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近年來，由於營造業職災千人率居各行業之冠，係因其特性所致，如：工(項) 種繁多、低價搶標、多層承攬等，以致造成職業安全衛生管理不易。又由於多層分 包之體制下，其僱傭及承攬契約關係並不單純，又職災發生原因繁多，導致法定義 務及責任錯綜複雜。 本研究蒐集98（2009）年至100（2011）年各級法院[如：地方法院、高等法 院、最高法院]對營造業職業災害之裁判，藉由以台灣五都「台北市、新北市、台 中市、台南市、高雄市 」刑事及民事裁判及行政處分之歸納、整理與比對進行探 討。研究結果顯示，判決案例數為 95 例，事件發生與司法判決相距時間為最短4 月至最長92月(約0.3~7.67年)，於統計3年期間之台北市13案例，年平均件數約 4.33，百分比約占13.68%、新北市28案例，年平均件數約9.33，百分比約占29.47%、 台中市26案例，年平均件數約8.67，百分比約占27.37%、台南市8案例，年平均 件數約2.67，百分比約占8.42%、高雄市20案例，年平均件數約6.67，百分比約 占21.05%。 依據本研究結果，並且結合一般及勞動法規，針對其雇主與事業單位之認定、勞 工安全之法定義務及職業災害之法定責任範圍、違反事實、涉及法規與法律效果 等予以類型化，並追究營造業勞工安全中應盡義務之檢驗標準，提出落實勞安之 管理配套措施，希冀供營造廠及分包商於勞工安全管理時之參考，進而降低營造 業之職業災害。 / This work collects court judgments concerning construction labor safety in Taiwan from 2009 to 2011 . These cases are grouped by jurisdictions , ie ., criminal , civil and administrative courts . The cases in each group are organized and compared, according to labor safety laws and regulations. The focus of this work includes (1) testing the standard of employer in law (ie., the subject of labor safety regulations) , and (2) identification employer obligation of labor safety in construction , and (3) summarizing the associated legal liability . In this study , our construction occupational incidents scenarios and to explore the relationship between judicial decision, the findings show that the number of cases was 95 cases of judgment, judicial decisions away from the incident and for the shortest time in 4 months ~ up to 92 months (approximately 0.3 to 7.67 years) , 3-year period in the statistical Taipei 13 cases, the average number of about 4.33, about 13.68% percentage, new Taipei City 28 cases, the average number of about 9.33, accounting for 29.47% percentage of Taichung City 26 cases, the average number of approximately 8.67, representing approximately 27.37% percentage, Tainan 8 cases, the average number of about 2.67, about 8.42% percentage Kaohsiung 20 cases, the average number of about 6.67, accounting for 21.05% percentage. The true merit of this work lies in the necessity of court interpretation of labor safety laws and regulations , because the extent of legal wording is far from clear and operational by practitioners . In a sense , the ruling in court becomes the determining factor resulting in employers ’ liability, rather than how the parties read the legal texts . Thus , the benefit of examining court interpretations of law is particular high . / 目 錄 中文摘要 I Abstract II 誌 謝 III 目 錄 IV 圖目錄 VII 表目錄 VIII 第一章 緒論 1 1.1研究背景 1 1.2研究動機與目的 3 第二章 文獻回顧 5 2.1職業災害定義及認定 5 2.1.1職業災害定義 5 2.1.2職業災害之要件與認定 8 2.2營造業僱傭與承攬關係與承攬模式之探討 10 2.2.1營造業在職業安全衛生法令上之定義 10 2.2.2僱傭與承攬關係在法令上之意義 10 2.2.2.1僱傭關係在法令上之意義 10 2.2.2.2承攬關係在法令上之意義 12 2.2.3國內營造業承攬類型探討 13 2.3雇主過失責任及無過失責任之探討 14 2.3.1雇主過失責任之探討 14 2.3.2雇主無過失責任之探討 17 2.4營造業職業災害現況及安全衛生管理問題 18 2.4.1營造業職業災害現況 18 2.4.2營造業所面臨安全衛生管理問題 21 第三章 研究設計與方法 23 3.1 研究設計 23 3.2 研究範圍 23 3.3 研究流程 23 3.4 研究架構 23 3.5 統計方法 25 第四章 結果與討論 26 4-1. 營造業職業災害類型化之探討 26 4-1.1 營造業職業災害中對象、因果關係類型 26 4-1.1.1 營造業職業災害中對象 26 4-1.1.2司法裁判中職業災害類型化之探討 28 4-1.2 營造業職業災害法律效果之類型 31 4-1.2.1刑事案件之法律效果類型 31 4-1.2.2民事案件之法律效果類型 48 4-1.2.3行政案件之法律效果類型 50 4-1.3司法裁判中僱傭及承攬關係類型之探討 50 4-1.3.1司法裁判中僱傭關係類型及常見情事之探討 50 4-1.3.2司法裁判中承攬關係常見情事之探討 55 4-2. 營造業職業安全衛生法定義務及責任之類型化分析 57 4-2.1營造業職業安全衛生之法定義務...................................58 4-2.1.1勞工法規之法定義務...........................................58 4-2.1.2刑法上與民法上之法定義務 61 4-2.2營造業職業災害僱傭關係中之法定責任 61 4-2.2.1法定責任類型判斷之探討 61 4-2.2.2僱傭關係之刑事責任 63 4-2.2.3僱傭關係之行政責任 65 4-2.2.4僱傭關係之民事責任 67 4-2.3職業災害承攬關係之法定責任 69 4-3. 營造業於司法98-100年度職業災害判決案例研析 71 4-3.1職業災害類型-個案專題“墜落”防止措施預防探討 77 第五章 結論與建議 80 5-1.結論 80 5-2.建議 81 參考文獻............................................................83 附錄一 98年~100年度台灣五大都市地區營造業職業災害各級司法判決分析表85   圖目錄 圖1-1 100年度重大職業災害類型統計區分 3 圖1-2 86-100年度各產業之重大職業死亡人數 3 圖2-1 職業災害的因果模式………………………………………………………….7 圖2-2 職業災害定義示意圖 8 圖2-3 承攬關係圖 12 圖2-4 各類型承攬模式組織架構圖 14 圖2-4-(1) 直接承攬示意圖 15 圖2-4-(2) 聯合承攬示意圖 15 圖2-4-(3) 平行承攬示意圖 15 圖2-4-(3) 分包承攬示意圖 16 圖3-1 研究流程 24 圖4-1-1 雇主與工地管理人未盡安全衛生管理之行政行為與責任 28 圖4-1-2 單純僱傭關係類型 51 圖4-1-3 事實上僱傭關係類型 53 圖4-2-1 法定責任類型之判斷流程圖 62 圖4-3-1 墜落防止技術層面示意圖 76 表目錄 表1-1 各縣市工作場所（86-101年）重大職業災害死亡人數統計分析表 2 表 2-1 僱傭契約與承攬契約比較表(資料來源：李章順（1998）[8]) 12 表 2-2 近三年營造業職業災害與全產業、製造業比較表(單位：年千人率) 18 表2-3 營建業勞工不安全行為因素 19 表4-1-1 營造業職業災害中對象之類型 27 表4-1-2 各級司法98-100年判決案例統計 31 表4-1-3-(1) 各級司法94-100年判決書案例分析表 34 表4-1-3-(2) 各級司法94-100年判決書案例分析表 35 表4-1-3-(3) 各級司法94-100年判決書案例分析表 36 表4-1-4-(1) 我國各級司法98-100年度營造業職業災害對象、違反事實、依據法條及刑事法律效果之主要類型表-台北市 37 表 4-1-4-(2) 我國各級司法98-100年度營造業職業災害對象、違反事實、依據法條及刑事法律效果之主要類型表-新北市 38 表 4-1-4-(3) 我國各級司法98-100年度營造業職業災害對象、違反事實、依據法條及刑事法律效果之主要類型表-台中市 39 表 4-1-4-(4) 我國各級司法98-100年度營造業職業災害對象、違反事實、依據法條及刑事法律效果之主要類型表-台南市 40 表4-1-4-(5) 我國各級司法98-100年度營造業職業災害對象、違反事實、依據法條及刑事法律效果之主要類型表-高雄市 41 表4-1-5 營造業職業災害對象、法律規定、責任類別、依據法條及民事法律效果之主要類型表 48 表4-2-1 職業安全衛生法中雇主之法定義務 58 表4-2-2 職業安全衛生法中各級承攬人之法定義務 59 表4-2-3 職業安全衛生法中其他對象之法定義務 59 表4-2-4 其他相關勞工法規中職業安全衛生相關之法定義務 60 表4-2-5 職業災害僱傭關係之刑事責任 64 表4-2-6 職業災害僱傭關係之行政責任 66 表4-2-7 職業災害僱傭關係之民事責任 68 表4-2-8 職業災害承攬關係之法定責任 70 表4-3-1 墜落地點與原因之預防措施 78

改正精神衛生法時代の地域PSWの形成過程と推進要因を解明した．大阪府の実践を事例として，当時の保健所のPSW10名に面接調査をした．その結果，業務は，個別から集団へ，家族会の育成・支援から地域共同作業所の開設などへと進んでいた．また，推進要因としては,①自由，②主体性，③連帯，④意欲，⑤育成，⑥環境，⑦時代，があった．この実践は開拓型支援モデルと名づけられるものであった． / This is the study on the process and the factor of the progress of community mental health in the era of the Reform of the Mental Health Act. I interviewed the PSWs of Osaka public health center at that time. It was revealed that their work progressed from case work to group work, from the education for the client families to obtain community cooperative work place, etc. And the factors of promotion were ①freedom, ②autonomy,③cooperation,④eagerness,⑤training, ⑥environment and ⑦era. I called this practice Pioneer type support model. / 博士(社会福祉学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

我國向以「美食王國」享譽國際，各種美食不但曾為國人共同驕傲，亦帶來大量觀光人潮與經濟收入。未料，2011年5月「塑化劑事件」揭開我國食安風暴之黑幕，此後毒澱粉事件、黑心油事件等一連串黑心事件爆發，不但使國人對政府食品安全行政管制失去信心，亦讓我國美食商譽嚴重受創。 政府雖於每次食安事件爆發後，隨即召開相應之各種食安會議，提出相關管制改革措施；更透過數次修改食安法，不斷提高對違反法規黑心食品相關業者之罰則。然而食安事件仍不斷爆發，黑心食品不但數量未曾減少，反而製造、加工方法更趨黑心；顯示我國食品安全行政管制完全失靈，傳統法執行制度陷入困境，亟需改革。 我國食安法於2013年6月進行重大修正，此次修正納入以預防原則為前提之風險分析模式，風險分析模式係由歐盟開始發展，主要包括風險評估、風險管理及風險溝通。我國雖擬納入風險分析模式革新食品安全管制，惟食安法似僅將核心置於風險評估之制度設計，有關風險管理措施著墨不多，風險溝通更是付之闕如。因此，修法2年多以來，食品安全仍未能有效管制，食安事件爆發後，更是主管機關手忙腳亂，消費者人心惶惶。 有鑑於傳統法執行制度陷入困境，無法完成食安管制之任務，食安法除納入風險分析模式外，尚設立三級管理機制，亦即採取公私協力與自主規制之手段，主要透過業者自我管理、建立通報系統等措施強化食安管制。藉由與私部門之合作，固可提高食安管制之專業與效率，惟因我國未能體察社會民情與企業文化之差異，徒使自主規制成為政府卸責之藉口，有待進一步檢討。 因此，我國應就食品安全管制應就立法政策、風險分析及供應鏈管制等三方面，徹底檢討並提出解決辦法。 / In Taiwan, “Delicious Food” is well known world wide, and is one of the most proud of issue for Taiwanese. Small eats, and a lot of them, are the big things in Taiwan, and attracted a lot of tourists and brought a favorable income. Unfortunately, the Taiwan food scandal was started by the overuse one of plasticizer as a clouding agent in numerous food and beverage. It followed by “Toxic starch” and “Evil oil event”, which led to lose confidence and ruin administrative regulation of food safety to Taiwan government. Furthermore, there was a huge impact on Taiwan delicious food goodwill in the world. After uncovered each food scandal, Taiwan government tried to organize numerous food safety conferences, and has taken measures to restrain food safety regulation. In addition to food safety law revision, the penalty provision has been enhanced for unscrupulous vendors of food industry. However, food scandal is keeping on going, and the events are increasing in numbers these years. The food manufacturing and refining processes has become more evil. It means that food safety administrative regulation is run out of order, and the traditional law enforcement has faced the difficulty in this changing era. Since June 2013, food safety law revision included the brand new “Risk Analysis” model into “Precautionary Principle” concept. Risk analysis started over by European Union (EU), which is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. “Risk Analysis” model has three components, including risk evaluation, risk management and risk communication. In Taiwan, we have already taken “Risk Analysis” model on board for the innovation of food safety regulation, but Food Safety Law focused in the accounting system design of risk evaluation. There is only few in the risk management, and no statements in risk communication. Two years after food safety law revision, we still found the administration office has difficulty in facing the new food scandal, and the general populations are still worry about food safety issue. In order to reform the traditional law enforcement in food safety, the Act Governing Food Safety and Sanitation Taiwan included the risk analysis model first. Furthermore, in Taiwan’s food safety regime, the three-tier quality control system refers to self-management by food businesses, testing by independent institutions, and inspections by the government. It means that public-private partnerships (PPP) and self-regulation become a part of new regulation system. Through the cooperation between Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA) and private industrial association, the professionalism and efficiency of food safety regulation will be enhanced, but this kind of cooperation might be become the reasons of shirking the responsibility of government. Further investigation is mandatory.

【研究緣起與問題】2003年春季，SARS在全球造成一陣轟動，同時也重創全球的經濟，如今SARS會不會再來？政府如何因應？政府如何監測疫情？如何防治疫情？如果SARS等新興及再浮現感染症 （Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases）出現時，負責全國傳染病防治任務的行政院衛生署疾病管制局是如何作好全國傳染病防治工作呢？中央及地方主管機關之溝通，如何共同消除指責與誤會，發揮團隊精神，如何共同作好全國傳染病防疫任務，爭取公眾對政府之瞭解並加以支持，同時防止任何可能之攻擊，才是全民之福祉。故以「全國傳染病通報系統」的績效，其所仰賴之溝通通路之問題研究，是本研究的動機。了解「傳染病通報管理系統(WEB版)」最大的問題及新興傳染病（如SARS）防治通報的問題及「傳染病通報管理系統」最需要改進之的地方，是本研究的目的。 【研究方法與資料】本研究採取量化與質化並重的方法，以網路問卷方式的進行問卷調查，問卷對象為全國使用傳染病通報管理系統之相關人員，問卷問題內容的設計主要的型式含有開放式問卷（Open –Ended Question）、封閉式問卷（Close-Ended Question）及混合型問卷（Mixed Question）三種。同時以九十二年針對新興傳染病SARS期間為例，深度訪談當時任職於中央與地方負責傳染病防治權責具代表性者五位主管進行訪談，瞭解受訪者對新興傳染病如SARS防治的問題及「傳染病通報管理系統」最需要改進之的地方，以彌補問卷調查法無法深入瞭解到問題之缺點。 【研究結論與建議】 一、根據筆者初步研究經問卷的實證調查之後，從問卷分析資料顯示，使用者使用電腦的時間愈久，對以新版為溝通工具滿意度愈低；而愈瞭解通報系統的使用者，其以新版為溝通工具滿意度愈高，愈滿意新版改進之電腦網路溝通效果。顯示新版的通報系統在設計的操作介面與程序上，沒有人性化，作業內容繁多、需輸入的項目、資料太繁瑣、版面太繁瑣等，反而徒增使用者的困擾；而愈瞭解通報系統的使用者，其對新版的滿意度越高，表示對於使用者在操作上的教育訓練仍須加強，才能發揮新版通報系統的成效。 二、從敘述統計分析中發現： 受訪者對「訊息異動通知作業流程滿意」的使用滿意度的平均數最高，平均數為2.8095表示：較為滿意。「通報作業流程滿意嗎」的使用滿意度的平均數最低，平均數為2.3934，受訪者表示：較為滿意。以新版為溝通工具整體溝通滿意情形，平均數為2.558滿意。 三、開放式問卷分析資料顯示，花太多時間、速度太慢、網路的頻寬過窄又不穩定或無法登錄、作業內容繁多、作業流程問題、資訊管理問題及功能增添與建議等部分。 四、根據筆者初步研究深度訪談之後，彙整中央主管機關及地方主管機關的訪談核心二部分的問題與建議。 五、研究建議： 綜合問卷調查及深度訪談結果，提出政策層面、組織溝通層面、管理層面、實務操作層面等之建議。 【關鍵字】傳染病通報系統、嚴重急性呼吸道症候群(severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS)、組織溝通、溝通通路、行政院衛生署疾病管制局 / 【Background and Issues】 In the spring of 2003, SARS outbreaks devastated the whole world; they also heavily damaged the world economy. Will SARS come back? How can governments manage it? How can government monitor the epidemics? How can we control the infection? When emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases such as SARS appear, how can the Center for Disease Control of the Department of Health, an organization in charge of national disease control, plan and execute measures for the control of communicable diseases? Effective communication between the central and the local competent authorities to remove together blames and misunderstanding, to develop team spirit, to attain jointly the goal of disease control, to solicit understanding and support of the public to the government, and to prevent any likely attack are some of the considerations in improving the welfare of the public. The reason of the present study was to understand, through the achievements thus far of the National Communicable Disease Reporting System, issues involved in the communication channels. The purposes of the study were to understand the major problems of the Communicable Disease Reporting and Management System (the Web version), issues involved in the reporting of emerging infectious diseases, and areas of the Communicable Disease Reporting and Management System where improvement was most urgently needed. 【Method and Materials】 Both the quantitative and qualitative methods were used. Questionnaire interview was conducted through the web to persons using the Communicable Disease Reporting and Management System throughout the country. The questionnaire contained open-end questions, closed-end questions and questions of mixed types. At the same time, to understand in depth areas not properly covered by the questionnaire interview, five key persons responsible for disease control at the time of the SARS outbreaks in 2003 at the central and the local levels were interviewed to understand their attitudes toward the control of emerging infectious diseases such as SARS, and the improvement most urgently needed for the Communicable Disease Reporting and Management System. 【Results and Recommendations】 1. Preliminary findings from analysis of the questionnaire interview showed that users became less satisfied with the new version communication means the longer they were in use of computers. Users who knew more about the use of the reporting system were more satisfied with the new communication means, were at the same time, more satisfied with the communication effects of the improved version. These facts suggested that the new reporting system was less user-friendly in the designing of interface and procedures. The system required more work, more detailed inputs, and thus added additional burdens on the part of the users. The more the users understood the reporting system, their satisfaction was higher, indicating that, for the new version reporting system to function in full, training of the users in the use of the system should be strengthened. 2. From the descriptive analysis, it was found that the average score of user satisfaction on the “information change reporting procedures” was as high as 2.8095, suggesting that the users were fairly satisfied. The satisfaction score on “reporting procedures” was the lowest at 2.3934. The overall satisfaction score on the use of the new version as a communication means was 2.558. 3. Findings from the open-end questions gave the following recommendations: taking too much time, too slow, frequency of the web too narrow, unstable, and unable to load, too detailed, issues related to operational procedures, issues related to information management and additional functions, etc. 4. By analysis of the in-depth interview, some issues were raised and recommendations made to the central and the local competent authorities. 5. Through questionnaire survey and in-depth interview, some recommendations concerning policies, organizational communication, management and practical operation were made. 【Key Words】 Communicable Disease Reporting System, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), organizational communication, communication channels, Center for Disease Control, the Department of Health

職業災害調查係為勞動檢查之一環，係發生重大職業災害後，所執行之行政調查，為判斷重大職業災害過失責任關係、分析事故發生因素、防範再度發生之預防措施，不僅可以讓勞工及其家屬了解職業災害事故始末，也可透過調查報告書讓有過失責任者受到應有之懲罰，對受職業災害之勞工及其家屬可謂非常重要。職業災害調查通常具備強制性行政調查權，但在調查過程中，並無權限封鎖重大職災現場來保持證據的完整性，本文將探討目前職業災害調查制度之成效？以及目前法院對職業災害調查報告書之見解為何？此外並探討美、日兩國之職業災害調查制度？以上為本文探討重點。 本文發現我國職業災害調查制度雖有不足之處，但目前勞動法令授與勞動檢查員強制性行政檢查權、停工權…等權限，已賦予執行職業災害調查之基本權限，規劃出職業災害調查制度的雛形，本文認為目前雖有不足之處，但已能處理大多數的重大職業災害案件，至於勞動法令是否應讓勞動檢查員，於發生重大職業災害下，得執行特別司法警察官權限進行調查的問題，本文綜觀美、日兩國制度及相關文獻後，認為目前尚不需授與特別司法警察官權限，但必須要加強勞動檢查員與警察、消防機關之職務聯繫及協助，並賦予勞動檢查員行政封鎖之權限，使職業災害調查制度更加完善，能夠妥善處理每一件重大職業災害案件。並提出下列建議： 一、建立職業災害事故現場的行政封鎖制度 二、加強與其他機關的職務協助關係 三、縮短雇主通報義務時間 四、強化專業分工與在職訓練 五、釐清勞動派遣之雇主關係 六、加強雇主預防責任

2009年10月22日，美國在臺協會與駐美國臺北經濟文化代表處簽訂臺美牛肉議定書。對於政府開放美國具牛海綿狀腦病風險之牛肉及牛肉製品進口，當時輿論一片譁然。為因應國內輿論壓力，立法院於2010年1月27日修正食品衛生管理法第十一條，禁止美國牛絞肉及內臟進口。同時政府亦實施三管五卡措施對美國牛肉進行進口檢疫，造成國內法與議定書國際義務不符之現象。 臺美牛肉議定書爭議，牽涉到許多面向，包括：臺美牛肉議定書在我國國內法之地位；我國因應臺美牛肉議定書簽訂所為之食品衛生管理法修法及三管五卡措施在WTO法律架構下之評價；我國與美國之貿易關係等。本文從WTO架構出發，以食品安全檢驗暨動植物防疫檢疫措施協定（SPS協定）之規範探討臺美牛肉議定書爭議在WTO法律架構下應如何評價。並以國際法與國內法間關係之角度探討臺美牛肉議定書在我國國內法之地位，同時討論臺美牛肉議定書爭議對臺美貿易關係之影響。第一章為導論；第二章討論WTO架構中關於具牛海綿狀腦病風險牛肉之規範；第三章討論我國牛肉進口之防檢疫措施及臺美牛肉議定書之規範；第四章討論臺美牛肉議定書之相關爭議；最後，第五章針對臺美牛肉議定書爭議提出政策建議並作結。 / On October 22, 2009, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO) and the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) signed the US-Taiwan Beef Protocol for the arrangement with regard to the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)-related measures on importing beef and beef products. Due to lack of confidence in the government, the public opinion of Taiwan was strongly against such importation of beef. In order to deal with the roaring public opinion, the Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China (ROC) amended the Act Governing Food Sanitation Article XI on January 27, 2010. According to this amendment, the beef viscera and ground beef produced in the United States are banned from importing into Taiwan. Furthermore, the ROC government then adopted the Regulation Governing the Sanitation of Importing Beef and several sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS measures) to implement the amendment. These measures result in a discrepancy between the obligations regulated by domestic law and those by the Beef Protocol. The issue of the Beef Protocol may be discussed from many aspects, including the legal status of the Protocol in domestic law, the evaluation of the SPS measures under the WTO regime, the US-Taiwan relations, etc. This study will start from the introduction of the SPS Agreement, the international food standard of the BSE-risked beef set by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and the Beef Protocol. Then, the author will discuss the evaluation of the Protocol and other SPS measures of the ROC under the WTO regime and try to figure out the possibility of the use of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in order to solve the Protocol issue. This study will also examine the legal status of the Protocol in the ROC domestic law and discuss the impact on the US-Taiwan commercial relations. In the final part of this study, the author will provide several policy recommendations to settle this Protocol issue.

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

近年來，由於消費者對於產品安全的重視程度與日俱增，各式各樣的私營標準開始蓬勃發展。這些私營標準雖不具備法律強制力，其所導致的市場排擠效應仍使生產者不得不積極使其產品取得各項私營標準的認證，引發私營標準是否具有實質上強制力並進而影響國際間自由貿易之疑慮。隨著開發中國家自2005年開始於SPS委員會中提出全球良好農業慣例標準對國際自由貿易之負面影響，私營標準之相關法律議題於WTO場域中益發重要，實有研究討論之必要。鑒於私營標準種類、數量之眾，本論文以於WTO下被具體指謫之全球良好農業慣例標準為例，探討全球良好農業慣例標準是否有落入WTO法規範管轄範疇之可能，並透過涉及私營標準議題之食品衛生檢驗與動植物檢疫措施協定、技術性貿易障礙協定與關稅及貿易總協定相關條文的解釋與分析，討論全球良好農業慣例標準與該些規範之關連性及適法性，既而於WTO下甚至WTO以外之國際場域，探究尋求相關貿易衝擊因應之道的可行性，希冀能為私營標準對國際自由貿易體系所帶來的影響及其與WTO之關係進行審視並作出建議。 / In recent years, all kinds of private standards have started to develop prosperously because consumers consider product safety more and more important. Although these private standards are not mandatory, the crowding out effect of markets causing by these standards still makes producers have to achieve relevant certification as far as possible. This situation causes anxiety about the possibility that private standards are de facto mandatory and create trade barriers. While developing countries have stated that GlobalGAP Standard makes bad influence on international trade in the SPS Committees since 2005, the legal issues about private standards become more and more important under WTO regime and need to be studied and discussed. In view of the fact that there are too many kinds of private standards, the thesis takes GlobalGAP Standard for example to discuss whether private standards shall be subject to the rules of WTO Agreements. In order to conduct careful examining and come up with suggestions of the influence on international trade which caused by private standards and the relationship between private standards and WTO, it is necessary to research into the connection between GlobalGAP Standard and WTO rules and the legality of this standard through explaining and analyzing relevant rules which involves the issue of private standards under the SPS Agreement, TBT Agreement, and GATT and to discuss the feasibility of finding the solution to relevant trade impact under WTO regime or other international fields.