博士(法学) / Doctor of Laws / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

手術後の呼吸器からの空気漏出（エアリーク）と腹部及び胸部癒着はそれぞれ、未だに臨床にて大きな課題である。本研究では、安全性に優れた植物性多糖類のアルギン酸ナトリウムに着目し、ゲルやスポンジの材形に加工した。これをPGA不織布と併用して新規エアリーク防止材を開発した。この新規材料は、エアリーク防止だけでなく癒着防止に対しても優れた効果を発揮した。将来的に、この新規材料は、従来材料よりも優れた医療材料として臨床応用されることが期待できると考えられる。 / Sodium alginate is polysaccharide extracted from seaweed and used as a biomaterial clinically. The alginate in this study was used as gel- or sponge-formed and combined with a polyglycolic acid (PGA) mesh, a useful biomaterial clinically; namely this combination was the new sealing material. The purpose of this study was to prevent pulmonary air leak without inducing adhesion. This study was composed of the four animal experiments; the first half of them was about preventing air leak and the latter was about preventing adhesion. All experiments showed that new sealing material was superior to the conventional treatments. Therefore the new sealing material was expected to be applied clinically to a sealing material, which also has an anti-adhesive effect. / 博士(理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17104号 / 工博第3615号 / 新制||工||1549(附属図書館) / 29834 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科原子核工学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊藤 秋男, 教授 功刀 資彰, 准教授 土田 秀次 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

營業秘密係全球化時代下重要的產物，若接觸過此營業秘密的員工在離職後，將此高度價值的商業機密洩漏出去，公司將會蒙受極大的損失，因此公司會想防範離職員工竊取或利用其營業秘密，其中，競業禁止即著重於與員工事先先簽訂好相關的條款，予以箝制員工恣意洩漏其極具經濟價值的商業資訊，以保障公司能更努力投入研發等創新活動，並且活絡市場促進科技和商業發展。 營業祕密之保護和競業禁約款都在於維持雇主之競爭力，但從其構成要件和性質來觀察卻不盡相同，本文在競業禁止部分係著重在僱傭關係結束後之討論，而營業秘密之部分則是包括在職期間和離職後兩種情況，而競業禁止和營業秘密這兩者在某程度之關聯上，除了基本之理論介紹，本文亦會從台北地方法院近三年之相關判決加以探討，藉由統計方法中的量化和質化研究，分析並了解營業秘密和競業禁止之互動關係，並結合理論和實務之運作，提出一些有關於實務上運作之建議。 / Business secrets are the production under the era of globalization. In addition, it start playing an important role on business development. After employees who have been touched the business secrets had left their jobs might lead to leaking out highly valuable commercial secrets making the company suffer great losses. Company will protect their trade secrets and prevent economic losses by asking employees to sign non-competition clauses. With the protection, companies are willing to invest more assets and money on research and development, making market more active. Eventually, these kinds of clauses and precautions can promote technological and commercial environment and development. Trade secret protection and non-competition clauses can maintain competitiveness of employers. But trade secret and non-competition are not the same due to the original source of law and elements. This thesis related to the non-competition clauses are focusing on the periods of the end of the employment relationship. But trade secrets divided into two situations including employment periods and after-service periods. In fact, non-competition and trade secrets have a certain extent of connections. In addition to the basic theoretical introduction, the thesis explored and extracted judgment from the Taipei District Court ruling during the past three years. With methods of Statistical Analysis. We can understand the relationship and interaction between trade secrets and non-competition. By combining the theories with empirical research, we can speculate the results and conclude the suggestions about the operation of the practice.

本篇論文意在分析探討葛拉斯的小說《錫鼓》中主角侏儒奧斯卡照片影像式的敘事觀點，以其顛覆且批判德國二次大戰納粹時期的歷史。透過侏儒奧斯卡以回憶述說故事的方式，從被主流歷史掩埋的廢墟殘跡中，提出斷簡殘篇但相互關聯如星宿圖般的照片影像，以存留於照片影像中破碎的個人歷史抵抗正統歷史泯滅真相的力量。由奧斯卡小人物般卑下的目光如攝影鏡頭或伸縮、或放大、或停格的控訴納粹法西斯的惡行，及支持此一罪行的共犯結構— 德國中產階級的狂熱盲從，指摘納粹歷史如場荒誕鬧劇，德國小市民的亂倫敗德與搖旗吶喊的愚昧瘋狂。本論文欲透過班雅明(Walter Benjamin)、蘇珊•宋塔(Susan Sontag)、巴特(Roland Barthes)及德勒茲(Gilles Deleuze)與瓜達里(Félix Guattari)等人之理論架構逐章論述，分析奧斯卡之敘事觀點。首先以其畸形矮小身形猶如攝影式觀看，維持自身與外在世界的批判距離，且將事件做極度怪奇的放大或縮小，試圖還原歷史洪流中被淹沒或為人輕忽的細節。接著透過奧斯卡親人的死亡和他們留存在家庭相簿中的身影，以之視為凝結停頓時空的休止(caesura)和刺點(punctum)，交互出生者與死者，過去與現在，個人與歷史之間的辯證對話。最後探討照片式影像如部份物體(partial object)具有流動、多元、破碎的顛覆特質，檢視奧斯卡的觀點如何逃脫歷史、民族、國家所匯聚的統一整體，解除支配社會場域的「父–母–我」的伊底帕斯關係之力量，揭露納粹如父如神之形象背後的壓抑與荒謬，使其造成的歷史浩劫定格顯影。 / This thesis investigates Gűnter Grass’s The Tin Drum from the perspective of photographic images, using theories drawn from Walter Benjamin, Susan Sontag, Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. Acclaimed as the greatest German novel written since the end of World War II, The Tin Drum is supposedly an autobiographical fiction of Oskar Matzerath, a character who, willingly stunting his growth at the age of three, has lived through the long Nazi nightmare and the loss of Danzig City. Wielding his tin drum and piercing scream as weapons, Oskar furnishes the reader with a profound yet hilarious recollection in the form of fragmented yet correlative photographic images on both German history and the human predicament in the modern world. Chapter One explores the effect of alienation resulting from Oskar’s grotesque perspective from Sontag’s idea of photographic seeing and Benjamin’s “distraction” element of the technical media. Oskar observes the adult world, from which he chooses to withdraw, from an unusual angle gained by his dwarfish size. His perspective, likened to the enlargement or close-up of a camera, displays the grotesquery in ordinary events to reveal what is hidden from us. Chapter Two prospects the force of interruption or arrest grounded on Oskar’s bereavement, with Benjamin’s caesura and Barthes’ punctum of photographic images. Death in the photographic images is endowed with the capacity to arrest and petrify the historical movement. The break from the present moment enables the rereading and refiguring of history. The Deleuzo-Guattarian conception of partial objects is employed in Chapter Three to explore how Oskar viewing the external world as objectivized images helps engender revolutionary forces to subvert the orthodox history. The photographic images in the appearance of partial objects break through the totalizing power of orthodox history and bring forth a dialectical optic to examine the past, present and future.

Despite being the twelfth largest financial market in the world, approximately 90 per cent of the entire trading volume in the Taiwan stock market is accounted for by only a small, but widely dispersed, group of local investors actively participating in the local market during the 1995-1999 period (Barber, Lee, Liu and Odean, 2007); it is, however, also the case that these investors suffer from low levels of investor protection (La Porta, Lopez-de-Silances, Shleifer and Vishny, 1998). The discovery of a series of corporate scandals in Taiwan, between 16 June and 15 September 2004 (the event period), offers a unique opportunity to investigate the perceptions of investors on the value of corporate governance. The main line of reasoning in this study is that at times when news of scandals flows into the market, the perceptions of certain types of investors, particularly uniformed outsiders, will lead to a systematic change in their trading habits; thus, they may avoid trading in certain firms altogether, or their incentives to place aggressive orders may be considerably weakened, particularly where there is a likelihood of expropriation by controlling insiders. This dissertation undertakes a comprehensive analysis of trade and quote (TAQ) data for all investors on a sample of 94 firms listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TSE), and provides evidence of extreme variations in the investment behavior of different types of investors. It is clear that during the event period, a substantial proportion of investors did cease trading altogether, with such cessation of trading even affecting their original non-scandal portfolios. This response was particularly discernible amongst small and medium-sized individual investors, who may often incur losses in firms with high cash-flow rights leverage. It seems that even the better-performed small-sized individual investors, who had previously enjoyed larger positive excess returns, tended to discard their previous trading strategy involving firms with no clear deviation between control rights and cash-flow rights. An examination of this deviation in trading behavior shows that most investors, with the exceptions of foreign institutions and large-sized individual investors, began to enter the market more passively during the event period, particularly in firms in which the ultimate controllers had separate control and cash-flow ownership. However, throughout the event period, the trading strategies of foreign institutions and large-sized individual investors involved more aggressive submission of orders for stocks in firms with strong cash-flow rights leverage. Finally, a direct test of the informativeness of aggressive orders placed by each category of investors, under different ownership structure portfolios, regardless of any order strategy, reveals that small-sized individual investors invariably performed badly during both the pre-event and event periods examined in this dissertation. Each line of our analysis shows that only foreign institutions and large-sized individual investors maintained acceptable returns; in comparative terms, these two groups of investors performed relatively well in portfolios with higher cash-flow rights leverage.

因欠稅遭稅捐保全之納稅義務人，常因經商失敗，房地產被法院拍賣或被占用並無收益，無力繳納欠繳稅捐，復遭限制出境或禁止處分，對納稅義務人而言，無異雪上加霜，甚至以影響生存權、工作權為由，以死相逼，希望稽徵機關能解除保全處分。從納稅義務人立場觀之，因無財產而無力繳納欠繳稅捐，又遭限制出境或禁止處分，認為稅捐機關採稅捐保全方式箝制，以殺雞取卵方式作為逼稅手段；然以稽徵機關角度思考，稅捐保全是否真能達到保全之目的？是否可以將稅捐保全時點提前至納稅義務人尚有繳納能力，辦理稅捐保全措施，真正能達到稅款保全目的，而非僅是事後亡羊補牢，造成徵納雙方雙輸的局面。 我國現行稽徵機關最常使用稅捐保全方式有限制出境及禁止欠稅人財產移轉或設定他項權利2項，本文將從稅捐保全制度有關之憲法基本權工作權、營業自由、財產權、遷徙自由保障範圍較上位的概念切入，釐清上開基本權保障範圍及限制之程度為何，並藉此以比例原則來檢驗稅捐保全制度是否合乎憲法要求。再者探討我國各項稅捐保全措施：禁止財產處分、限制減資或註銷登記、聲請假扣押、限制出境及提前徵收等五項措施之法律規定，將實務上發生爭訟之稅捐保全問題類型化，究竟以限制人民基本權利之方式來達成國家財政收入之確保，是否合乎憲法要求？同時介紹國外稅捐保全相關措施，有無可借鏡之處，探討提前開徵是否為稅捐保全之一環？從稅捐公平負擔之確保及對於人民基本權保障之間，提出一可行的方案，以健全稅制並確保人民權益。

法規範應力求具體明確並且能達到實效，我國屬於成文法國家對於法條用字更應該精確，緊扣立法目的為之。而我國公司法第二零九條定位曖昧，有認為屬於競業禁止，亦有認為屬於公司機會原則；在文字解釋亦有所分歧，從規範主體－董事，受到公司法二十七條的影響，以及舊的規範目的強調營業祕密保護的不當延續，造成規範範圍無遠弗屆；規範的行為從營業範圍本身的解釋即有其模糊之處，也因為此一用詞造成認為本條屬於公司機會原則之誤解；行為的用詞也牽連說明義務的難以進行；必須要經過股東會特別決議來決定每一個行為的準否，更造成本條實用上的困難；而兼職究否屬於本條所列之行為也在爭論之中。在實務判決上更有各式不同的解釋方式，更進一步造成本條的混亂，是本條規範有其不足之處顯見。 　　本文乃透過美國法的觀察，進一步與我國比較之後，將我國公司法第二零九條明確為競業禁止之規範，而非屬於公司機會原則，並且以此為出發，將我國法重行定位，並提出修法之建議。 從美國法上所參考者，從忠實義務開始，將規範對象聚焦於應對公司負忠實義務之人，不應使其他參與者因為某些不當行為而對公司負有忠實義務，而應該透過其他法規來規範之；又既然本條之規範目的在於防止與公司競爭，即應將競爭文字明於法條文字之中；即便在美國法上的規範，也不使兼職本身被認為一個競業的行為；而參考美國法部分成文規範與學說，而認為此一同意權應該交由董事會特別決議而非由股東會特別決議，已達成專業判斷並且有求償之可能。 　　自美國法觀察中所得者，並非單純文字概念，更有價值觀的選擇，尤其在美國經典判決的敘述中，得到當公司與受任人之間不再只有單一的忠實義務，而加入了經濟學上對於競爭利益的思考，以及個人工作自由選擇權的考量，對於與公司競爭的概念有不同的切入點，有價值觀的角力。雖本文最終的價值選擇仍然偏向對於公司應盡忠實義務，而不應使得董事在同一時間內有相悖的忠實義務，但在此中也對我國現行法做一調整，當董事行為對於公司影響極小或者能為公司帶來更大的利益時，無不允許之道理。 而在公司機會原則的部分，在美國法上或許是更被重視的一塊，惟我國並無此規範，但基於法條規範的明確性，實不應該將本條之性質轉換之，而應該另以明文規範之，並且在忠實義務的責任上，應該加入利益償還，方不致使因為只有公司法第二零九條有此利益償還規範，而為了達到使忠實義務得以貫徹，反而轉換公司法第二零九條規範之範圍，造成更大的適用不當。 　　本文乃建議將公司法第二零九條第一項改為：「董事為自己或他人而與公司競爭者，應對董事會說明重要內容並取得其許可。但對公司利益影響微小或可預見帶來之利益大於損害者不在此限。」增列第二項：「在與公司有競爭關係之事業兼任董事者，推定有競業行為。其兼任經股東會同意者不在此限。」第二項至第五項改列第三至第六項。第三項及第四項刪除，第五項改列第三項。

研究背景與目的：近年來，有不少研究指出阻塞性睡眠呼吸中止疾患（簡稱OSA）患者呈現出高比例的憂鬱情緒，但其盛行率結果分歧，回顧過往文獻也發現OSA與憂鬱情緒的關聯性之結果亦呈現分歧的結果。值得注意的是，OSA與憂鬱情緒之間存在著類似的症狀表現——白天嗜睡，OSA患者可能依據OSA伴隨的嗜睡症狀，回應憂鬱問卷或診斷中的問題，而使其受到誤診或是使盛行率受到高估。為探討此議題，本研究進行兩項研究，分別以橫斷及長期追蹤的資料，探討（一）OSA患者的憂鬱情緒是否聚焦於身體面向，且OSA與憂鬱情緒之間是否受到白天嗜睡中介，以及（二）OSA患者睡眠檢查長期追蹤資料中憂鬱情緒的改變，是否與白天嗜睡程度有關。 研究方法：研究一以台北醫學大學附設醫院睡眠中心資料庫中，2010至2015年到台北醫學大學附設醫院睡眠中心看診並進行PSG檢測時所收集的資料（AHI、醒覺指標、缺氧指標、平均血氧飽和度、最低血氧飽和度、BDI-IA、ESS）進行分析，在排除小於20歲與睡眠疾患共病之後，共有2140位OSA（364女、1776男）患者資料被納入分析。本研究針對OSA患者的憂鬱情緒（BDI-IA）分數進行探索性因素分析，並以此因素結構與Beck與Steer（1993）所得之憂鬱情緒面向結構進行模型競爭，以求更適配於OSA患者之因素結構。再者，本研究取具輕度以上憂鬱情緒的OSA患者資料，以線性迴歸分析了解OSA嚴重度（AHI）、嗜睡程度（ESS得分）與憂鬱情緒（BDI-IA、身體面向、認知面向）之間的關聯性，並以拔靴法進行中介模型的檢定。此外，欲探討OSA患者的憂鬱情緒可能聚焦於身體面向，本研究亦將OSA患者依症狀嚴重度分組，並比較不同症狀嚴重度OSA患者的認知面向與身體面向憂鬱分數。研究二則是以台北醫學大學附設醫院睡眠中心資料庫追蹤一年至兩年間的OSA患者的資料進行資料分析，由於女性人數過少，因此僅納入81位男性OSA患者資料進行統計分析。 研究結果：研究一探索性因素分析結果顯示，「體重減輕」與「煩躁易怒」在因素分析結果的負荷量相當低，無法歸類至其一面向，予以排除，且「不滿自我」、「社交退縮」、「優柔寡斷」三題（原認知面向題項）在OSA患者樣本中被歸類至身體面向。競爭模型結果顯示，本研究所得之因素結構AIC值較低，因此以本研究所得之因素結構進行後續分析中認知面向與身體面向憂鬱情緒之計分與分析。以具憂鬱情緒的OSA患者資料進行相關分析結果發現，AHI 、覺醒指標、 缺氧指標、平均血氧飽和度、最低血氧飽和度皆與ESS呈現顯著相關；且ESS與BDI、身體面向、認知面向憂鬱情緒皆呈現顯著正相關。值得注意的是，OSA症狀嚴重度AHI雖未與BDI呈現顯著關聯性，但與身體面向憂鬱情緒達顯著正相關，且OSA病理機轉——醒覺指標、缺氧指標、平均血氧飽和度亦與身體面向憂鬱情緒達顯著關聯性。拔靴法結果顯示，在控制年齡與BMI後，ESS僅中介於醒覺指標與身體面向憂鬱情緒間的關聯性。將男女性分組後，女性患者的ESS中介於AHI與身體面向憂鬱情緒、醒覺指標與身體面向憂鬱情緒、以及缺氧指標與身體面向憂鬱情緒之間的關聯性，但男性OSA患者則無此中介效果。將OSA患者依症狀嚴重度分組，針對不同症狀嚴重度OSA患者的認知面向與身體面向憂鬱分數進行重複量數檢定，發現不論AHI為輕、中、重度，身體面向憂鬱分數皆較認知面向來得高。研究二檢視OSA患者一年至兩年間追蹤的結果，發現AHI改變量與BMI改變量，無論對於ESS的改變量、BDI-IA總分的改變量、認知面向以及身體面向憂鬱情緒的改變量，皆無顯著相關性；而ESS改變量則與BDI-IA總分的改變量、認知面向憂鬱情緒的改變量、身體面向憂鬱情緒的改變量呈現顯著相關性。依ESS改變量分組後，進一步以單因子變異數分析對BDI-IA改變量、認知面向憂鬱情緒改變量、身體面向憂鬱情緒改變量進行檢定，結果顯示，無論在BDI-IA改變量、認知面向憂鬱情緒改變量、或身體面向憂鬱情緒改變量，皆達顯著差異；而事後檢定顯示，無論在BDI-IA改變量、認知面向、身體面向憂鬱情緒，ESS升高組與ESS無變化組、ESS降低組呈現顯著差異，而ESS無變化組則與ESS降低組無顯著差異。 結論：本研究OSA患者自評BDI-IA的結果發現有高達35%的患者至少有輕度以上的憂鬱情緒，且本研究發現在女性OSA患者身上，OSA嚴重度、睡眠片段化病理機轉，與憂鬱情緒間，受到白天嗜睡程度中介；且OSA患者的憂鬱情緒明顯聚焦於身體面向上，此結果說明OSA患者的憂鬱情緒可能受到白天嗜睡程度所影響，本研究在於提醒臨床工作者對OSA患者進行憂鬱症臨床診斷時，需注意與釐清OSA患者是否以白天嗜睡的情況，來回應憂鬱症狀相關的嗜睡表現，以降低誤判OSA患者憂鬱情緒的可能性。 / Aims: Recent years, researchers found high prevalence of depression occurred in OSA patients. However, the inconsistency was also found in depression prevalence and in the association between OSA and depressive mood. Notably, excessive daytime sleepiness is one of common symptoms of both OSA and depression. High prevalence of depression might be an overestimation due to excessive daytime sleepiness reported by OSA patients. Two studies (cross-sectional and longitudinal studies) were conducted to examine (1) whether the depressive symptoms in OSA patients are more somatic in nature and whether mediation effect between OSA and depression exist, and (2) whether the changes in depressive mood correlate with the changes in excessive daytime sleepiness showed in long term follow-up data. Methods: Sleep test data (including AHI, arousal index, desaturation index, mean SaO2, lowest SaO2, BDI-IA, ESS) retrieved from database of Taipei Medical University Hospital Sleep Center from year 2010 to 2015 was used in Study 1. 2140 OSA patients (364 F、1776 M) were included after rule out patients who is under 20 year-old or comorbid with other sleep disorders. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to extract the dimensions of depressive mood in OSA patients and the dimensions obtained were further compared with those of Beck and Steer (1993) through competing models. Furthermore, correlations between OSA severity, OSA pathological mechanism, excessive daytime sleepiness, and depressive mood were analyzed in the data of OSA patients with depressive mood, and boostrapping method was conducted to test mediation effect. For examining whether the depressive symptoms in OSA patients are more somatic in nature, cognitive dimension and somatic dimension were compared within different OSA severity. One to two year follow-up sleep test data retrieved from database of Taipei Medical University Hospital Sleep Center was analyzed in Study 2. There were only 81 male OSA patient data included due to the small numbers of female patients. Results: Exploratory factor analysis in Study 1 showed that “weight loss” and “irritability” should be excluded due to low factor loading in depressive mood of OSA patients. “Dissatisfaction”, “social withdrawal” and “indecisiveness” were categorized into somatic dimension in OSA patients. Competing models indicated the factors obtained in exploratory factor analysis were preferred due to lower AIC value, which suggested the model was better fit to OSA patients. Correlation analysis showed that AHI, arousal index, desaturation index, mean SaO2, lowest SaO2, BDI-IA score, somatic dimension and cognitive dimension significantly correlated with ESS. Notably, although the correlation between AHI and BDI-IA was non-significant, AHI positively correlated with somatic dimension. OSA pathological mechanism (arousal index, desaturation index, mean SaO2) also significantly correlated with somatic dimension on BDI-IA. After controlling age and BMI, mediation effects of excessive daytime sleepiness were only found on the relation of arousal index and somatic dimension. Mediation effects were also found on the relation of AHI and somatic dimension, on the relation of desaturation index and somatic dimension, and on the relation of arousal index and somatic dimension in female OSA patients, but the mediation effect was not found in male OSA patients. Furthermore, 3 X 2 ANOVA repeated measurement showed somatic dimension was significantly higher than cognitive dimension on BDI-IA in different AHI severity group. Follow-up data in Study 2 showed the change of AHI and BMI were not correlated with the change of ESS, BDI-IA, cognitive dimension and somatic dimension on BDI-IA. However, the change of ESS was significantly correlated with the change of BDI-IA, cognitive dimension and somatic dimension on BDI-IA. Furthermore, the change of BDI-IA, cognitive dimension and somatic dimension on BDI-IA were tested in different ESS change group. Results showed that the change of BDI-IA, cognitive dimension and somatic dimension on BDI-IA were significant in different ESS change group. Post-hoc analysis indicated the change of BDI-IA, cognitive dimension and somatic dimension in ESS elevated group were significantly different from ESS maintained group and ESS descend group but the difference between ESS maintained group and ESS descend group was non-significant. Conclusion: 35% of OSA patients were classified as co-occurring depressive mood using BDI-IA. However, mediation effect of excessive daytime sleepiness was found in female patients on the relation of OSA severity and depressive mood, and also on the relation of sleep fragmentation and depressive mood. Furthermore, depressive symptoms in OSA patients are more somatic in nature. The results showed depressive mood in OSA patients was probably affected by the excessive daytime sleepiness. The findings suggested the need to clarify the effect of excessive daytime sleepiness to prevent the overestimation of depressive mood in OSA patients.

分散式系統具有資源共享及運算更有效率等優點，使得分散式系統的應用越來越廣泛，有關分散式系統的研究也越受重視。一些存在分散式系統中的不正常現象，如：死結(deadlock)，饑餓(stravation)，及臨界競賽(critical race)往往會抵消掉資源共享的好處並且容易產生通訊(communication)的錯誤，另外，保證一分散系統中行程(process)均能正確的執行終止(termination)也是一項值得研究的重要課題。 　　本篇論文將就分散系統中的死結、饑餓、臨界競賽及中止等問題之過去的文獻提出討論，並分別比較優、缺點，最後列出一些尚未解決及值得深入研究的問題。 / There are some addvantages of distributed systems, such as resources sharing and computing efficiency. Thus, the applications of distributed systems are more prevalent. The research of distributed systems had got great worth. Some undesired or abcdrmal behaviors such as deadlock, starvation, and critical race exist in distributed systems, which often offset the advantages of resources sharing and are prone to communication errors. It is very important to guarantee the processes of a distributed system which can terminate finitely. 　　In this thesis, we'll have thorough discussions and comparisons of those four properties through literature survey and then point out some unsolved problems at last.