實證研究。 四、研究方法：(一)由文獻收集各種更新模式。(二)應用動態規劃法、隨機法、模擬 法等新式方法。(三)各種模式做敏感度分析,以供決策參考。