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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

台海兩岸毒品犯罪問題分析- 兼論兩岸合作打擊毒品犯罪

孔懷瑞 Unknown Date (has links)
藥物濫用及毒品的危害,是全世界各國面臨的共同問題。據估 計,2006 年全球的古柯產量約為984 噸。在198 個國家和地區中, 有172 個國家和地區報告種植有大麻,全球有1 點6 億人口吸食大 麻。大麻因此成為全球吸食人口最多的非法麻醉藥品。安非他命類興 奮劑是全球使用人口第二多的毒品。台海兩岸受到毒品危害的歷史甚 長,近十餘年更因兩岸經濟發展與相互交流,使兩岸間跨區販毒活動 隨之興盛,因為受到政治因素影響,兩岸執法人員,交往與合作受到 嚴重限制,未能相互瞭解對方內部毒品犯罪活動情況,亦未能積極合 作緝毒,毒梟利用此一漏洞,進出兩岸從事毒品犯罪並逃避追查,徒 增兩岸執法人員查緝之困難。筆者嚐試從兩岸毒品犯罪的歷史、毒品 犯罪情況、法律制度、組織架構、反毒策略、反毒成效等方向進行分 析,希望能對台海兩岸毒品犯罪問題作一系統性的瞭解。另對兩岸跨 區毒品犯罪的現況與困境進行分析,並進一步探討兩岸合作打擊毒品 犯罪之可行方式,以增進兩岸緝毒合作,共同打擊毒品犯罪,維護兩 岸人民福祉。
2

全球化下我國緝毒工作之研究

朱正聲, Chu, Jeng-Sheng Unknown Date (has links)
冷戰結束後,全球化成為世界趨勢。全球化帶來經濟的繁榮與發展,但同時也便利了組織犯罪活動的擴張,升高了國際犯罪率,其中毒品走私即為最具代表性組織犯罪類型。毒品危害世界已有半世紀之久,儘管在國際組織及各國共同努力防制下,毒品問題卻仍持續升高,根據「聯合國毒品控制和犯罪預防辦公室」(United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime)2006年全球毒品報告指出,全球毒品濫用人數高達2億人,占世界15-64歲人口之5%。另據統計,國際間非法毒品走私日趨熱絡,其交易金額亦逐年上升,進入21世紀後全球毒品每年交易金額高達八千億至一兆美元,與全球武器交易金額相差無幾,顯見在全球化的趨勢下,毒品犯罪活動逐漸國際化、組織化、專業化、智慧化,並造成全球毒品泛濫的加遽。 在全球化時代下,亞洲毒品犯罪也更形嚴峻,其中以中國大陸毒品犯罪成長最快速,同樣我國毒害亦升高。臺灣地區毒品犯罪於90年代逐漸嚴重,主要濫用的毒品種類為海洛因及甲基安非他命,1993年臺灣因毒品犯罪進入高峰期而正式「向毒品宣戰」,之後毒品問題明顯下降,惟在反毒十餘年後,毒品犯罪又見升高,特別是近年來新興合成類毒品(搖頭丸、K他命、FM2等)的出現,使毒品種類更多元化,犯罪更複雜化,而毒品快速的泛濫已造成國家、社會安全重大危害。中國大陸自1996年起即成為台灣地區海洛因等毒品的主要來源地,隨著全球化的發展,大陸地區已成為毒品重要的生產、轉運及輸出國。而當今兩岸交流快速增加,人民往來日益密切,隨著兩岸加入WTO及開放小三通、觀光等措施,販毒集團更容易活動,致兩岸毒品犯罪也面臨更嚴厲的挑戰。 有鑒於毒品犯罪日益升高,臺灣地區復於2004年宣布,將2005年至2008年定為「全國反毒作戰年」,再次全面向毒品宣戰。儘管如此,以國內現行查緝毒品的制度、資源及相關法令等,能否與全球化下國際販毒趨勢潮流或者是販毒集團相抗衡,令人懷疑。特別是在我國毒品問題占有非常重要部分的兩岸毒品犯罪,迄今兩岸間尚未建立任何合作機制,致完全無法有效遏止日益升高的兩岸毒品走私活動,及剷除跨境販毒集團。鑒此;如何健全國內緝毒機制、整合資源、提昇緝毒技能等,以及如何強化國際及兩岸合作關係,積極發揮國內「拔根」、國際、兩岸「斷源」的相輔相成效果,以遏止國內毒品氾濫趨勢,實為當務之急。 關鍵字:全球化、毒品走私、毒品犯罪、合成毒品、緝毒工作、兩岸緝毒 合作、國際緝毒合作 / After the Cold War, globalization has become an international trend. Globalization brings economic prosperity and development. However, it also assists the expansion of organized crime and increases the international crime rate. Among all the different types of organized crime, drug smuggling is the most representative of this. Drugs have been a major problem in the world and have threatened society for more than half a century. Although international organizations and governments in different countries have worked together to prevent drug trafficking, the problem is still getting worse. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime’s report in 2006, up to 200 million people, which was about 5% of the world population aged between 15 and 64, abused drugs. According to a statistical data, the crime rate of illegal drug smuggling in the world has risen, and amount of drugs sold has increased year by year. In the 21st century, the total amount of drugs sold in the world is up to USD.800 billion to USD.1 trillion every year, which is not different than amount of the international trade of weapons. It is obvious that under the trend of globalization, drug trafficking has become more international, organized, professional and technical. In addition, the flooding of drugs internationally has become more and more serious. In the age of globalization, the problem of drug crime in Asia is getting more and more serious. Among all the Asian countries, the related crime rate in China has increased most rapidly. In Taiwan, the crime rate also has increased. The problem has been getting worse in Taiwan since the 1990s. Heroin and methamphetamine were the most commonly abused drugs in the 1990s. In 1993, the Taiwan government declared a war against drug trafficking because of the high peak in the crime rate. Afterwards, the problem improved noticeably. However, after a decade of the anti-drug campaign, the problem got serious again. Recently, the appearance of newly synthetic drugs (such as MDMA, ketamine and FM2) has caused a great diversity of drugs to spring up and the result has been a corresponding increase in the complexity of related crimes. The flooding of drugs at a fast pace has already endangered the country and the society as a whole tremendously. Since 1996, Mainland China has become the main supplier of heroin to Taiwan. Owing to the trend of globalization, China has also become the main country producing, transporting and exporting drugs in the world. At present, dealings and contacts between Taiwan and China have become more frequent, and has led to some significant changes across the strait. Some of these changes include membership in the WTO, the development of trade links (the mini three links), and the development of tourism between Taiwan and China. These factors have made it easier for drug gangs to smuggle drugs back and forth between the two countries. This has made it more challenging for authorities in dealing with the rise in drug trafficking. Respecting the fact that drug trafficking is getting more and more serious in Taiwan in recent years, the Taiwan Government announced in 2004 that from 2005 to 2008 would be the “Years to fight drugs nationally”. It also declared a war against drugs once again. Still, whether or not the current drug inspecting system, resources, and related laws in Taiwan can match against international drug smuggling trend is still questionable. Especially when it comes to the issues of drug smuggling between China and Taiwan, which is an important part of the drug problem in Taiwan, there is still no cooperative mechanism across the strait. Therefore, there is still no effective way to stop the crime rate from rising and to eradicate cross-border drug gangs. In lieu of this, how to improve the anti-drug mechanism is a serious issue. Some suggestions have been to combine different resources, and enhance skills of the drug enforcement units in Taiwan, as well as to promote international cooperation between Taiwan and China are necessary so that the drug trafficking problem can be solved and the supply of drugs from other countries can be stopped at the same time. Key words: Globalization, drug smuggling, drug trafficking, drug gangs, synthetic drugs, drug enforcement, drug enforcement cooperation across the strait, international drug enforcement cooperation
3

兩岸毒品走私對我國國家安全威脅之研究 / Cross drug smuggling threat to our national security research

林明佐 Unknown Date (has links)
自1987年我方開放赴大陸探親後,由於兩岸地理位置相近、語言文化相通,復因交通、資訊科技便捷,民間互動漸趨頻繁,兩岸間跨境犯罪已從量增而質惡,加上司法互助合作無法實現,不法分子洞悉此種空隙,遂勾結串聯,進行各類跨境重大犯罪,嚴重危害人民生命、財產安全及國家安全。兩岸警方基於打擊犯罪、保障民眾生命財產安全是警察職責所在,經由多次協商互動,已合作偵破多起跨境刑事犯罪,對兩岸社會安定、人民權益貢獻良多。毒品犯罪為世界公罪,其走向組織化、集團化、跨境化之趨勢,已非單一地區所能因應,加強建立兩岸間情資交流、合作偵辦機制,實為兩岸緝毒合作之首要目標,尤其跨境走私毒品手法不斷更新,惟有持續加強雙方情資聯繫及合作偵辦交流,始能有效共同防堵兩岸跨境毒品走私犯罪,杜絕對我國國家安全之威脅。 藥物濫用及毒品的危害,是全世界各國面臨的共同問題。據估計,2006 年全球的古柯產量約為984 噸。在198 個國家和地區中,有172 個國家和地區報告種植有大麻,全球有1 點6 億人口吸食大麻。大麻因此成為全球吸食人口最多的非法麻醉藥品。安非他命類興奮劑是全球使用人口第二多的毒品。台海兩岸受到毒品危害的歷史甚長,近十餘年更因兩岸經濟發展與相互交流,使兩岸間跨區販毒活動隨之興盛,因為受到政治因素影響,兩岸執法人員,交往與合作受到嚴重限制,未能相互瞭解對方內部毒品犯罪活動情況,亦未能積極合作緝毒,毒梟利用此一漏洞,進出兩岸從事毒品犯罪並逃避追查,徒增兩岸執法人員查緝之困難。筆者嚐試從兩岸毒品犯罪的歷史、毒品犯罪情況、法律制度、組織架構、反毒策略、反毒成效等方向進行分析,希望能對台海兩岸毒品犯罪問題作一系統性的瞭解。另對兩岸跨區毒品犯罪的現況與困境進行分析,並進一步探討兩岸合作打擊毒品犯罪之可行方式,以增進兩岸緝毒合作,共同打擊毒品犯罪,維護兩岸人民福祉。 關鍵詞:臺海兩岸、毒品走私、毒品犯罪、國家安全、非傳統性安全
4

地方毒品危害防制中心的實際運作-政策網絡的分析 / The policy implementation of local drug prevention and control center - A policy network analysis

林俊宏 Unknown Date (has links)
毒品的存在由來已久,近年在生活壓力漸增下,毒品濫用的問題愈演愈烈,此可見諸於我國吸毒入監人數以及毒品吸食的再犯率屢創新高。在這樣的發展趨勢下,政府為了抑制社會毒品濫用的問題,減少犯罪與社會危害,遂推動地方毒品危害防制中心的政策措施,希望能結合政府與民間的資源與力量,共同進行反毒作戰。此一新的反毒政策創新成為本研究的主要焦點,在該政策預期達到的政策目的上,實質蘊含了政策網絡的組織連結概念,因此本研究運用政策網絡的概念分析工具與觀察架構,以現有反毒文獻較缺乏的政策執行過程面向切入,意圖深入了解地方毒品危害防制中心的實際運作。 本研究主要採取深度訪談法與次級資料分析法,從縱貫面的觀察架構輔以橫切面的要素分析,企圖了解地方毒品危害防制中心的實際運作內涵。研究發現該政策主要是植基於應急式的反毒政策推動,為了因應漸趨嚴重的毒品問題,政府採取運用現有的組織資源方式來做政策推動,在此資源侷限下,主責單位僅能以建立網絡、遊說與政策指導、尋找資源的策略來加以因應,實際產生的政策變革有限,組織間的連結也為初步形成的弱連結型態。除此之外,中心組織運作所抱持的反毒醫療、輔導觀點在實質運作中也遭遇吸毒犯心理依賴強烈與病識感不足的困境,實質進展有限。因此,本研究建議應在中央政府成立專責的反毒機構,擺脫現有反毒資源不足的困境;對於民間而言,更應擴大其政策參與的角色;而就現有的政府機關協調問題上,應指派專門的政務委員進行部門間的政策協調工作,讓毒品政策的組織衝突能獲得解決;最後,在現有的社區輔導成效有限下,應回歸監獄輔導與職訓功能的強化。 / Drug has existed for a long time. Recently, due to the escalating life stress, drug abuse problem becomes much more serious in the society. The growing number of people sent to jail for drug abuse and high percentage of retaking drugs are evidences in this trend. In order to tackle this problem, our government set up the local drug prevention and control center. Through this organization, they hoped that it can put government and non-governmental organizations together to prevent drug abuse and crimes. This research focuses on this innovative organization. By using policy network analysis, the research tries to understand the policy implementation of local drug prevention and control center. This research adopts in-depth interview and secondary data analysis to investigate the implementation of local drug prevention and control center. The research findings reveal several things. First, the government set up local drug prevention and control center to solve drug problem. However, because drug policy had long been neglected and drug users had strong psychological dependence, the resources that anti-drug actors can use were always scarce. Under this circumstance, the local drug prevention and control center took the form of task force but had few resources available. Second, network-building, persuading, policy guidance and resource-seeking were the strategies that actors used in policy implementation. In fact, the policy transformation did happen, but limited. Policy network formation was one of the changes worth noting, even though the networks were primary type and weak-tied. Last, lack of sick awareness in drug user group made policy implementation even more difficult. Based on these findings, the research suggests that it should set up a specialized, dedicated organization responsible for drug policy in the central government; drug policy planning and implementation must include more non-governmental actors; the government should designate one minister of state in charge of drug policy coordination; finally, the drug policy implementation ought to focus on the counseling and job training in the jail, rather than in the community.
5

從非傳統安全看我國青少年毒品問題 / From the non-traditional security and Taiwan's narcotics problems amongst youth

廖珮玲 Unknown Date (has links)
根據UNODC南亞及太平洋地區研究表示,亞洲已成為最大的製毒化學品來源和用於製造非法藥物的市場。衛生福利部食品藥物管理署2014年「全國物質使用調查」發現調查12-64歲民眾中約有23萬人曾經藥物濫用,18~44歲為藥物濫用最多之年齡群,其中18~24歲以使用愷他命居多,而35~44歲則以安非他命為主。2015年反毒報告書指出,去年全國因毒品案件而裁決有罪者共有34,672人,雖然較前年減少7.2% ,但毒品入侵青少年族群的情況卻越來越嚴重,依據教育部統計,2014年度共有1,700名學生遭通報藥物濫用,較2013年2,021件略為下降,其中以疑似施用第三級毒品人數為最大宗,並以高中職1,031人(60.6%)為主,國中582人(34.2%)次之。教育部學生使用非法藥物的通報件數也呈逐年增加的情形,若以 2007年高中職以下學校通報 284件增加至 2013年1,908 件計算,7年內增加了6.7倍之多。毒品嚴重影響年輕一代的教育及健康,其需要付出的成本與代價無法計算,所造成的問題將成為影響社會、國家的不穩定因素,因此如何防制青少年的藥物濫用便成為當務之急。 本文針對聯合國UNODC的角度探討全球青少年毒品問題,並以近年來臺北市青少年各級毒品使用現況與相關性探討,以有系統的歸類、分析,期望結合及彙整青少年毒品危害防制措施、探究其將會產生多種併存問題及發生情形、供日後政府制定藥物濫用防制策略參考。另由全球青少年毒品使用變化與發展對比於臺灣的轉變,再加以探討影響臺灣青少年使用毒品的因素與項目有哪些?與全球青少年所受的衝擊與矛盾是否有相同處?抑或因著地域的不同有不同的效果。最後則再限縮範圍至臺北市校園學生毒品濫用的情形,再導入治安、經濟、社會等變數議題,以文獻分析法試著推導出對國家安全的影響,探討將會產生多種併存問題及發生情形,並對目前防制困境與策略作為進行探討。 文末則再次回應研究青少年毒品的三個關鍵問題,得出濫用年齡層有下降趨勢、合成毒品濫用越來越多,加上青少年藥物濫用極可能持續到成年,並會增加未來為上癮者或從事其他犯罪的機會,國家應從青少年時期開始預防措施、減少毒品需求、創造有利的健康環境、家庭具有強大防制潛力,應重視家庭教育等做起。所以,要指望毒品問題完全解決是不可能的。既然在短期內現行政府政策不大可能出現根絕的方法,那麼,一旦對青少年藥物濫用採取忽視的態度,將會動搖的國家競爭力與根本。 / According to UNODC South Asia and Pacific Studies, Asia has become the largest source of toxic chemicals and markets for the manufacture of illicit drugs. Ministry of Health and Welfare Food and Drug Administration In 1994, the National Survey on the Use of Substance found that about 230,000 people aged between 12 and 64 years had been drug abuse and 18 to 44 were the highest age groups for drug abuse, including 18 to 24 The use of Kai Tai life mostly, and 35 to 44 years old with amphetamine-based. The anti-drug report in 2015 pointed out that 34,672 people were found guilty of drug cases in the country last year, although they were 7.2% lower than the previous year. However, the number of drug-invading youth groups was getting worse. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Education, Students were informed of drug abuse, slightly lower than 2,021 in 2013, among which the number of suspected third-class drugs was the largest, and 1,031 (60.6%) were secondary in high school, 582 (34.2%) The The number of informants of the Ministry of Education's use of illicit drugs has also increased year by year. If the number of schools under the senior secondary school in 2007 increased by 284 to 1,908 in 2013, it increased by 6.7 times in seven years. Drugs seriously affect the education and health of the younger generation, and the costs and costs that they need to pay can not be calculated. The problems that have arisen will be factors that affect social and national instability. Therefore, how to prevent juvenile drug abuse becomes a top priority. In this paper, the United Nations UNODC point of view of the global drug problem of young people, and in recent years, young people in Taipei City at all levels of drug use status and relevance of the discussion, to a systematic classification, analysis, expectations and integration of juvenile drug harm prevention measures, It will produce a variety of coexistence problems and the situation for the future government to develop drug abuse control strategy reference. The same is true of the changes and the development of the global use of drugs in Taiwan, and to explore the factors that affect the use of drugs by young people in Taiwan and what are the same as those of the global adolescents and whether they are the same Have different effects. And finally to limit the range to the Taipei City campus students drug abuse situation, and then into the law and order, economic, social and other variables to the literature analysis method to try to derive the impact on national security, will have a variety of coexistence problems and occur Situation, and the current control dilemma and strategy as a discussion. At the end of the paper, there are three key questions in the study of juvenile delinquents, a decline in the age of abuse, an increasing number of drug abuse, and the fact that adolescent drug abuse is likely to continue into adulthood and increase the future as an addict or Other opportunities for crime, the state should start from adolescence prevention measures to reduce the demand for drugs to create a favorable health environment, the family has a strong control potential, should pay attention to family education and so on. So it is impossible to expect a complete solution to the drug problem. Since the current government policy in the short term is unlikely to be the way to eradicate it, then once the attitude of neglecting adolescent drug abuse will shake the country's competitiveness and fundamentals.
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兩岸合作防制毒品危害可行性之研究

曹承允, Tsao , Chen-Yun Unknown Date (has links)
冷戰結束後,受到全球化與資訊化的影響,各類非傳統安全問題日益受到重視,而毒品危害問題已然成為國際社會關注的嚴重公害。根據聯合國世界衛生組織估計,全世界至少有100萬人口專門從事國(區)際販毒活動,且毒品犯罪集團已形成配套的嚴密網絡,突破國(區)界,發展成為國(區)際販毒組織。此外,全球毒品每年銷售總額為8000億至1兆美元,佔全球貿易總額的10%,此一數字與全球軍火貿易額相差無幾。另根據聯合國2002年公布的年度報告,目前全球吸毒人口高達兩億多人。每年約有10萬人死於吸毒,因此而喪失勞動力的人有1000萬人之多。在日趨嚴重的國際販毒活動的滲透下,毒品犯罪在全球各地區均呈現滋長及蔓延的趨勢,除直接威脅人類健康外,更對國際社會穩定造成嚴重衝擊。 1949年,兩岸分裂分治,兩岸進入長期隔離狀態,直到1987年11月,政府開發大陸探親後,兩岸民間交流熱絡,經貿互動頻繁。然而,於此同時,兩岸交流所衍生的安全議題亦逐漸擴大,許多非傳統性安全威脅的嚴重性愈趨顯著,其中毒品由於體積小,藏匿容易,致查緝困難,甚賴兩岸政府具體有效的合作措施,始能有效防制。然而,兩岸受限於政治疏離,使得雙方具體合作行動甚為有限,不僅難以對兩岸毒品犯罪集團予以致命打擊,更為毒品犯罪份子提供了良好的避罪空間。 中國大陸自80年代初起,在國際毒潮的侵襲及大陸內部市場大量需求下,毒品問題日趨嚴重,由其種類的多樣化、吸毒人數的直線上升、蔓延範圍的迅速擴大,衍生的暴力犯罪及愛滋病擴散問題,對大陸治安及人民健康均造成嚴重衝擊。鑑此,中共中央國務院把解決毒品犯罪問題作為「嚴打」的一項主要任務,在凡是有毒品犯罪的市、縣展開各項禁毒工作,並積極參與國際反毒合作。我國則由於人民生活富裕,雖然種植毒品者較少,但販賣、運輸獲利豐厚,因此「投機圖利」遂成為台灣毒品犯罪的首要原因。我國反毒策略,於1955年至1990年間,主要著重於斷源,亦即以加強查緝為主要政策,直到1991年,毒品氾濫,除打擊供給之外,亦開始加強減少需求面的努力,發展出各種戒癮宣導與預防政策。1993年由時任行政院院長連戰鄭重揭示「向毒品宣戰」,並於1994年2月成立「中央反毒會報」,確立我國反毒策略以「斷絕供給」、「減少需求」為目標,以「緝毒」、「拒毒」與「戒毒」為方法。 由於全球化的快速腳步,毒品犯罪在不同國家間也有隨著產銷分工而有快速擴散的現象,全球性與區域性的毒品防制計畫亦逐漸受到重視,藉由國際合作的方式進行查緝、減少生產、降低濫用導致的健康及犯罪問題、促進毒癮治療與聯合監控等,是目前國際間毒品防制上相當重要的策略。面對此一情形,不論是國際組織或是任何一個國家,都把打擊跨國(境)毒品犯罪當作施政重點,並竭盡所能的致力於加強彼此間的協調聯繫與互助合作。然而,兩岸受限於政治疏離,及諸多法律規範上的限制,使得雙方在防制毒品危害方面所進行的合作甚為有限,形成反毒漏洞的可能益發明顯。加以兩岸各自存在許多個別且不易克服的毒品防制困境,使得兩岸毒品威脅均日趨嚴重。本論文研究發現兩岸毒品防制所面臨的問題概要如次: 一、大陸方面: (一)貪腐問題成為中國大陸毒品犯罪的溫床。 (二)大陸貧富差距日益擴大,使得不少人藉販毒以「脫貧致富」。 (三)大陸因緊鄰「金三角」、「金新月」兩大毒品產區,雲南省邊境線長達4,061公里,毒品查緝甚為困難。 二、台灣方面: (一)政黨輪替後頻繁的內閣改組,使得反毒政策缺乏延續性。 (二)相較於周邊國家均採嚴刑峻罰以打擊毒害,我國因執法過輕,在區域內有嚴重失衡現象。 (三)我國現行以「行政院毒品防制會報」,負責執行各項反毒工作,統籌功能不彰。 (四)我國無緣參與國際反毒合作,邊緣化的危機清晰可見。 (五)我國社會富裕,毒品價格較周邊國家相對較高,成為毒品流向勢難避免。 (六)我國屬海島型國家,進口貨運量龐大、人員出入境頻繁,防堵毒品入境困難重重。 三、兩岸合作方面: 兩岸之間目前反毒合作受限於政治因素干擾,除了大陸不承認台灣地區司法管轄權外,現行仍存在有協商機制功能不彰,以及未建立毒品犯罪情報交換機制等諸多不利因素。 綜合上述所言,面對毒品危害問題,兩岸雖有著不同的時空背景,但在如水銀洩地般的國際毒潮滲透威脅下,兩岸正面臨著同樣險峻的挑戰,為確保兩岸人民共同安全與福祉,實不應為了堅持意識形態,而危及共同安全。藉由分析兩岸毒品犯罪現況,進而提出具體建言,實乃本論文之主要目的。
7

論毒品犯罪之偵查方法-控制下交付 / The study of controlled delivery on drugs criminal investigation methods

林昭弘 Unknown Date (has links)
毒品泛濫情形日益嚴重,舉世皆然,毒品不僅直接侵害人體健康,更連帶影響一國的政治、社會及經濟環境。有鑑於重大之毒品犯罪常具跨國性、隱密性與組織性,非經由國際合作及運用特別之偵查方法實不足以達到有效打擊與防制之目的。因此,「聯合國毒品和犯罪問題辦事處」(United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime;UNODC)於西元1988年訂頒「聯合國禁止非法販運麻醉藥品暨精神藥物公約」(United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988),並於該公約中明定「控制下交付」(Controlled Delivery)之條文,鼓勵各國可運用「控制下交付」此特別偵查方法,進行國與國之間的合作,共同聯手將跨國販毒集團活動在各該國家同時予以偵破瓦解,以澈底打擊跨國販毒集團組織,有效遏止國際販毒活動。   我國雖非該公約之締約國,惟鑑於毒品犯罪係國際公罪,爰參考日本「麻藥特別法」之相關規定,於2003年修正「毒品危害防制條例」條文,增訂第32-1條、第32-2條有關「控制下交付」之法源,俾供查緝毒品犯罪機關遵循,使反毒工作可充分與國際接軌,發揮全球緝毒的整體功能。而此種特別偵查方法,在近年我國偵查實務上雖已有運用實例,但相較於日本等國之運用情形,仍有很大的檢討進步空間。此外,我國關於「控制下交付」之相關規定似僅限於「境外控制下交付」,對於毒品犯罪偵查實務上最常實施之「境內控制下交付」並未規範,甚至連可否以實際毒品進行之「有害控制下交付」或完全抽換毒品後進行之「無害控制下交付」、部分抽換毒品後進行之「少量控制下交付」等規定亦付之闕如。   基於「控制下交付」之實施目的,乃是對正在運送中的毒品暫予扣押,使得執法人員可以完整知悉販毒過程與未知的犯罪嫌疑人,以期將整個販毒集團一網打盡的偵查方法,其本質上是一種參雜、結合多種任意偵查要素與強制偵查要素之偵查手段,不僅有強制力的介入,尚會侵害到相對人之權益,因此本論文認為「控制下交付」之本質係「強制偵查」手段,應有法律明文規定其要件及實施方式,更要遵循比例原則,如此方能落實保障人權及程序正義之理念。   本論文除先就毒品犯罪現況與控制下交付之基礎概念為論述外,主要探討「控制下交付」此一特別偵查方法在國際公約之實踐與各國規範作法,相較我國對控制下交付之法制規範與法院判決實務運作情形,並置重點於刑事程序法與刑事實體法之檢視,同時以執法第一線司法警察(官)之角度,研析我國實施控制下交付之實務困境,最後提出總結說明及建議,冀能有助我國的毒品犯罪偵查法律制度能益臻完善,不僅可以降低毒品犯罪率及減少毒品對社會所造成之危害,亦能兼顧平日在第一線衝鋒陷陣,暴露在危險環境中與狡猾販毒集團周旋的執法同仁之權益。
8

美國對哥倫比亞的反毒外交-以哥倫比亞計畫為例 / U.S. war on drugs in Colombia-the analysis of Plan Colombia

魏佐安 Unknown Date (has links)
美國把毒品問題解釋成國家安全威脅,這種「安全化」毒品政策的結果就是美國決策者採取強制的外交措施來對抗毒品的威脅。美國的毒品控制方式總是忽略供給與需求的市場關係。而隨著冷戰的結束,美國國防部認為非法毒品已經取代共產主義的挑戰。不論用國家安全、反共或是掃毒戰的名義,美國相信她們有權利和義務去干涉西半球的事物。 美國所消費90%的古柯鹼和三分之二的海洛因都是由哥倫比亞生產的,所以美國與哥倫比亞一起合作打擊毒品走私。從1999年後,華盛頓和波哥大透過哥倫比亞計畫來降低毒品生產。雖然這個哥倫比亞計畫是由哥倫比亞政府發起的,但卻由美國主導修正、最後被美國國會接受。因此,哥倫比亞計畫是哥倫比亞的國家政策,同時也是美國的外交政策。 911事件後,華盛頓將「反恐怖主義」這個元素,帶進美國對哥倫比亞計畫的政策當中。這項政策援助哥倫比亞武裝部隊的軍事設備和軍事訓練,而這種援助卻導致了安地斯地區的軍事不平衡。哥倫比亞的鄰國和歐洲國家批評美國軍事支持哥倫比亞計畫,這表示美國加強軍事化來回應毒品問題。 由於哥倫比亞國家能力的衰弱,所以政治菁英們歡迎美國干涉哥倫比亞政府無法處理的衝突,好恢復國家的秩序。哥倫比亞統治階級跟美國的反毒和反恐戰爭,只會讓哥倫比亞越來越依賴美國去處理叛亂團體問題。而事實上,美國對哥倫比亞計畫的承諾,遠不只有反毒而已。哥倫比亞計畫是美國維護地緣政治和地區利益的一個工具。
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權力不對稱下,美國毒品政策對拉丁美洲之影響 / Under the Asymmetric Power Relationship, the Influence of U.S Antidrug Policy on Latin America

蔡昀璇, Tsai, Yun Hsuan Unknown Date (has links)
本文首先檢視國際、美國與拉丁美洲對於毒品之定義,發現國際與美國對於毒品之定義與拉丁美洲之定義不同,使毒品政策之合作在還未開始前就有了歧異。美國對拉丁美洲反毒政策的實行多是依靠其在區域中的權力分配地位而為之,從雷根政府時期開始,分為前哥倫比亞計畫、哥倫比亞計畫以及美里達計畫,論述美國在拉丁美洲的毒品政策。之後,檢視美國在拉丁美洲的毒品政策對拉丁美洲國家之影響,包括:人權問題、環境問題、經濟發展問題、貪腐問題、暴力問題和民主問題。面對美國毒品政策的負面影響,拉丁美洲國家於本世紀初開始在區域或是多邊的國際場域挑戰美國在拉丁美洲的毒品政策。最後,對於美國在拉丁美洲毒品政策的影響提出個人的看法作結。 / This essay offers a view of how U.S. antidrug policy influences Latin American, introducing its repercussions and how Latin America response to it. First, we analyze how international community, U.S. and Latin America define drugs. We find that Latin America has its own interpretation of drugs and its problem, especially when it refers to cocaine and coca leaf. Thus, it foreshadows conflicts over implementation of the U.S. antidrug policy on Latin America. Second, we review the U.S. antidrug policy on Latin America since the Raegan Administration via the aspect of asymmetric power relations in international relation, introducing and delineating important antidrug policy on Latin America; meanwhile analyze consistence and modification in different administrations. Third, we categorize the repercussions of U.S. antidrug policy on Latin America, such as violation of human rights, environmental pollution, economic issue, corruption problem and democracy development. And we raise some cases to indicate that facing those repercussions, Latin America starts to challenge U.S. antidrug policy. Last, we make a conclusion through the aspect of asymmetric power relation between U.S. and Latin America and raise opinion on whether the U.S. antidrug policy on Lain America is successful or not.
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校園毒品防制人力之研究 : 從軍訓教官到學務創新人力 / Research on the labor force of campus drugs control : from military training instructors to new innovative labor force ( in the office of student affairs)

陶睿智, Tao, Jui Chih Unknown Date (has links)
近年來,毒品氾濫問題日益嚴重,而毒品犯罪亦成為社會最關注的焦點,甚至衍生毒品危害及黑幫勢力入侵校園等校園危安事件,導致學生藥物濫用案件逐年攀升,而施用毒品年齡層亦有下降的趨勢,再加上臺灣人口成長趨緩,社會面臨少子化的危機,如何有效防制學生藥物濫用,不論在社會治安維護,或是經濟發展面向,甚至於國家安全層面,已成為刻不容緩的重大國安議題。 而國內毒品濫用狀況日趨複雜,常見報章媒體報導青少年群聚在PUB、KTV及汽車旅館等場所集體轟趴嗑藥,或是販毒集團利用學生擔任藥頭角色,透過類似「老鼠會」的運作模式,引誘同儕加入吸毒或販毒行為,更甚者如黑道勢力入侵校園,幫派角頭以毒品控制青少年從事暴力討債或性交易,使青少年藉此換取金錢及毒品等危害社會治安及校園安全案件, 在在顯示我國青少年藥物濫用情形持續惡化。 隨著台灣快速地發展,由傳統社會拓展到工業社會,如今又逐漸進展至網絡社會,並朝向全球化的趨勢發展之中,社會組織結構產生非常急遽的變化,傳統的道德倫理觀念已不復存在,而青少年在生理及心智方面未臻成熟,進而衍生許多負面問題,如飆車、狂野派對等偏差行為,導致吸食毒品人口年輕化、吸食毒品種類多樣化。近年我國毒品問題確實產生相當變化,不僅是青少年藥物濫用問題,也包括新興合成毒品之盛行、毒癮者傳染愛滋病與其他傳染病等公共衛生議題,而毒品防制措施雖持續精進,唯國內毒品問題仍然嚴重,吸食毒品人口並無減少,而施用非法藥物人口也早已侵入青少年階層。

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