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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

中國大陸下市緩衝機制與盈餘管理之實證研究 / An Empirical Study of the Chinese Delisting Buffer Mechanism and Earnings Management

官月緞, Yue-Duan Guan Unknown Date (has links)
摘要 本文主要檢視中國大陸連續虧損公司面臨下市緩衝機制壓力時之盈餘管理行為。本文所謂的下市緩衝機制係指特別處理(簡稱ST)與特別轉讓(簡稱PT)的管制。具體而言,ST管制要求連續兩年虧損的公司,必須冠上ST標記,漲跌幅限制為5%(一般股票為10%),中報需審計;PT管制要求連續三年虧損的公司,必須冠上PT標記,同樣有停板限制,僅允許週五交易。ST與PT管制設計原意係希望提高整體市場新陳代謝與營造理性投資的環境,但盈餘基礎的本質與保守的配套措施反而衍生盈餘管理與投機炒股。此下市緩衝機制實質之經濟後果為管制機關與投資大眾高度關注,但過去相關研究相當有限,本文希望藉由下列研究問題的探索以補充文獻缺口。 第一,中國大陸上市公司面臨下市緩衝機制漸進懲處時,管理當局如何進行盈餘管理以因應連續虧損門檻?第二,各群虧損公司次年扭虧次數與盈餘管理行為差異為何?第三,零損失的法規門檻如何引發盈餘分配的特殊型態;操控前盈餘與盈餘管理關係為何? 依據1998年至2000年267家虧損公司樣本,實證結果簡要彙總如下:第一,虧損公司裁決性應計數字(營業外所得)顯著降低盈餘,特別在虧損第一個年度,此結果顯示管理當局意圖儲存盈餘以因應未來更嚴格制裁之緩衝。第二,ST股與PT股盈餘劇烈震盪,其盈餘型態分別呈現V字型與W字型。第三,1998與1999年連續三年虧損的公司次年扭虧百分比小於其他虧損公司;但2000年結果相反。主要理由乃中國證監會於2001年2月22日要求PT股在未來一年扭虧(過去為三年),否則必須下市。第四,虧損公司次年盈餘分配集中於略高於零損失門檻的區間,隱含實質小虧的公司預支未來盈餘,實質大盈的公司儲存本期盈餘的可能性。第五,虧損公司次年扭虧時,操控前盈餘與盈餘管理呈現負向關係,且操控前盈餘越小的組別其盈餘管理越大。但持續虧損公司操控前盈餘與盈餘管理的關係並沒有系統性的結論。 本文實證結果顯示,中國大陸下市緩衝機制由於仰賴會計基礎管制,衍生相當普遍的盈餘管理行為。建議中國證監會應在下市決策中考量非盈餘資訊,投資大眾亦應關注盈餘以外的訊息以避免功能固著的迷失。 / Abstract This study investigates earnings management of Chinese listed companies subject to delisting buffer mechanism for reporting losses for consecutive years. The delisting buffer mechanism in China means Special Treatment (ST) and Particular Transfer (PT) regulations. Specifically, it requires that companies with two and three consecutive losses be labeled as ST shares and PT shares respectively. ST shares are subject to 5% price limits (one half of common shares) and their interim reports should be audited. PT shares are also subject to price limits and they are allowed be traded only on Friday. Although these regulations originally aim to maintain market’s metabolism and foster rational investment environment, their earnings-based nature and conservative schemes are likely to induce pervasive earnings management and speculation. Their economic consequences are a source of concern by regulators and investors, but previous study is relatively limited. Thus, this paper explores the following research questions to fill this void. First, how do Chinese listed firms manage earnings in response to consecutive loss thresholds, while facing the progressive sanctions of the delisting buffer mechanism? Second, what differences in positive earnings frequencies and earnings management exist among different group of loss firms in the following year? Third, how does the zero-loss regulatory threshold induce specific types of earnings distribution, and what relationship can be found between pre-managed earnings and earnings management? Based on a sample of 267 loss firms from 1998 to 2000, the empirical results are briefly summarized as follows. First, discretionary accruals (nonoperating income) of loss firms show significant earnings decreases, especially in the initial loss year, which is consistent with managerial incentives to save earnings for future more severe regulations’ cushion. Second, ST shares and PT shares experience large earnings volatility, and the patterns of ST shares and PT shares’ earnings generally look like V and W respectively. Third, percentage of positive earnings of firms with 3-year losses in the following year is less than that of other loss firms in 1998 and 1999, but more than in 2000. The underlying reason is the Chinese Securities Regulatory Committee requires PT shares have positive earnings within the next year rather than next three years after Feb 22, 2001, otherwise they are delisted. Fourth, earnings distribution of loss firms heavily clusters slightly above zero-loss threshold in the following year, which implies firms with small latent losses likely to borrow future earnings and firms with large latent earnings likely to save current earnings. Fifth, the pre-managed earnings and earnings management for loss firms reporting profits in the following year are negatively correlated. Furthermore, the smaller the pre-managed earnings are, the larger the earnings management is. However, the data reveal no systematic relationship between pre-managed earnings and earnings management for firms with persistent losses. Overall, the empirical results indicate that China’s delisting buffer mechanism, relying mainly on accounting-based regulation, induces pervasive earnings management. The findings therefore suggest that the Chinese Securities Regulatory Committee should consider non-earnings information into delisting decisions and investors look beyond bottom-line to avoid functional fixation.
92

國中學生處理導師生衝突方式之研究

黃美雯, Huang, Mei-Wen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在瞭解目前國中學生處理導師生衝突方式之現況,並分析不同學校規模、導師管教方式、導師生衝突頻率與導師生關係對國中學生處理導師生衝突方式的影響。 本研究以研究者自編之「國中學生處理導師生衝突方式問卷」為蒐集資料的工具,以分層隨機抽樣的方式,抽取台中縣市5所公立國民中學學生717名為調查的樣本,經統計分析後主要研究發現如下: 一、國中學生處理導師生衝突方式方面 國中學生處理導師生衝突的方式,依序是「不採取行動」、「協議溝通」、「報復」。 二、學校規模影響方面 (一)就讀大型學校的國中學生,明顯比小型學校學生易採用「不採取行動」之衝突處理方式。 (二)學校規模在「報復」與「協議溝通」之衝突處理方式上沒有顯著差異。 三、導師管教方式影響方面 (一)國中導師管教方式以「民主」居多、「專制冷漠」次之、「放任」最少。 (二)國中學生與專制冷漠管教方式的導師發生衝突時,較易使用不採取行動、報復之衝突處理方式。 (三)國中學生與民主管教方式的導師發生衝突,較不會使用報復之衝突處理方式,較易使用協議溝通之衝突處理方式。 (四)國中學生與放任管教方式的導師發生衝突,較易使用協議溝通之衝突處理方式。 四、導師生衝突頻率影響方面 (一)國中學生有導生衝突經驗者佔六成,導師生衝突頻率依次為「從來沒有」(37.6%)、「每年數次」(28.4%)、「每月數次」(16.2%)、「每週數次」(13.0%)、「每天數次」(4.9%)。 (二)導師生衝突頻率愈高的國中學生,明顯比導師生衝突頻率低的國中學生易使用不採取行動、報復之衝突處理方式。 五、導師生關係影響方面 (一)導師生關係欠佳的國中學生,明顯比導師生關係良好的國中學生易使用不採取行動之衝突處理方式。 (二)導師生關係良好的國中學生,明顯比導師生關係欠佳的國中學生易使用協議溝通之衝突處理方式。 根據上述結論,本研究提出下列建議: 一、給未來研究之建議 研究對象範圍可再擴大,研究方法可質量並重,亦可納入家庭管教方式、同儕關係,以及與其他教師關係等研究變項的討論。 二、給實務單位之建議 (一)給教育行政機關之建議 縮小學校規模,減低學生問題行為。 (二)給學校行政單位之建議 慎選導師,以服務年資較長的女性導師為優先人選,並且多舉辦輔導知能相關研習活動。 (三)給國中導師之建議 正視衝突,與學生共謀解決之道。鼓勵學生理性溝通,適當的情緒表達。並且運用民主方式管教學生,避免使用專制冷漠方式管教學生。最後即是導師應以身作則,善盡導師之責。
93

戴眼鏡對人臉辨識系統之影響

鄒博岱, Tsou , Po-Tai Unknown Date (has links)
本研究嘗試不全以負面假設來看待配戴眼鏡對人臉辨識的影響。吾人將以邊緣偵測圖為基礎,以邊點強度的分析來建立一套定位眼鏡的偵測系統。同時用偵測出的鏡框位置,以邊緣點的強度、密度比較的方式,定位眼睛的位置;並以前述兩套偵測演算,採擷其過程的資訊,進一步地定位鼻子與嘴巴的位置。這些演算形成一個簡易的人臉特徵定位系統,其將可處理配戴眼鏡的人臉;吾人也將進一步地經由其處理過程與結果,分析眼鏡對區域人臉辨識的影響,進而引導出非自然物件可能對人臉辨識的阻礙或輔助。 論文也將以全域比對法中的PCA與ICA演算法作一連串的實驗,剖析眼鏡對於全域辨識的影響;此外,亦用相同的方法來測試非自然物(眼鏡)、光源亮度與人臉角度對於人臉辨識阻礙的程度,以探究是否系統值得花費更大的代價,來移除眼鏡這個被一致認定的人臉辨識障礙,並得以在辨識演算法上獲得更高的效能。 / The objective of this thesis is to investigate the efficacy of face recognition systems when the subjects are wearing glasses. We do not presume that non-facial features such as glasses are nuisances. Instead, we will study whether the inclusion of glasses will have a positive impact on the face detection procedure and how it affects the feature extraction process. We will demonstrate how to use techniques based on local feature analysis to reduce the uncertainties in the matching result due to interferences around the eyes and nose caused by optical glasses. We have also conducted extensive experiments to analyze the effect of glasses on face recognition systems based on global matching strategy. Specifically, we perform both principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) on face databases with different percentage of subjects wearing eye glasses. It is concluded that external objects such as glasses will have a negative impact on face recognition using global analysis approaches. However, the adverse influences of illumination and pose are more conspicuous during the recognition process. Therefore, one should take caution when attempting to adapt the global matching scheme to handle the difficulties caused by glasses.
94

從企業機制及內部環境研究跨國公司知識分享實務, 以美商3M及德商Degussa公司為例

吳宏智 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文在探討多國籍企業知識分享的機制及企業內部環境對知識分享的影響,以個案研究的方法針對美商3M與德商Degussa兩個大型的跨國企業進行訪談。從研究中發現,企業內知識分享的平台、企業文化、駐外經理、激勵制度以及處理衝突的機制等等皆會影響企業內知識分享工作的成效。 在高度競爭的全球化市場,如何創造差異化以及強化核心競爭力是現今企業非常迫切的課題。二十一世紀的產業競爭已從成本、產品導向轉變為服務與知識的競爭。 本研究的中心議題──建立有利於知識分享的機制及企業環境,是一個值得企業深思與努力的課題。筆者從研究中發現,一企業若能努力做好下列建議的工作,必可在知識分享工作中獲得較佳的成效。 一、建立完善的知識分享平台以提昇知識分享的效率。 二、增進員工之間的交流,人際網絡的建立,有助於內隱知識的分享。 三、致力提高員工的向心力,打造公司同仁共同認同的企業文化,企業價 值。 四、建立公平的績效評估制度以避免員工間潛在的衝突並建立解決衝突的 機制。 五、在適當,適時鼓勵員工在知識分享上的貢獻並將此貢獻與績效考核相 連結。 六、鼓勵及創造不同國家員工之交流。外商公司當地化,尊重並培養當地 人才。 七、適任的知識統籌員發揮知識中心(hub) 的功能,強化企業內部知識的 流通。 八、適當的競賽有助於知識分享。鼓勵良性的競爭並強化最佳實務及經驗 在公司內部交流及被善用,建立典範,培養學習型組織。
95

英文聽力字彙與聽寫練習題輔助出題系統之研究 / Computer-Assisted Item Generation for Listening Cloze and Dictation Practice in English

黃上銘, Huang, Shang-Ming Unknown Date (has links)
以Web為基礎的語言測驗(Web-based language test)目前多為靜態網頁或是互動性低的動態網頁,如何提昇測驗系統的互動性,仍有待探討。目前已有學者利用自然語言處理技術來自動產生試題,並分析學生的作答錯誤。然而,相關研究仍多著重於字彙測驗與文法評量上。本研究針對聽力測驗,發展一套線上練習系統,並運用自然語言處理技術來自動產生聽力選擇題,以及分析學生的聽寫錯誤。我們分析語料庫中的詞彙,將發音相近的單字歸為一類,系統要產生聽力選擇題時,即從單字所屬的群組中,隨機挑選其他發音相近的單字當作誘答選項。而在分析聽寫錯誤方面,我們從語尾變化、拼字、拼音三種層次來分析學生的作答;系統批改完後,會按照學生的錯誤類型,提供不同種類的練習。本練習系統共有聽寫測驗、單字聽力選擇題、單字組聽力選擇題三種題型。系統可以輔助教師大量地編製試題與測驗,並輔助批改學生的作答。學生則可透過網路來接受測驗,並針對自己的弱點單字來作練習。 / Most Web-based language tests are presently static pages or dynamic pages with low interactivity. How to enhance the interactivity of the test systems is still under development. Today some researchers have utilized natural language processing techniques for automatic item generation and intelligent error analysis of students’ answers. However, most known research works put more emphases on vocabulary tests and grammar correction. In this paper, we propose a Web-based practice system for English dictation and listening cloze. We use natural language processing techniques to automatically generate multiple-choice item and analyze students’ dictation errors. First, we analyze the words in the corpus and group them based on the similarity of the phones. When the system generates multiple-choice items, it will search the matched cluster and randomly pick other words with similar phones. Second, we analyze students’ dictation from three aspects: inflected form, spelling errors and phoneme structures. After analyzing students’ answers, the system will provide different practice items according to the error types. Our practice system has three item types: one for dictation and two for multiple-choice listening cloze. The system can assist teachers in authoring items and grading the test results. Students can take the test through the Internet and practice on their weak words.
96

消費者心情對產品屬性偏好及產品態度之影響研究

夏康寧, Xia,Kang-Ning Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主要探討消費者的心情對於其產品屬性偏好與產品態度的影響;產品屬性的部分,強調的是消費者面對商品相關訊息時,對於外部與內部屬性之重視程度,態度的部分,則是指消費者對於商品的喜愛程度與購買意願。本論文以一系列三個實驗,循序漸進探討心情對於消費者屬性重視程度及態度的影響,並試圖整合過去文獻中所謂心情的直接影響與間接影響,將心情對於態度多元的影響路徑統整為一心情影響態度之模型。 研究一首先探討消費者的心情,是否會影響其在面對商品時,對於不同產品屬性重視的程度。研究一結果顯示,好心情的消費者較重視產品的外部屬性,例如:品牌、口碑等,而壞心情的消費者,則較重視產品的內部屬性,例如:體積、功能等。 研究二則從研究一的結果出發,更進一步探討,上述消費者對於產品屬性類型的偏好,是否會影響其對於商品的態度和購買意願。研究二的結果顯示,廣告訴求與消費者所重視的產品屬性搭配與否,的確會顯著的影響消費者的態度。例如:好心情的消費者,若是看到以外部屬性為訴求的廣告,會對該商品有較佳的態度和較高的購買意願;反之,同樣是好心情的消費者,若其所接觸的廣告是以內部屬性訴求為主,則對於該商品的購買意願和態度都不會太高。 研究二的結果驗證心情的好壞會影響消費者對於資訊型態的偏好,就商品而言,就是對於產品屬性類型的偏好,此偏好與廣告訴求一旦結合,便能對於商品態度和購買意願產生影響,此可謂心情的間接影響。心情對於態度的影響,除了間接影響之外,事實上生活經驗與許多文獻也指出,心情的好壞,可能直接影響態度;亦即心情好則態度便佳,心情壞,則對產品的態度也就不好。由此可見心情對於態度之效果,相當多元,研究三便是提出一架構來整合心情的直接與間接影響,亦即,研究三主要目的便是探討何種情境下,心情會產生直接影響,而何種情境之下,會產生間接影響。 研究三指出不同的心情意識,可能是心情循不同路徑對態度產生影響的關鍵。研究三的結果顯示,當心情意識是屬於動機式時,人們對於自己心情的來源有所意識和歸因時,心情對於商品態度的影響,是透過認知歷程,也就是屬性重視程度的偏好與廣告訴求之搭配,來達到效果,亦即所謂的間接影響。而心情意識屬於背景式時,心情只是一種背景氛圍式的存在,人們對於自身心情沒有特別的意識與歸因,心情的歡欣與不悅便會直接反應至態度的好壞,也就是所謂的直接影響。 / The purpose of this research is to understand the effect of moods on consumers’ attitudes, purchase intention, and cognition of product attributes. This research included three studies, and all the hypotheses in the three studies were examined by experiments. In the experiments, respondents’ moods were elicited by short films or music, and the cognition of product attributes and attitudes toward the product were measured. In study one, the relationship between consumers’ moods and their weights on product attributes were probed. The result of study one show that consumers in good mood incline to focus on the extrinsic attributes more than intrinsic attributes; the consumers in bad mood incline to pay more attention to the intrinsic attributes than extrinsic ones. For the neutral mood respondents, there is no difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic attributes in their decision weight. Therefore, this study show that moods indeed influence the cognition of product attributes. Following study one, study two discussed the effect of consumers’ cognition that biased by moods on their attitudes toward products. The results show that when consumers in some moods and have certain tendencies to emphasize intrinsic or extrinsic product attributes, the advertisement that fits to their concerns can induce better attitude than that doesn’t fit. For example, consumers in good mood favor products appealing extrinsic attributes, such as brand and word-of-mouth. On the other hand, if happy consumers see the intrinsic attributes appealing advertisement, such as function and volume, they won’t appreciate those advertisement and products. Study one and two discussed the process that mood influence attitude through cognition. However, according to the literature and life experience, there is another process that mood influences attitude directly and isn’t involved any cognition element. Study three tried to establish a framework to delineate these two processes. The results of study three indicated that mood awareness is the critical factor that influences whether mood influence mood directly or via cognition components. When the consumers are under motivational mood and can aware the sources of moods, the mood effect is indirect and involved cognition elements such as study one and study two. On the other hand, when consumers are under backdrop mood and doesn’t aware the source of mood, the mood can reflect to the attitude directly.
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蛋白質質譜儀資料之峰偵測探討 / On Peak Detection of Proteomic Mass Spectrum Data

楊智凱, Yang,Zhi Kai Unknown Date (has links)
介質輔助雷射脫附離子化/飛行時間質譜 (Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization/ Time-of-Flight –Mass Spectrum, MALDI-TOF-MS),是種屬於高維度的蛋白質質譜儀資料,主要是用來偵測蛋白質分子的表現,而這項技術的原理,是先將蛋白質與介質混合,再利用雷射將蛋白質分子打碎,分散出帶電荷的離子,接著運用離子飛行時間的偵測,最後掃描出質譜圖形,圖形上有兩個重要變數,分別為:質量電荷比(Mass to Charge Ratio, m/z)以及強度(Intensity),我們希望利用這些質譜資料,研究出臨床上癌症病人以及正常人的質譜資料差異,藉由找出質譜資料的生物標記,來作為判斷是否為癌症患者的依據。但是由於MALDI的技術上的限制,導致掃描出來的質譜資料往往存在著雜訊以及誤差,這時候,事前處理(Preprocessing)步驟,就顯的格外重要。生物學家認為,蛋白質質譜資料,其表現異常的蛋白質,會顯現在質譜圖的峰上面,因此在維度如此龐大的質譜資料中,如果將分析重點著重在這些峰上面,可以簡化我們事後的分析,因此在分析質譜資料的流程中,事前處理步驟的峰偵測,便成為了一個很重要的環節。Du, Kibbe以及Lin在2006年的文獻中提到,使用連續型小波轉換(Continuous Wavelet Transform, CWT)的方法來進行峰偵測,可以改善我們使用傳統峰偵測方法所產生的誤差,因此本文將CWT峰偵測方法,與傳統峰偵測方法,對已知峰正確位置的MALDI質譜資料進行分析,結果發現在不同訊號雜訊比(Signal to Noise Ratio, SNR)下,CWT峰偵測方法的敏感度(Sensitivity)都比傳統峰偵測方法來的高,且誤判率(False Discovery Rate, FDR)也都較傳統峰偵測方法低,因此就本文所使用的模擬資料,CWT峰偵測確實是一個較佳的峰偵測方法。
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事件相關腦電位探討中文雙字詞語義歧義性之腦側化現象 / Lateralization of the sense effect in reading Chinese disyllabic compounds: an event-related potential study

黃騭瑩, Huang, Chih Ying Unknown Date (has links)
本文透過操弄雙字詞詞首的語意(sense)多寡和左右視野,試圖探討中文雙字詞的語意表徵和左右大腦對於多意詞(polysemy)的處理機制。實驗一顯示的左右腦結果和Pylkkänen等人在2006年的MEG研究相似,也就是左腦的多意詞促進效果,支持多意詞單一表徵的型態;然而,右腦卻呈現多意詞抑制的效果。這樣的現象產生兩者可能解釋:(1) 右腦還是屬於單一語意表徵,但由於右半腦處理語意的特性,導致和左腦得到不同的結果;(2)右腦的結果是來自於右腦屬於語意多重表徵(separate entries)的因素。為了要釐清這些說法,實驗二進一步的改變作業深度,讓受試者做詞類判斷作業,企圖讓受試者進行比較深層的語意處理。實驗二結果顯示,在改變作業深度之後,我們的確得到右腦語意促進效果,所以證明右腦的語意屬於單一表徵,在比較深層作業處理階段,因為左右腦處理語意的特性,使得右腦有機會呈現實驗預期的結果。另外,在動詞、名詞事後分析的結果中,我們也發現動詞、名詞的語意效果在大腦有不同的分布區位。名詞的語意效果分布在大腦中間偏後的位置;動詞則是主要分布在大腦前額一帶 總結以上發現,本研究的發現支持過去學者所提出的多意詞單一表徵的說法;第二、本研究對左右半腦處理語意特性,也符合過去的假設,也就是左腦擅長主要、細微的辨識,右腦則擅長維持次要、普遍語意。第三、本研究額外的發現是,動詞、名詞的語意效果在大腦有不同的分布,意味著不同的詞類在大腦可能有不同的表徵。 / Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………iv Tables…………….……………………………………………………………ix Figures …………………………………………………………………………x Chinese Abstract …………………………………………………………xii English Abstract ………………………………………………………xiii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………..……1 1.1 What are senses? Homonymy vs. Polysemy …………………….1 1.2 English words vs. Chinese compounds ………………………….3 1.3 Hemispheric processing of semantic ambiguity ……………4 2. REVIEW OF RELATED PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH ………………6 2.1 Neighborhood size effect in English …………………………6 2.2 Neighborhood frequency effect …………………………….……9 2.3 Event-related potentials (ERPs) vs. neighborhood size effect....11 2.3.1 Event-related potentials ………………………………….11 2.3.2 The advantages of electrophysiological techniques …12 2.3.3 Language-related ERP components ……………………….…12 2.3.4 The neighborhood size effect and. ERPs ……………..14 2.4 Neighborhood size effect in Chinese ……………………….16 2.5 Lexical ambiguity in English—homonymy vs. polysemy……… 22 2.5.1 Mixed results of ambiguity effects ………………………23 2.5.2 Polysemy—separate entries or single entry? …………25 2.5.3Some evidence for single entry hypothesis of senses…27 2.6 Lexical ambiguity in Chinese …………………….……………26 2.7 Hemispheric asymmetry in lexicon processing ……………33 3. EXPERIMENT 1 ………………………………………………………………38 3.1 Experiment 1... ..……………………………………….….....39 3.1.1 Participants …………………………………………………………39 3.1.2 Materials ……………………………………………………………39 3.1.3 Procedure ……………………………………………………………40 3.2 EEG recording parameters …………………………………………41 3.3 EEG data analysis procedure …………………………….....42 3.4 Results ……………………………………………………………………43 3.4.1 Behavioral data of sense effect ……………………………43 3.4.2 Behavioral data of lexicality effect ……………………44 3.4.3 Event-related potentials ………………………………….…45 N170 (150- 180 ms) …………………………………………………46 Frontal P200 (220-260 ms) …………………………………….……47 N400 …………………………………………………………………48 3.5 Discussion ……………………………………………………………51 4. EXPERIMENT 2 ……………………………………………………………57 4.1 Experiment 2 …………………………………………………………58 4.1.1 Participants ………………………………………………………58 4.1.2 Materials …………………………………………………………58 4.1.3 Procedure ……………………………………………………………59 4.2 Results …………………………………………………………………60 4.2.1 Behavioral data ……………………………………………………60 4.2.2 ERP data ……………………………………………………………61 N170 (150-180 ms) ………………………………………………....62 Frontal P200 (220-260 ms) …………………………………………63 N400 (350-500 ms) …………………………………………………63 4.3 Discussion …………………………………………………………………….65 Nouns and verbs ………………………………………………………67 4.4 Re-analyses …………………………………………………………69 4.4.1 Behavioral data ……………………………………………………69 4.4.2 ERP data ……………………………………………………………....71 Nouns …………………………………………………………………71 Verbs …………………………………………………………………74 4.5 Discussion 2 ………………………………………………………77 5. GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ………………………81 5.1 Separate entries or single entry? …………………………81 5.2 Hemispheric processing of polysemy in different depth of tasks ………....82 5.3 Nouns and verbs ………………………………………………………84 5.4 Conclusions …………………………………………………………….85 References ……………………………………………….……………………86 Appendixes ………………………………………………………….…….94 / The current study used the manipulation of visual field and the number of senses of the first character in Chinese disyllabic compounds to investigate the representation of senses and the hemispheric processing of semantic polysemy. The ERP results in experiment 1 revealed crossover patterns in the LH and RH, which resembled the MEG data in Pylkkänen et al.’s study (2006). The sense facilitation in the LH was in favor of the assumption of single entry representation for senses. However, the inhibition in the RH yielded two possible interpretations: (1) the nature of hemispheric processing in dealing with semantic ambiguity; (2) the semantic activation from the separate-entry representation for senses. To clarify these possibilities, the depth of the task was changed. Experiment 2 was designed to push subjects to a deeper level of lexical processing through the word class judgment task. The results revealed the sense facilitation effect in the RH and suggested that in a deeper level, the RH had more possibility to observe the sense facilitation due to different efficiency of cerebral hemispheres in dealing with ambiguity. By chance, planned comparisons of the sense effect in different word classes suggested different distributions of the sense effects for nouns and verbs. For nouns, the sense effects were located in central-to-parietal areas while for verbs, the sense effects mainly were from the frontal area. In sum, the current study was in support of the account of single entry representation for senses, which was consistent with previous findings proposed by Beretta et al. (2005), Pylkkänen et al. (2006), and Rodd et al. (2002). Second, the research demonstrated that cerebral hemispheres played a role in semantic activation in a complementary way in which the LH was engaged in fine and focused semantic coding while the RH was more sophisticated in coarse coding and maintaining alternate meanings (e. g. Beeman & Chiarello, 1998; Burgess and Simpson, 1988). When the depth of tasks was changed, the RH advantage for the processing of semantically related senses was observed. Third, different distributions of the sense effects for nouns and verbs implied the distinct representations for different parts of speech in the brain.
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中、美存款保險法制之比較研究

黃國偉, Huang , kuo wei Unknown Date (has links)
「存款保險」係以收受存款之金融機構為要保機構,並以該機構內除不保項目外之各類存款為保險標的,於要保金融機構倒閉或經勒令停業之保險事故發生時,由存保公司依存款保險契約約定及相關法令規定,履行保險責任之保險制度。從消極面而言,存款保險制度得於金融機構倒閉時,直接保障該機構存款人之存款,舒緩擠兌誘因,降低對經濟及金融體系之衝擊,進而維持金融體系之穩定。從積極面而論,對存款人提供限額保障,可將金融機構倒閉之損失,合理分配予政府、金融機構、股東、存款人及非存款之債權人,以落實市場紀律、強化金融體系之競爭,並經由結合政府信用及金融機構間之互助,維繫存款人對個別金融機構之信心,避免個別金融機構之倒閉惡化為系統性金融危機。 / 又存款保險制度之建構,涉及金融體系、監理架構、法律制度等各方面系統整合之金融法制工程,由於法規範本身具有滯後性,現行法律制度充其量僅係在既有環境之條件下所形成之規範體系,故參酌各國之實施經驗,去蕪存菁擇優汰劣,對制度之建構而言,實屬必要。在比較法上,美國與大陸地區對金融機構退出市場之救助,分別建立了顯性與隱性存款保險制度兩種模式。前者,十分重視存保公司之職能、明確規範對存款人之保險義務,並事先累積存款保險基金,以減少公共資金之動用。後者,嚴格而論應僅係「存款人保障機制」而非存款保險制度,且由政府隨時準備動用公共資金,對問題金融機構之存款人及債權人提供保障,亦即由行政主導金融機構退出市場之方式,壓縮系統性風險,防止危機擴散。然而,以大量的再貸款為基礎之行政主導模式,實質上是將金融機構對存款人、債權人之負債,轉變為金融機構對中央銀行之負債,債務風險由個人轉移到中央銀行,本質上僅能暫時舒緩風險,而非化解風險。 / 再者,存款保險制度於問題金融機構之處理上乃涉及存保公司、要保金融機構及存款人三方之法律關係,並影響各該當事人及利害關係人之權益甚鉅,故釐清存款保險之性質、究明相關法規解釋、適用之原則,自有其必要。基於存款保險之制度設計,多承襲英美法系之架構,且我國保險法本身於解釋、適用上,早深受二大法系混用之害,且鑑於存款保險本質上特殊之政策性、公益性、強制性、目的性,若無必要,即無須隨普通法為同一解釋,脫勾處理反能使其在適用上更為明確。準此,本文乃採在英美法系之架構,以存款保險契約之當事人為保險人與被保險人(即要保機構),存款人僅為利益第三人,而存款保險性質上應屬責任保險,其保險標的則應界定為除不保項目外之各類存款契約所延伸之第二次責任,較為精確。 / 而存款保險在我國已行之有年,其間歷經多次修正,制度上雖逐漸趨於完善,惟制度本身最根本之問題實仍未解決,諸如《存款保險條例》之性質,究屬「公法法規」或「私法法規」?依據本條例所簽訂之存款保險契約究係「公法契約」,抑或「私法契約」?存保公司依本條例所擬定之作業程序及辦法是否屬法規命令?存保公司依本條例所為之金融檢查,其行為性質為何?均不無疑問。其次,我國「類似」立即糾正措施之監理規範,散見於銀行、信用合作社、金融控股公司合併、票券金融公司等之《資本適足性管理辦法》,該等糾正措施,係將金融機構依資本適足率分為兩個等級,分別施以不同之強制性措施與選擇性措施。惟上開資本等級劃分過於簡單,且以選擇性措施為主、強制性措施為輔,乃與美國之立即糾正措施有相當差距,而以選擇性措施為主在實務操作上,不免有流於恣意之疑義,而失其制度之本旨,故實有予以檢討、修正之必要。
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使用光束調整法與多張影像做相機效正與三維模型重建 / Using bundle adjustment for camera Calibration and 3D reconstruction from multiple images

蔡政君, Tsai, Jeng Jiun Unknown Date (has links)
自動化三維建模需要準確的三維點座標,而三維點的位置則依賴高精度的對應點,因此對應點的尋找一直是此領域的研究議題,而使用稀疏光束調整法(SBA:Sparse Bundle Adjustment)來優化相機參數也是常用的作法,然而若三維點當中有少數幾個誤差較大的點,則稀疏光束調整法會受到很大的影響。我們採用多視角影像做依據,找出對應點座標及幾何關係,在改善對應點位置的步驟中,我們藉由位移三維點法向量來取得各種不同位置的三維補綴面(3D patch),並根據投影到影像上之補綴面的正規化相關匹配法(NCC:Normalized Cross Correlation)來改善對應點位置。利用這些改善過的點資訊,我們使用稀疏光束調整法來針對相機校正做進一步的優化,為了避免誤差較大的三維點影響到稀疏光束調整法的結果,我們使用穩健的計算方法來過濾這些三維點,藉由此方法來減少再投影誤差(reprojection error),最後產生較精準的相機參數,使用此參數我們可以自動化建出外型架構較接近真實物體的模型。 / Automated 3D modeling of the need for accurate 3D points, and location of the 3D points depends on the accuracy of corresponding points, so the search for corresponding points in this area has been a research topic, and the use of SBA(Sparse Bundle Adjustment) to optimize the camera parameters is also a common practice, however, if there are a few more error 3D points, the SBA will be greatly affected. In this paper, we establish the corresponding points and their geometry relationship from multi-view images. And the 3D patches are used to refine point positions. We translate the normal to get many patches, and project them into visible images. The NCC(Normalized Cross Correlation) values between patches in reference image and patches in visible image are used to estimate the best correspondence points. And they are used to get better camera parameters by SBA(sparse bundle adjustment). Furthermore, it is because that it usually exist outliers in the data observed, and they will influence the results by using SBA. So, we use our robust estimation method to resist the outliers. In our experiment, SBA is used to filter some outliers to reduce the reprojection error. After getting more precise camera parameters, we use them to reconstruct the 3D model more realistic.

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