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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

共同訴訟類型之研究

劉耀鴻, Liu, Yao Huang Unknown Date (has links)
於實務上,共同訴訟係占民事訴訟案件之大宗。而對於某種訴訟形態應該認定其屬於何種類型之共同訴訟,將影響著訴訟程序之進行方式及確定判決效力之影響範圍,因此,就共同訴訟之問題,實值得思考與研究。 本文將實務、學說上常就其共同訴訟類型產生爭議之訴訟分別為討論,分別為:債權人代位訴訟、共有人回復請求訴訟、準公同共有人債權之行使訴訟、數連帶債務人之共同訴訟、數不真正連帶債務人之共同訴訟、確認訴訟、以主債務人及保證人為共同被告之訴訟、強制執行法上之第三人異議之訴。於觀察實務、學說及日本實務、學說對於此等爭議訴訟所採取之共同訴訟類型之見解後,分析各見解所著重之價值,歸納出較為妥適之價值取捨,並對於各種訴訟應採取何種共同訴訟類型較為恰當提出結論。
92

CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers : Models for geological heterogeneity and large domains / 二氧化碳的深部盐水层地质封存 : 储层非均质性及大尺度模型的研究

Tian, Liang January 2016 (has links)
This work presents model development and model analyses of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers. The goal has been two-fold, firstly to develop models and address the system behaviour under geological heterogeneity, second to tackle the issues related to problem scale as modelling of the CO2 storage systems can become prohibitively complex when large systems are considered. The work starts from a Monte Carlo analysis of heterogeneous 2D domains with a focus on the sensitivity of two CO2  storage performance measurements, namely, the injectivity index (Iinj) and storage efficiency coefficient (E), on parameters characterizing heterogeneity. It is found that E and Iinj are determined by two different parameter groups which both include correlation length (λ) and standard deviation (σ) of the permeability. Next, the issue of upscaling is addressed by modelling a heterogeneous system with multi-modal heterogeneity and an upscaling scheme of the constitutive relationships is proposed to enable the numerical simulation to be done using a coarser geological mesh built for a larger domain. Finally, in order to better address stochastically heterogeneous systems, a new method for model simulations and uncertainty analysis based on a Gaussian processes emulator is introduced. Instead of conventional point estimates this Bayesian approach can efficiently approximate cumulative distribution functions for the selected outputs which are CO2 breakthrough time and its total mass. After focusing on reservoir behaviour in small domains and modelling the heterogeneity effects in them, the work moves to predictive modelling of large scale CO2  storage systems. To maximize the confidence in the model predictions, a set of different modelling approaches of varying complexity is employed, including a semi-analytical model, a sharp-interface vertical equilibrium (VE) model and a TOUGH2MP / ECO2N model. Based on this approach, the CO2 storage potential of two large scale sites is modelled, namely the South Scania site, Sweden and the Dalders Monocline in the Baltic Sea basin. The methodologies developed and demonstrated in this work enable improved analyses of CO2 geological storage at both small and large scales, including better approaches to address medium heterogeneity. Finally, recommendations for future work are also discussed.
93

員工持股計畫中受任人義務之研究 / A study of fiduciary duty under employee stock ownership plan

李松諺 Unknown Date (has links)
員工持股計畫是由財經律師Louis Kelso所創,在美國已行之多年,廣為美國企業所採。最早的員工持股計畫是一種為了和平地從資本家手中移轉資本給員工、縮減貧富差距的工具。為了使這個計畫可以持續有效地運作下去,立法者將員工持股計畫為退休金計畫的一種,使員工必須長期持有股票,直到退休。然而在實務運作上,員工持股信託經常被運用為防止敵意併購的工具。尤有甚者,某些公司內部人會利用員工持股計畫為自己取得大量資金、移轉投資風險,但仍可保留對於公司的控制力。這些行為都有可能對股東及員工造成不利的影響,但在現行法制下,只能仰賴司法者透過判決保護這些經濟及資訊上的弱勢族群。 在台灣,員工持股計畫雖然已廣為許多企業所採用,但是發展了將近20年,只能成為另一種員工持有股票的工具。員工擁有的股票數量並不足以使其在股東會上贏得一個受公司內部人重視的地位,也不足以倚賴這些股票作為退休金之用。這種規模上的差異是台美員工持股計畫最關鍵的不同點。小規模雖然使員工持股計畫帶來的優勢少了許多,但相對地也減低許多代理成本,至今未有員工持股計畫侵害大量員工利益的事件爆發。然而這不表示員工持股計畫在台灣就是個可以被忽略的問題,若能在未來建立一套有效率的立法制度,使員工持股計畫的規模擴大,員工將可因此享受到更多公司盈餘,並且使其退休生活受到保障。相對地,參考美國員工持股計畫的問題後,也可以預先設想未來可能發生的弊端,未雨綢繆。本文相信,一個有效率的員工持股計畫,可以實現解決貧富不均的理想。 / Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) which is created by Louis Kelso is brought to practice for many years. Many enterprises use it as their retirement pension plan. The earliest employee stock ownership plan to transfer the capital frome capitalists to labors and reduce the disparity between the rich and the poor.In order to make the plan work out continueously and effectively, the legislator devise ESOP as a pension fund which makes employee own stock chronically until they retires. However, in practice, ESOP is usually exercised for preventing hostile takeover. Moreover, some company insiders may use ESOP TTO get a great deal of capital and transfer the investment risk, but still own the controlling power to their company. This behaviors will cause some harmful effects to the shareholders and the employees, but in the current legal system,the only one we can depend is the judge who can protect the minority in the economic and the information. ESOP is exercised by many enterprises in Taiwan. But after 20 years, it can only become one of the tools which assist employees to acquire company stocks.The number of shares which employees owns can’t make them have a posi-tion which let the company insiders take account in the shareholder committee and have enough amounts for their retirement pensions.This disparity in scale is the keypoint what is different between Tiwan and the U.S. ESOP. Althoygh small scale makes the adventage of ESOP decrease, it reduce lots of agency costs. To this day, there’re not any events which injure the interests of employees by ESOP. Never-theless, it doesn’t mean that ESOP in Taiwan is a issue which can be neglected. If we can establish an efficient legal system and extend the scale of ESOP, employees can obtain more company interests and have a security of their retirement life.In the opposite, after researching the problem of the U.S. ESOP, we can assume the culpably misconduct which will happen in the future and repair the house before it rains。I believe that a efficient ESOP can realize the ideal to solve the problem of uneven distribution of the wealth.
94

《祖堂集》否定詞之邏輯與語義研究 / Alogical and Semantic Study of negatives in Zutangji

張皓得, Chang, Ho-Deug Unknown Date (has links)
本篇論文以《祖堂集》裡出現的所有否定詞為研究對象。首先,用演繹法來建立假設,用歸納法(完全歸納法)來驗證其假設。我們所處的現實世界都是由時間和空間構成的,這種世界與時間結合而造成「事」,與空間結合而產生「物」,我們通常合稱為「事物」。基於這種基本觀點,可說語言結構是一種現實世界的表達,因而它如實地或刻意地反映這種現實世界,而且這些看法也可適用於漢語否定詞的體系。由此,筆者主要用演繹法來大膽地假設說漢語的m系否定詞表達「空間性概念」,而p系否定詞表達「時間性概念」。第參、肆、伍和陸章,利用這種假設,剖析《祖堂集》裡出現的所有否定詞而驗證此假設與《祖堂集》的否定詞用法是否吻合。第二,在語言的邏輯結構層次分析上,在本篇論文的第參章裡,用謂詞邏輯研究法分析《祖堂集》裡出現的否定句以解釋早期近代漢語否定詞的邏輯結構與語言結構的同異。第三,用具有普遍性的語言學方法論,如「區別性特徵(distinctive feature) 」、「標記成分(marked member)」、「直接成分分析法(immediate constituent analysis,ICA)」、「互補分布(complementary distribution)」、「有定(definite reference)和無定(indefinite reference)」、「焦點(focus)、新信息(new information)以及舊信息(old information) 」、「義素分析法(seme analysis或componential analysis)」等,在第肆、伍和陸章裡分析探討《祖堂集》否定詞在邏輯語言結構層次或純粹語言結構層次上的語法結構和語義特點。第四,用計量和統計方法來分析《祖堂集》否定詞的分布情況以解釋近代漢語否定詞的面貌和體系。最後,用漢語否定詞的歷時演變來解釋《祖堂集》否定詞的共時結構,並且透過這種解釋來檢討本篇論文的結論是否具有妥當性。就研究步驟來說,先把《祖堂集》全文輸入到電腦,按否定詞類別歸類而分析探討否定詞的邏輯、語法和語義。 本篇文論共分八章,579頁。第壹章敘論,主要論及研究動機、研究目的、研究範圍、研究方法、否定界說、否定範圍和否定焦點。第貳章邏輯結構、語言結構和否定詞,主要討論「邏輯結構與語言結構之間的同異」、「邏輯的同異問題與否定」以及「時空、語言實詞分類和《祖堂集》否定詞分類(m系否定詞和p系否定詞)之間的關係」。第參章《祖堂集》否定詞之邏輯意義分析,主要用謂詞邏輯學的方法分析《祖堂集》否定詞之邏輯結構和邏輯意義。第肆章《祖堂集》m系「否定詞」之語義分析(一)-「無」,主要用語法學和語義學的研究方法探討m系否定詞當中「無」字在邏輯語言層次和純粹語言層次上之邏輯結構、語法結構和語義特點。第伍章《祖堂集》m系「否定詞」之語義分析(二),主要用語法學和語義學的研究方法探討其他m系否寫詞在純粹語言層次上之語法結構和語義特徵,如「未」、「莫」、「勿」、「沒」、「亡」、「罔」、「靡」和「微」。第陸章《祖堂集》p系「否定詞」之語義分析,主要用語法學和語義學的研究方法探討《祖堂集》的p系否定詞在邏輯語言層次和純粹語言層次上之邏輯意義、語法結構和語義特點,如「不」、「非」、「匪」、「否」和「弗」。本章後面附帶討論「休」字,上古漢語時期它的否定用法不存在,到後來產生於方言之中,因此它不屬於所謂m/p系否定詞。第柒章《祖堂集》中「否定詞」之邏輯和語義特點,主要探討《祖堂集》否定詞在邏輯層次和語言層次上之特點,如「矛盾關係(contradictory relation)、反對關係(contrary relation)與否定詞」、「時空關係與否定詞」、「主客關係與否定詞」、「常變關係、動靜關係與否定詞」、「時間的空間化(量化)」、「空間的時間化」、「客觀現象的意志化」、「肯定與否定的選擇(疑問)」、「測度否定」、「名詞的述語化」、「雙重否定」、「否定詞之互用」等等。第捌章結論,用三張圖表,把《祖堂集》裡出現的所有否定詞系統化,扼要地解釋而究明第壹章敘論中的六條研究目標。最後附有引用及主要參考書目和《祖堂集》否定詞索引。 總之,筆者利用《祖堂集》裡出現的否定詞探討否定詞在符號隱性系統和符號顯性系統上的特徵。由此,筆者發現到幾點新理論,第一、語言研究要區分符號隱性系統和符號顯性系統,才能得到完善的結果。第二、邏輯學的「矛盾(contradiction)」和「反對(contrary)」顯現為語言的否定詞時,在《祖堂集》裡,區別「矛盾」和「反對」的關鍵在於否定詞是否替代其相應的肯定形式。第三、《祖堂集》的漢語否定詞不僅具有一個完整的系統(paradigm),而且從古到今一直維持m系和p系兩組系統,因為m系和p系否定詞分別表示邏輯意義上的空間概念和時間概念。其他純粹語言結構層次上的否定詞用法都是在這種邏輯意義的基礎上衍生出來的,如「時間的量化否定」、「疑問否定」、「測度否定」、「『無』義否定」等等。第四、邏輯學的矛盾概念和反對概念顯現為語言符號時,產生一些問題,因此研究符號顯性系統的否定詞,反對概念還要分成「確定反對(definite contrary)」和「不定反對(indefinite contrary)」。
95

由Stroop叫色作業探討注意力的發展

林子誠 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以Stroop中文叫色作業,測驗兒童和成人在Stroop作業之練習和刺激向度分離等情形下,其干擾效果的變化情形。共執行兩個實驗,實驗一中的受試者先接受中性刺激和不和諧刺激的測驗,然後對兩類作業練習8日,其後再測驗一次,探討受試者在練習前、後之干擾效果的變化情形。另一組受試接受實驗二中,中性刺激、整合性不和諧刺激和分離性不和諧刺激等作業的測驗,藉以比較整合性干擾和分離性干擾的差異。兩組受試者皆接受文字閱讀的速度測驗。 結果發現,小學二年級兒童的Stroop干擾效果最大,六年級兒童次之,成人最小,這與之前文獻上所載的研究一致,同時也證實,練習確能降低干擾效果,但仍不能使其完全消失,且練習後,三組受試間的干擾效果已無顯著差異。在實驗二的結果顯著,刺激向度分離的干擾效果仍然存在,但比整合性干擾效果小,且受試者間的分離性干擾也沒有顯著差異。而所有受試的閱讀速度均快於叫色速度。 / The study was used the Stroop Chinese task to examine the course of the Stroop interference among second, sixth grade children and adults. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment I, participants were tested with neutral and incongruent tasks and practiced with the same tasks for the following 8 days. They were tested neutral and incongruent tasks again. Then examined the course of the Stroop interference among children of second, sixth grade children and adults, they were test with neutral and incongruent tasks again. Then examine the course of the Stroop interference in between children and adult during before and after practice. The other group of participants took part in experiment II. They were presented with three tasks consist of neutral, integrated and separated incongruent tasks. Then examine the difference of the interference among children of second, sixth grade and adult during integrated and separated incongruent tasks. Two groups of participants were presented word reading speed of task. The finding of the study was Stroop interference increased from the adults through the sixth grade children and finally to the second grade children is in line with previous finding. We have confirmed that although interference decreases with practice, it is very resistant to eradication. After practice, the interference between children and adults is not significant difference. In the experiment II, it was that separated Stroop stimulus showed interference, and the amount was relatively small. The interference of separated Stroop task among children of second, sixth grade and adults were not significant difference. All participants took longer to name color than to read words.
96

我國核課處分程序重開之探討 / The remedy of tax administrative:Recommence the tax administrative procedure

翁培祐, Weng,Pei Yu Unknown Date (has links)
租稅行政是一種侵益行政,核課處分更具有大量行政處分之特性,而人民對於租稅法律並不熟稔,因此,核課處分必須有一套完善的行政救濟,以盡保障人民權益之最大可能。   我國在2001年開始實施的行政程序法中,參考了德國聯邦行政程序法第48條、第49條及第51條等規定,植入了行政程序重開的制度。但是在該法實施後,各行政機關對於該項制度應如何運用並無定見,甚有誤引誤用者。本論文就此一課題,嘗試從德國行政程序重開制度由來、理念,分析我國行政程序法相關規定之定位,並以侵益之核課處分為客體,整理我國相關判決及釋令,就核課處分重開程序之現行法制加以檢討,期能繪製出稅捐稽徵所涉行政程序重開之草圖。 / The tax administration disposition is one kind of rendered en masse and burden administration dispositions. People are not familiar to the law of the tax, so nuclear lesson is that it must have one perfect administration remedy system even more than to punish, in order to ensure people rights and benefits most heavily and possibly to ensure.   The legislators enacting the recommence administrative procedure in the administrative procedure law that Taiwan began to implement in 2001 had consulted the article 48, 49, and 51 of the administrative procedure law of Germany. However, many administrative authorities were wrongly guided or persons misapply after this law was implemented. This thesis attempts to realize the origin and idea of the German recommenced administrative procedure, and analyse the recommence tax administrative disposition procedure of Taiwan . This thesis will also examine the current legal system of recommence the tax administrative dispositions by the relevant judgments and orders of Taiwan. Finally it is probable to draw out a better system of the recommence tax administrative disposition.
97

共同訴訟之研析

吳佳原 Unknown Date (has links)
訴訟程序上,原告、被告或兩造均有二人以上當事人之訴訟型態,即共同訴訟,亦稱為主觀訴之合併。在我國民事訴訟法第五十五條及第五十六條之架構下,共同訴訟依其訴訟標的對於共同訴訟之各人是否必須合一確定,可區分為普通共同訴訟及必要共同訴訟;此外,傳統學說與實務於法無明文規定之情形下,更將必要共同訴訟再細分為共同訴訟人全體應一同起訴、被訴,否則當事人適格即有欠缺之固有必要共同訴訟,與縱其中僅一人起訴、被訴,依法律之規定判決效力仍將及於他共同訴訟人之類似必要共同訴訟。 然而,隨著個案類型與特徵之多樣化,上開共同訴訟之類型區分及相關規定之解釋適用,於現今之審判實務上已然陷入困境,尤其聚焦於下列問題。首先,在何等情形,共同訴訟人全體應一同起訴、被訴而為固有必要共同訴訟?全體當事人客觀上無從一同起訴、被訴者,應如何使其透過訴訟程序解決紛爭?再者,類似必要共同訴訟之適用範圍應否擴大認定?又必要共同訴訟人間如就該訴訟之利害關係並非一致,宜否一律令其彼此間毫無彈性地受民事訴訟法第五十六條之牽制?除此之外,普通共同訴訟中,民事訴訟法第五十五條共同訴訟人獨立原則須否有其適用之界限? 本文先針對共同訴訟之制度沿革為簡介,次而探討其發生原因與要件,再分就必要共同訴訟及普通共同訴訟,以上開問題為核心進行論述,最後則基於平衡兼顧當事人程序主體權之保障、訴訟外第三人之程序保障、紛爭解決一次性、訴訟經濟、裁判一致等程序法上基本要求,擴大訴訟制度解決紛爭機能之立場,針對相關爭議案例為研究,盼能為日後審判實務之處理及相關法規之修正提供參考與建議。
98

兩岸海事留置權之比較研究

黃喬詮, Huang,Chiao-chuan Unknown Date (has links)
本文所稱「海事留置權」,係指兩岸海商法、台灣民法、大陸擔保法與合同法及兩岸其他特別法所定,與廣義海事上有關之船、貨和其他動產之留置權而言。詳言之,海事留置權之種類包括:依台灣民法物權編留置權章及大陸擔保法留置章取得之留置權、建造或修繕船舶人之船舶留置權、運送人或承攬運送人之貨物留置權、運送人或船長對於未清償共同海損分擔額之貨物留置權、船舶出租人之留置權、承拖人對被拖物之留置權、救助人對獲救船舶、貨物及其他財產之留置權、倉庫營業人之留置權、行紀人之留置權、信託法之留置權。有鑒於台灣民法物權編修正草案已作大幅度之增修,近年來大陸又積極推動研訂統一民法典工作,並已審訂通過民法(草案)其中第二編物權法(草案)部分之第二次審議稿,且大陸亦有學者對其海商法作出修改建議,值此新舊過渡現行法理論與實務多所歧異之際,藉機綜合研析,並作兩岸擔保物權領域的法制與實務之比較,此外,將來兩岸開放三通後,日後涉及債權擔保之民事事項與海事事項勢必與日俱增,船、貨留置之事件,亦將層出不窮,兩岸法院、仲裁機構、法學專家及人民適用彼岸地區規定之情形尤當頻繁,此時以兩岸海事留置權為中心,就可能衍生之相關實體與程序問題,予以深入比較探討,並發表所見,期能有助於國人就此一論題之瞭解,兼可供作兩岸法學研究、司法實務及立法之參考,此乃本文研究之主要目的。茲說明本論文之主要章節架構如次: 第一章 緒論 本章乃就研究本論題之動機、範圍與方法作一說明。 第二章 兩岸海事留置權之取得 本章首先就海事留置權之意義與海事留置權之種類予以概述後,再就依一般規定取得之海事留置權,其成立之積極要件與消極要件加以說明,接著就非依一般規定取得之海事留置權,其成立所須具備之要件按各種海事留置權分款予以析述。以上論點並就兩岸之異同為比較。 第三章 兩岸海事留置權之效力與消滅 本章就海事留置權之效力,按海事留置權對債權之擔保效力、海事留置權對留置物之支配力及海事留置權對留置權人之約束力分項予以論述,最後則就海事留置權之消滅略作說明。以上論點並就兩岸之異同為比較。 第四章 兩岸海事留置權之實行 本章分別就台灣與大陸關於海事留置權實行之條件、海事留置權實行之方法及海事留置權實行之程序予以論述,並作兩岸法制比較,以明其實行之條件、方法及程序之異同。 第五章 涉彼岸海事留置權爭議處理及認可執行之法律適用 本章分別就台灣及大陸對涉及彼岸海事留置權爭議處理之法律適用,及相互對在彼岸取得拍賣留置物之裁判或仲裁判斷等執行名義為認可執行之法律適用予以論述,以明就涉及彼岸海事留置權爭議處理之準據法,及相互認可彼岸執行名義並予執行之法律依據。 第六章 建議(代結論) 本章綜合研究所得,對於兩岸關於海事留置權及相關法制規範,以及學者之理解或司法實務所持見解,認為有欠妥適之處,提出檢討,並作出立法、修法或變更見解之建議方案,以代結論,俾有助於兩岸海事留置權及相關法制規範與解釋之修正與完善。 關鍵字:海事留置權、船舶留置權、貨物留置權、人保物保責任平等說、物保責任優先說、中華人民共和國海事訴訟特別程序法、中華人民共和國拍賣法、區際法律衝突、區際私法、民事確定裁判與仲裁判斷之認可執行、船舶優先權催告程序、臺灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例。

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