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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

可贖回區間雪球型結構債之評價與風險管理 / Pricing and Risk Management of Callable Snow Range Note

高于晴, Kao,Yu Ching Unknown Date (has links)
本研究使用Lognormal Forward LIBOR Model(LFM)利率模型,針對可贖回區間雪球型結構債進行評價與風險管理,一般評價可贖回商品常使用樹狀模型,但由於LFM模型在機率測度轉換後為非馬可夫隨機過程,樹狀之節點會以指數遞增且無法重合,故並不適用;此外,本商品計息方式為路徑相依型,無法求得其封閉解,因此本研究使用Longstaff and Schwartz(2001)所提出的最小平方蒙地卡羅法,來處理同時具有可贖回與路徑相依特性的商品評價與避險;至於結構債存續期間內之每日指標參考利率,本研究使用Brigo(2001)之漂移項內插法求算非標準期間遠期利率,以計算每季之應計配息與商品價格;最後,利用已拋捕的利率平價理論估計歷史遠期匯率,以模擬台幣計價之國外遠期利率動態,進而求算轉換為Quanto後之商品理論價值。 此外,關於可贖回區間結構債的風險管理,由於本研究之商品價格函數不具有連續性,若在蒙地卡羅法之下直接使用重新模擬的方式來求算避險參數,其結果較不準確,而Piterbarg (2004)對於計算可贖回區間型利率商品之避險參數時,建議採用能使價格函數平滑化之Sausage Monte Carlo,故本研究分別對ㄧ般蒙地卡羅與Sausage Monte Carlo進行敏感度分析,而研究結果發現Sausage模擬法所計算之避險參數模擬標準差較小,其模擬結果較精準。
2

市場模型下利率結構型商品之評價與分析

王靖雯 Unknown Date (has links)
在過去,不外乎藉由瞬間短期利率的隨機過程或瞬間遠期利率的隨機過程來描述利率期間結構,應用這些方式理論上雖然可行,但是市場上並無法觀察得知這些瞬間利率。1997由Brace、Gatarek及Musiela提出之LIBOR市場模型,直接推導市場上可觀察得到之LIBOR利率的隨機過程,因此不需如傳統評價模型尚須對利率做轉換,可以直接以市場上觀察到之LIBOR報價帶入模型中做評價。由於市場上有愈來愈多的利率衍生性商品,不是由單純的cap或是swaption來組成,因此很難求出封閉解,所以通常使用數值方法來解決評價的問題,常用的數值方法有樹狀圖評價法及蒙地卡羅模擬法,由於使用樹狀圖評價法必須對利率做假設,才能使項樹的節點重合不至於增加太多的運算困難;因此,本文選擇使用蒙地卡羅模擬法,透過機率測度的轉換,推導出符合商品設計的遠期LIBOR利率的動態過程,進而模擬出商品的價格,在LIBOR市場模型下使用蒙地卡羅模擬法的好處在於,只要了解商品的設計方式,針對不同商品尋找合適的遠期LIBOR利率動態過程,便可利用模擬的方式得到商品價格。
3

台灣麥當勞加盟策略之校準分析 / A Calibration Analysis of McDonald’s Franchising in Taiwan

樊蘊婕, Fan, Yun Chieh Unknown Date (has links)
速食食品不但在我們的生活中扮演重要的角色,在台灣,其亦是最重要的餐飲產業之一。文獻上有關於加盟總部與加盟商之間的決策背後的模型,各個因子如何影響彼此,最後加盟總部與加盟商皆能極大化他們的效用,達到一個最適加盟的平衡點。然而,未看到有使用校準分析(Calibration)的方式回推出無法觀察到變數之合理區間的文獻。本研究使用此方法及台灣麥當勞的資料來解開加盟與否決策背後模型的面紗。在最基本的經濟模型中,我們發現加盟商努力的重要性增加時會導致加盟率的下降。再者,都會區的加盟商風險趨避程度以及市場風險較非都會區高。為了針對麥當勞總部的市場策略,延續上個模型的設定,我們在生產函數中另外加入健康食品的產品線以建設出較細緻的第二種模型。此延伸模型相較於第一個模型能解釋更多資料。我們亦觀察到當健康食品佔麥當勞產能提高時,模型的適配度會下降。此現象可解釋為在其他條件不變下,當麥當勞在菜單內加入更多比重的健康食品時,加盟商與加盟主的獲利將低於現階段的水準。 關鍵字: 速食產業,委託代理理論,校準分析,加盟 / Fast food restaurants play an important role in our daily life; they are also one of the most important restaurant business types in Taiwan. The literature posits and examines models behind how franchisors and franchisees reach their franchising decisions, and how different factors affect optimal franchising rates. On that basis, they derive the optimal franchising rates, at which both franchisors and franchisees can maximize their utility. However, there is no literature on determining the reasonable range of variables in the model that we cannot observe in the real world. This study takes the initiative to unveil the model behind the franchising decision with proxies of variables by calibrating a basic economic model using data from McDonald’s Taiwan. Our finding are that a higher importance level of effort results in a higher optimal franchising rate, and the level of franchisees’ risk aversion and the market risk in metropolitan areas are higher than in non-metropolitan areas. In accordance with McDonald’s Taiwan’s strategy in the past years, we construct a more detailed model to capture the characteristics more accurately by adding a healthy food product line into the production function. The extended model can explain the real-world data better than the previous model. On the strategy side, we find that if healthy products account for a higher proportion of the production capacity, the model fitness level drops. In other words, the profit for both the franchisor and franchisees decreases when McDonald’s Taiwan introduces more healthy food to the menu. Key Words: fast-food industry, principal-agent model, calibration, franchising
4

自變數有測量誤差的羅吉斯迴歸模型之序貫設計探討及其在教育測驗上的應用 / Sequential Designs with Measurement Errors in Logistic Models with Applications to Educational Testing

盧宏益, Lu, Hung-Yi Unknown Date (has links)
本論文探討當自變數存在測量誤差時,羅吉斯迴歸模型的估計問題,並將此結果應用在電腦化適性測驗中的線上校準問題。在變動長度電腦化測驗的假設下,我們證明了估計量的強收斂性。試題反應理論被廣泛地使用在電腦化適性測驗上,其假設受試者在試題的表現情形與本身的能力,可以透過試題特徵曲線加以詮釋,羅吉斯迴歸模式是最常見的試題反應模式。藉由適性測驗的施行,考題的選取可以依據不同受試者,選擇最適合的題目。因此,相較於傳統測驗而言,在適性測驗中,題目的消耗量更為快速。在題庫的維護與管理上,新試題的補充與試題校準便為非常重要的工作。線上試題校準意指在線上測驗進行中,同時進行試題校準。因此,受試者的能力估計會存在測量誤差。從統計的觀點,線上校準面臨的困難,可以解釋為在非線性模型下,當自變數有測量誤差時的實驗設計問題。我們利用序貫設計降低測量誤差,得到更精確的估計,相較於傳統的試題校準,可以節省更多的時間及成本。我們利用處理測量誤差的技巧,進一步應用序貫設計的方法,處理在線上校準中,受試者能力存在測量誤差的問題。 / In this dissertation, we focus on the estimate in logistic regression models when the independent variables are subject to some measurement errors. The problem of this dissertation is motivated by online calibration in Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT). We apply the measurement error model techniques and adaptive sequential design methodology to the online calibration problem of CAT. We prove that the estimates of item parameters are strongly consistent under the variable length CAT setup. In an adaptive testing scheme, examinees are presented with different sets of items chosen from a pre-calibrated item pool. Thus the speed of attrition in items will be very fast, and replenishing of item pool is essential for CAT. The online calibration scheme in CAT refers to estimating the item parameters of new, un-calibrated items by presenting them to examinees during the course of their ability testing together with previously calibrated items. Therefore, the estimated latent trait levels of examinees are used as the design points for estimating the parameter of the new items, and naturally these designs, the estimated latent trait levels, are subject to some estimating errors. Thus the problem of the online calibration under CAT setup can be formulated as a sequential estimation problem with measurement errors in the independent variables, which are also chosen sequentially. Item Response Theory (IRT) is the most commonly used psychometric model in CAT, and the logistic type models are the most popular models used in IRT based tests. That's why the nonlinear design problem and the nonlinear measurement error models are involved. Sequential design procedures proposed here can provide more accurate estimates of parameters, and are more efficient in terms of sample size (number of examinees used in calibration). In traditional calibration process in paper-and-pencil tests, we usually have to pay for the examinees joining the pre-test calibration process. In online calibration, there will be less cost, since we are able to assign new items to the examinees during the operational test. Therefore, the proposed procedures will be cost-effective as well as time-effective.
5

可贖回雪球式商品的評價與避險

曹若玹 Unknown Date (has links)
本文採用Lognormal Forward LIBOR Model (LFM) 利率模型,針對可贖回雪球式債券進行相關的評價與避險分析,而由於此商品的計息方式為路徑相依型態,價格沒有封閉解,故必須利用數值方法來進行評價。過去通常使用二元樹或三元樹的方法來評價具有可贖回特性的商品,但因為LFM是屬於多因子模型,所以不容易處理建樹的過程。而一般路徑相依商品的評價是使用蒙地卡羅法來進行,但是標準的蒙地卡羅法不易處理美式或百慕達式選擇權的問題,因此,本研究將使用由Longstaff and Schwartz(2001)所提出的最小平方蒙地卡羅法,來處理同時具有可贖回與路徑相依特性的商品評價並進行實證研究。 / 此外,關於可贖回商品的避險參數部分,由於商品的價格函數不具有連續性,若在蒙地卡羅法之下直接使用重新模擬的方式來求算避險參數,將會造成不準確的結果,而Piterbarg (2004)提出了兩種可用來計算在LFM下可贖回商品避險參數的方法,其實証結果發現所求出的避險參數結果較準確,因此本研究將此方法運用至可贖回雪球式利率連動債券,並分析各種參數變化對商品價格的影響大小,便於進行避險工作。
6

信用違約機率的聯合校準檢定 / Joint Calibration Test of Credit Rating Probabilities of Default

郭書廷, Kuo,Shu Ting Unknown Date (has links)
違約機率校準檢定 - global test 由兩部分組成:第一部分為 level,探討真實的平均違約機率是否被高估;第二部分 shape,探討高低違約機率的表現情形。但 global test 與相關違約事件下的 level test 檢定尺度皆遠高於顯著水準 $\alpha$。本文先是針對相關違約事件,利用截斷分配使 level test 犯型一誤差機率更接近顯著水準,並提出虛無假設及對立假設為 $H_0: \theta \in \cup_{i=1}^2 \Theta_{i0}$ vs. $H_1: \theta \in \cap_{i=1}^2 \Theta_{i1}$ 的形式,引用交聯集檢定。更進一步透過 Liu \& Berger (1995, \textit{The Annals of Statistics}, 23, 1, 55-72) 建構齊一較強檢力檢定,改善檢定力。模擬結果顯示交聯集檢定與齊一較強檢力檢定的檢定尺度皆為 $\alpha$,且齊一較強檢力檢定的檢定力皆高於交聯集檢定。 / The calibration test of the PDs (probabilities of default) --- global test is twofold, the first part is the level test, which is about the mean of calibrated PDs. Second, the shape test is about whether a calibrated PD model differentiates correctly between low and high default probability events. In simulation results, we found that the type I error of global test is much greater than significant level $\alpha$, so is level test in correlation default events. In this study, firstly, we use the truncated level test to control previous error and suggest the hypothesis $H_0: \theta \in \cup_{i=1}^2 \Theta_{i0}$ vs. $H_1: \theta \in \cap_{i=1}^2 \Theta_{i1}$. Secondly, we introduce the intersection union test (IUT). Moreover, we construct an uniformly more powerful test (UMP test) by Liu \& Berger (1995, \textit{The Annals of Statistics}, 23, 1, 55-72). Simulation results show that the IUT and UMP test are size $\alpha$ tests, and the power of UMP test is greater than IUT.
7

利率交換選擇權及固定期限交換利率利差連動債券之設計及分析

陳俐芊, Li-Chien Chen Unknown Date (has links)
本文的研究目的在於探討百慕達利率交換選擇權以及CMS結構型債券的評價與分析。在利率風險管理的工具中,利率交換(IRS)可說是最重要的一項,由於利率交換契約提供了很有效率的資產負債管理方式,自1980年代出現利率交換以來,利率交換的交易量與日遽增。在國內利率市場發展上,本國證券商在86年核准證券自營商、承銷商得因業務需要,可以進行避險性的新台幣利率交換交易。主管機關已在90年10月開放證券商經營利率交換業務。91年6月財政部又開放證券商可進一步承作更多樣化的利率商品,包括利率選擇權、利率交換選擇權、遠期利率協定及上述商品之組合。故本文提出之百慕達式利率交換選擇權個案分析,期能探討利率交換選擇權的評價方式及其避險方式。 對於市場上的個體投資戶而言,要如何利用自身對利率走勢的判斷來獲取利潤? 除了衍生性利率商品的操作外,目前還可以投資利率連結型債券,本文以CBA發行之六年期固定期限交換利率連動債券為例,進行個案的評價與避險分析,期能提供券商在未來設計與發行此類型利率連動債券時的一個參考。
8

位移與混合型離散過程對波動度模型之解析與實證 / Displaced and Mixture Diffusions for Analytically-Tractable Smile Models

林豪勵, Lin, Hao Li Unknown Date (has links)
Brigo與Mercurio提出了三種新的資產價格過程,分別是位移CEV過程、位移對數常態過程與混合對數常態過程。在這三種過程中,資產價格的波動度不再是一個固定的常數,而是時間與資產價格的明確函數。而由這三種過程所推導出來的歐式選擇權評價公式,將會導致隱含波動度曲線呈現傾斜曲線或是微笑曲線,且提供了參數讓我們能夠配適市場的波動度結構。本文利用台指買權來實證Brigo與Mercurio所提出的三種歐式選擇權評價公式,我們發現校準結果以混合對數常態過程優於位移CEV過程,而位移CEV過程則稍優於位移對數常態過程。因此,在實務校準時,我們建議以混合對數常態過程為台指買權的評價模型,以達到較佳的校準結果。 / Brigo and Mercurio proposed three types of asset-price dynamics which are shifted-CEV process, shifted-lognormal process and mixture-of-lognormals process respectively. In these three processes, the volatility of the asset price is no more a constant but a deterministic function of time and asset price. The European option pricing formulas derived from these three processes lead respectively to skew and smile in the term structure of implied volatilities. Also, the pricing formula provides several parameters for fitting the market volatility term structure. The thesis applies Taiwan’s call option to verifying these three pricing formulas proposed by Brigo and Mercurio. We find that the calibration result of mixture-of-lognormals process is better than the result of shifted-CEV process and the calibration result of shifted-CEV process is a little better than the result of shifted-lognormal process. Therefore, we recommend applying the pricing formula derived from mixture-of-lognormals process to getting a better calibration.
9

考量隨機回復率與風險因子承載係數之CDO評價模型 / Pricing CDO with random recovery rate and random factor loading

李慎, Li, Shen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以Amraoui & Hitier (2008)隨機回復率模型(BNP model)以及Andersen and Sidenius(2004)隨機風險因子承載係數模型(RFL model)為基礎,進行對分劵信用價差、債劵群組累積損失機率分配,以及對基準違約相關係數的影響等分析。我們發現當回復率改成動態後可以反映更多系統風險,權益分劵信用價差絕大多數都會下降。在累積損失機率分配方面加入BNP後變為較平滑;改用RFL則會使機率分配在小額損失處又產生一次起伏;同時考量BNP與RFL會使小額損失發生機率減少、極端損失機率增加。實作三組市場資料時,發現不管市場違約機率高或低,共同考慮BNP與RFL的模型在四個模型中是最適合擬和市價的,顯示在市價的校準上有更多彈性,特別是在承擔名目本金60~100%先償分劵的校準上只有共同考慮BNP與RFL的模型能發揮功效。
10

狀態轉換下利率與跳躍風險股票報酬之歐式選擇權評價與實證分析 / Option Pricing and Empirical Analysis for Interest Rate and Stock Index Return with Regime-Switching Model and Dependent Jump Risks

巫柏成, Wu, Po Cheng Unknown Date (has links)
Chen, Chang, Wen and Lin (2013)提出馬可夫調控跳躍過程模型(MMJDM)描述股價指數報酬率,布朗運動項、跳躍項之頻率與市場狀態有關。然而,利率並非常數,本論文以狀態轉換模型配適零息債劵之動態過程,提出狀態轉換下的利率與具跳躍風險的股票報酬之二維模型(MMJDMSI),並以1999年至2013年的道瓊工業指數與S&P 500指數和同期間之一年期美國國庫劵價格為實證資料,採用EM演算法取得參數估計值。經由概似比檢定結果顯示無論道瓊工業指數還是S&P 500指數,狀態轉換下利率與跳躍風險之股票報酬二維模型更適合描述報酬率。接著,利用Esscher轉換法推導出各模型下的股價指數之歐式買權定價公式,再對MMJDMSI模型進行敏感度分析以評估模型參數發生變動時對於定價公式的影響。最後,以實證資料對各模型進行模型校準及計算隱含波動度,結果顯示MMJDMSI在價內及價外時定價誤差為最小或次小,且此模型亦能呈現出波動度微笑曲線之現象。 / To model asset return, Chen, Chang, Wen and Lin (2013) proposed Markov-Modulated Jump Diffusion Model (MMJDM) assuming that the Brownian motion term and jump frequency are all related to market states. In fact, the interest rate is not constant, Regime-Switching Model is taken to fit the process of the zero-coupon bond price, and a bivariate model for interest rate and stock index return with regime-switching and dependent jump risks (MMJDMSI) is proposed. The empirical data are Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500 Index from 1999 to 2013, together with US 1-Year Treasury Bond over the same period. Model parameters are estimated by the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm. The likelihood ratio test (LRT) is performed to compare nested models, and MMJDMSI is better than the others. Then, European call option pricing formula under each model is derived via Esscher transformation, and sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate changes resulted from different parameter values under the MMJDMSI pricing formula. Finally, model calibrations are performed and implied volatilities are computed under each model empirically. In cases of in-the-money and out-the-money, MMJDMSI has either the smallest or the second smallest pricing error. Also, the implied volatilities from MMJDMSI display a volatility smile curve.

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