在目前國際社會中，社會變遷讓分裂主義成為一個全球普遍存在的時代議題。考慮到越來越多的國際組織出現，及世界潮流也逐步朝向無國界的道路發展，全球化在公民社會上也開始扮演另一個重要影響的角色。分裂主義和全球化本是兩個矛盾無法共融的概念，歐洲卻是表現這兩個概念間產生關聯的最好例子，歐盟各會員國透過一體化來展現力量，但歐洲中的一些國家及某些區域又具有強烈的分離主義，這兩者彼此是無法共通的，但是現實又已經形成交集，因此也導致出一個有趣的辯論與分析。 這些分裂主義運動不僅現時在歐洲各國擴散，在世界各國也形成一股風潮。英國、西班牙和加拿大這些國家，都處於分裂邊緣的發展，使單一國家的概念被大幅度挑戰。而分裂主義會成為如此熱門的議題，是因為最近世界經濟與社會的變化，鼓勵更多國家的公民與團體，往這麼個方向走出，如2014年克里米亞與烏克蘭分離事件、蘇格蘭公投，讓分離議題持續成為國際社會必須關注的焦點。蘇格蘭分裂主義的公投運動，自2014年以來一直是國際社會關注的焦點，主要的原因是這裡面意涵著，包含了兩個相互衝突的概念:蘇格蘭想要從英國獨立的分裂性，卻又支持全球化的互助性。因此，根據全球化分析加諸於分裂運動上的限制，將蘇格蘭做為全球化-分裂主義的個案研究，本研究提供有趣的見解與論斷，提供分裂運動各個面向的議題，在面臨全球化是否成為獨立成功可能性的參考。 / Separatism has never been as prevalent as it is now with the current shifts occurring in the international society. Globalization has been another prominent influence in the global community as well considering there have been more international institutions enacted and the world is increasingly becoming a borderless one. Separatism and globalization are two contradictory concepts and a prime example of the linkage between the two concepts can be seen through European integration and the regional separatist movements in Europe. Both are paradoxical and thus, they make for an interesting debate. Not only are these separatist movements widespread in countries of Europe but has become prominent in many countries all around the world. Countries such as the United Kingdom, Spain and Canada are on the verge of splitting up and with vivid alterations in society such as Putin’s annexation of Crimea and Scotland’s referendum in 2014, the topic of separatism has been at the forefront of the international community nowadays. Scotland’s separatist movement has been the one to watch since 2014 and the reason for this is because it encompasses both the conflicting concepts separatism and globalization considering Scotland supports globalization but also wishes for separation from the rest of the United Kingdom. Therefore, placing Scotland as the case study in the context of the globalization-separatism debate will offer interesting insights as to the constraints that globalization places on separatist movements, but also, the possibilities of a separatist movement becoming independent in the face of globalization.

蘇聯解體後，有大量的俄羅斯人生活在前蘇聯加盟共和國內。像是愛沙尼亞與拉脫維亞在獨立過後，有三分之一的人口是俄裔人口。而大多數的俄裔人口都仍偏好使用俄語作為生活用語。此時，便延伸出一個問題，是否應針對這些少數民族俄裔人口之語言權利而增加官方語言。因此，在語言政策方面，便是一個極為關鍵的議題。 本論文將會先從歷史背景，亦即蘇聯時期開始討論。將各階段的語言政策一一分析，接著依序討論愛沙尼亞及拉脫維亞的語言政策之背景以及語言法之分析，最後從中找出結論。 / Many Russians lived former Soviet republics after the dissolution of the Soviet Un- ion. Therefore, one third of the population was still Russian after Estonia and Latvia independence. Most of the Russians still prefer to use Russian for daily basis. The lan- guage policy was becoming a crucial topic to discuss whether those countries should add Russian for official language. This policy would strongly relate to the language rights of minority Russians. This paper will discuss the Soviet Union historical background which analyze the lan- guage policies of different period, and then discuss the background of linguistic poli- cies and language law in order in Estonia and Latvia.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(薬学) / 乙第13203号 / 論薬博第773号 / 新制||薬||241(附属図書館) / 京都大学薬学研究科博士課程薬学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙倉 喜信, 教授 高須 清誠, 教授 山下 富義 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Chapter 1 reviews the background to the rise of art patronage studies and their development and its influence on studies of Chinese art history. It also provides alternative approaches to studying activities related to patronage and their influence and role in Chinese art history by criticising traditional analysis of Chinese art based on social and economic theories. / Chapter 2 examines the life of Wang and explores the intentions and meaning to his patronage activities through studying his political involvement, literary activities and his social background and connections. / Chapter 3 discusses how Wang, given his knowledge in history and passion for art and its collection, reinterprets art history with reference to his private collection of art, and thereby consolidating his status as a leading figure of literary and cultural circle of his time. / Chapter 4 explains and reflects on the formation of the "artist-patron" relationship through examining the relationship and interaction between Wang and the literary circle and by appraising the financial background and standing of artists and calligraphers at the time. / Chapter 5 examines the direct impact that Wang, as a literary leader and patron of the art, has on the styles and subject matter of art work by examining and decoding several pieces of art commissioned by himself, thus revealing a distinct mechanism in which art was produced at the time. / Chapter 6 discusses the "artist-patron" relationship and the "trading of cultural resources" by examining diverse pieces of art work given to Wang as gifts by different individual artists and calligraphers. / Chapter 7 analyses the significance of the patronage activities of Wang and provides a new approach to understanding the issue of traditional Chinese art patronage in Chinese art history. / Through a case study of the life of Wang Shizhen, this research attempts to analyse the influence of literary leader and patron of the arts on the development of painting and calligraphy during the mid-Ming period. By analysing the "artist-patron" relationship, this paper attempts to explain alternative mechanism through which traditional Chinese art was produced. The thesis also examines art patronage activities in Suzhou during the sixteenth century and thereby attempts to examine these activities from the broader cultural and historical context at the time. This paper is divided into seven chapters: / 鄧民亮. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(p. 298-320). / Advisers: Tsung-i Jao; Kar Leung Mok. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: A, page: 0378. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (p. 298-320). / Deng Minliang.

This thesis looks into the development of Songjiang School in the context of mutual interaction and networking among painters. It focuses on two phenomena. Firstly, it studies the interaction between Songjiang School painters and artists from various Jiangnan art centres. Secondly, it explores the artistic genealogy within the Songjiang School. It investigates the activities of individual Songjian School painters in particular, and the rise and decline of the entire Songjiang School in general. / Under the famous master literati Dong Qichang, Songjiang School painters broke new path in landscape painting, valuing moist ink tones at the expense of brush and ink. But even before Dong, Gu Zhenyi and Mo Shilong were already well known for their efforts in exploring new styles. Supported by brilliant art talent such as Chen Jiru, Zhao Zuo and Shen Shicong, Dong Qichang brought the Songjiang School to its zenith. However, it was also Dong Qichang who dug the grave for the School. As Dong's followers were mostly professional painters, they could not stand as equals to Literati connoisseurs. Some became Dong Qichang's ghost-painters at the expense of their artistic individuality, whereas others were trapped in the lower end of the art market. Consequently, the Songjiang School lost its vigor and prestige in the Qing dynasty. Only Dong Qichang, the leading master of the School, could dominate the literati painting scene. / With its economy revived after the suppression of the wako invasion in late Jiajing period (1522-1566), Songjiang quickly reassumed its dominant position in the art scene. Songjiang School painters became very self-conscious and proud of their own hometown. They succeeded in networking with connoisseurs in Zhejiang and Huizhou, and learning valuable lessons from the works of their Suzhou counterparts. Consequently, although both the Wu (Suzhou) and Songjiang Schools were descendents of the same literati painting tradition, the Songjiang School loomed large throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The social prestige of some Songjiang literati certainly enhanced the success of the School. / 徐麗莎. / 呈交日期: 2005年8月. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2005. / 參考文獻(p. i-x (2nd group)). / Cheng jiao ri qi: 2005 nian 8 yue. / Advisers: Jao Tsung-i; Harold Mok Kar-leung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-07, Section: A, page: 2355. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2005. / Can kao wen xian (p. i-x (2nd group)). / Xu Lisha.

第一章以施奈德（Richard C. Snyder）等所創之﹁決策制訂模型﹂（Decision-Ma- king Model）為研究蘇聯決策制訂之指涉架構。並就﹁外交政策﹂之界定，探討外交 政策之研究途徑、目標、手段、權力基礎，以及國家利益和安全。再分析蘇聯之決策 制訂與執行架構，及影響其外交、軍事決策制訂與執行之機構。 第二章首先界定﹁戰術武器﹂一詞，再研究核子時代之戰略理論，如嚇阻理論、巨型 報復與彈性反應（全面之戰爭與有限戰爭）．．．．．．等攻擊與防衛之理論，並探 討對於蘇聯戰略武器時代之適用性，以及﹁贏得核子戰爭﹂之真實性為何。 第三章從國際層面，分析戰略武單競賽與管制之理論與實際。悉心研究自第二次世界 大戰後所曾試探解決國際上戰略武器競賽之各種裁減和管制方案，作為分析未來﹁戰 略武器管制﹂可行性研究的基礎 第四章就﹁共產主義意識型態﹂、﹁俄羅斯傳統﹂和﹁國家目標與行動綱領﹂，從理 論和實際並重的角度判斷外交政策之決策制訂和執行。 第五章軍事戰略理論、戰略兵力部署及其指揮結構。 第六章以美蘇﹁戰略武器管制談判﹂第一、二階段為個案，分析蘇聯對於戰略武器管 制、外交、軍事之政策制訂，以及未來戰略武器管制之展望。 結論

無論是沙皇政權或是蘇維埃政權，都會在侵略併吞而來的土地上實行俄化或是蘇維埃化的政策，希望能建立一個大一統的國家，創造一個享有共同文化、共同語言、甚至是有共同認同的民族。但是，1991年蘇聯的解體，不只打破了蘇共創造「蘇維埃民族」的美夢，還證明了蘇聯民族政策的嚴重錯誤。 19世紀以前，進入波海地區的俄羅斯人數量並不多。19世紀之後，沙皇政府開始在此區實行大規模的俄化，並開始將大批的俄羅斯人遷移至此。從第一次世界大戰以後到第二次世界大戰這段期間，波海三國享有了一段短暫的獨立國家時期。這個時期，基本上，波海三國對其境內的俄羅斯人是採取尊重的態度。第二次世界大戰爆發，因為德蘇密約的簽訂，使波海三國再次地被蘇聯併吞。史達林佔領波海三國之後，立刻大規模地流放波海三國的人民，並將大批的俄羅斯人引進，使愛沙尼亞與拉脫維亞兩國在人口統計學上的俄化情形十分嚴重。 1985年戈巴契夫上台以後，波海三國利用改革的機會，追求獨立，最後，以非暴力的方式獲得成功，重建獨立國家。波海三國獨立以後，俄羅斯人的地位有了很大的改變，一下子從優勢的統治地位變成弱勢的少數民族。愛沙尼亞與拉脫維亞因為懷疑俄羅斯人的忠誠度以及擔心會被滅族，所以採取了排外的公民權法，使大部分的俄羅斯人都無法獲得公民權。另外，因為大部分的俄羅斯人都不會說愛沙尼亞語或拉脫維亞語，所以不僅在取得公民權上有困難，在經濟與社會處境上也變得比較差。至於俄羅斯人的認同，可以說是複雜的。大多數的俄羅斯人在政治上是對所居住的共和國忠誠，在文化上還是認為自己是屬於俄羅斯文化的一部份。至於立陶宛，賦予境內大部分的俄羅斯人公民權，因此，立陶宛的族群關係較緩和。 俄羅斯政府自認為是境外俄羅斯人權益的捍衛者，但是，對於波海三國的少數民族政策所能造成的影響並不大。相反地，西方政府的批評與建議常常能成功地影響波海三國的決策。主要的原因在於波海三國急切地想回歸歐洲、西方政府與組織能提供援助、滿足國家安全需求與歐安組織派遣使節到愛、拉兩國。 / No matter what it was the Czar’s regime or the Soviet government, it would always implement a policy of Russification or Sovietization on invaded lands, in order to establish a united nation with common culture, shared the same language and national identity. However, since the breaking down of the Soviet Union in 1991, not only the dream of the ‘Soviet People’ broke down, but it also suggested a misleading of ethnic-national policy. Before the 19th century, there were not many Russians in the Baltic area. After the 19th century, the Czar’s regime started to implement the policy of Russification on a large scale, and it also moved many Russians to settle there. During the period of the First World War and the Second World War, the Baltic States had enjoyed a short period as independent nations. In this period, the Baltic States basically treated the Russians within their states with respect. Because Germany and Russia had signed a treaty before the Second World War, therefore, when the war erupted, the Baltic States were once again occupied by the Russia. After Stalin took over the Baltic States, he exiles people from the Baltic States on a large scale, while moving many Russians into these countries. As a result, Estonia and Latvia were seriously Russificated demogranphically. In 1985, Gorbachev gained the power. While the Russia government was reforming its political entity, the Baltic States seized the opportunity to go independent. They successfully gained their independence through non-violent method and rebuild themselves as independent states. Ever since the Baltic States became independent, the status of the Russians within their regions had changed rapidly. The Russians were once the dominant ruling class and suddenly became the ruled minority. Estonia and Latvia are concerned with the issues of royalty of the Russian people, also they were worried that they would become extinct as an ethnic group, therefore, they adopted an exclusive citizenship laws. Because most of the Russians could not speak Estonian and Latvian languages, therefore, they had difficulties to acquire the citizenship and they also did poorly financially and politically within these two nations. As for the notion of the Russian identity, it was a very complicated issue. Most Russians are politically royal to the Republics they reside, but culturally they still considered themselves as part of the Russian culture. In Lithuania, it granted most of the Russians that reside in its nation the citizenship; therefore, the ethnic relationship within the country was less tense comparatively. Russian government always views itself as the protector of the rights of its people that reside in other countries. However, this does not affect the policies regarding the minority in the Baltic States. On the other hand, the criticism and suggestions from the western governments can often affect the process of the policy-making in the Baltic States. The main reason is that the Baltic States are eager to return to Europe, and they can acquire aids from the western governments and organizations, securing their nations. Another reason is Estonia and Latvia hopefully get rid of the representatives from OSCE as soon as possible.

臺灣地區近五十年來的人口結構，在婚姻組成上有著相當大的變化。婚姻組成的改變，除了一方面作為瞭解過去社會變遷的重要指標外，對於未來的生育率、勞動力及人口結構等重要事件，都會產生根本性的影響，是瞭解社會變遷的重要指標之一。此外，婚姻組成的改變，背後蘊含的，是臺灣社會對於婚姻的想像及態度的變遷。由於婚姻生活對於個人生命歷程，有著絕對關鍵性的影響，故而，對於婚姻的態度，也直接改變了人們對於自身生命歷程的想像。也正因為如此，對於婚姻組成狀態以及婚姻生命歷程的分析與理解，是作為瞭解臺灣社會變遷的重要參考指標，也正是構成本論文研究的核心議題。 前輩學者在討論類似議題時，採用的方法，乃是透過估算各婚姻狀態(未婚、離婚、有偶、喪偶、死亡)間的轉移率，建構多重狀態遞增遞減婚姻生命表，以理解婚姻的生命歷程變化。 然而，此一方法雖然可以提供我們相當多關於婚姻生命歷程變遷的訊息，卻由於資料的難以取得，使得在估算的結果上，各學者間莫衷一是、無有定論。有鑑於此，在探討此一問題時，本研究不採取上述的路徑，而是採用目前在學界公認較為穩定的估算方法--「蘇立文法」。此法雖然透露的訊息，不如多重狀態遞增遞減婚姻生命表來得豐富，卻可以提供我們對於各婚姻狀態別預期壽命相對穩定且可靠的訊息。 在上述討論的脈絡下，本研究以「蘇立文法」，透過1956、1966 、1980、1990、2000年五次的普查資料，配合相對應年度的「國民生命表」，建構這五個年度的「年齡別婚姻生命表」，企圖勾勒臺灣地區近五十年來婚姻生命歷程的變遷。 本論文研究的結果發現，隨著預期壽命的不斷延長，臺灣地區人口處於未婚的預期時間不斷增加，未婚佔其一生壽命的比例也持續上升。同時，離婚的預期時間增加，喪偶的預期時間減少，顯示人們一生中處於鰥寡狀態的比例下降。而可能造成婚姻解組的主要風險，從過去的「喪偶」轉變為「離婚」。另外值得注意的是，雖然未婚、離婚的預期時間增加，生命中總共處於有偶狀態的比例，卻幾乎沒有下降。顯見未婚時間的延長，代表的不是人們不進入婚姻，而是「延後進入婚姻」；離婚時間延長，不是人們從此處於單身，而是很可能透過再婚，再次進入婚姻狀態。 承上所述，本研究發現，由於晚婚、離婚、不婚、再婚等等現象的盛行，過去集中且單一的適婚年齡，開始變得分散、延後。人們可能進入婚姻的時間，不僅僅限於過去的「三十大關」，而是整個的延後。同時，婚姻的歷程，不再如過去單一且穩定的「未婚-有偶-(喪偶)-死亡」，而是像「未婚-(有偶)-(離婚)—(再婚)-(喪偶)-(有偶)-(喪偶)-死亡」一般，呈現相對多元、複雜的婚姻生命歷程。

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