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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
121

以農企業公司方式擴大農場經營規模可行性之研究

鄭聰懿, Zheng, Cong-Yi Unknown Date (has links)
第一章緒論,說明本文研究動機、目的、研究方法、研究的範圍及有關名詞的定義。 第二章擴大農場經營規模的問題,首先瞭解土地改革後的農業發展及現況,其次闡明 大農場經營的理論,再就目前各種擴大農場經營規模的方法加以分析並歸納其問題, 然後探討農企業方式擴大規模的理論。 第三章工業區模式擴大農場規模的調查,調查宜蘭龍德及嘉義民雄兩工業區原農地被 征收之土地所有人之現況。就其徵收前後之生活,勞動力的就業,農業資產的運用與 轉換情況及其意願,對當地社會、經濟的影響情形加以分析。 第四章推行農企業公司之必要配合措施,就前章研究分析結果,探討財經政策、社會 政策、法令制度與修訂及行政上等各方面應如何配合。 第五章以農企業公司擴大農場經營規模之評估,分析推行農企業之預期效益,並探討 其可行笥。 第六章結論,提出本文研究的結果。
122

戰區飛彈防禦系統之研究

謝建榮 Unknown Date (has links)
2001年911恐怖攻擊事件之後,美國重新調整全球戰略,而其戰略重心的東移,相對牽動了亞太及台海的戰略布局,美國在戰略部署上的一連串舉措,諸如「反恐戰爭」的進行、「四年期國防總檢報告」的發布、宣布退出「反彈道飛彈條約」,乃至於小布希的東亞之行與「核武態勢評估」將原有的三個「邪惡軸心」擴大為七個「不排除動用核武」的國家,顯見美國小布希政府在軍事與戰略上的重大轉變。 就美國的安全評估,東亞地區可能對美軍及其盟邦發動攻擊的國家中,無論是短、中、長程彈道飛彈,均危及美國在東亞之戰略利益,其中以中共及北韓最令美國擔憂。 針對北韓的核武危機與中共崛起的威脅潛伏,美國建構了亞太「戰區飛彈防禦系統」,台灣應如何相對調整國防戰略、兵力結構與國防現代化,與因應中共的彈道飛彈威脅,台灣飛彈防禦應有的積極作為、建立第二擊的反擊力量,以及推動兩岸建立軍事互信機制、謀求兩岸雙贏的策略,本篇論文提出研究的發現與建議。
123

中國增值稅改革之研究 / A Study of the Value Added Tax Reform in China

傅迺婷, Fu, Nai Ting Unknown Date (has links)
The aim of this paper is to illustrate the recent situation of the VAT system in China, including its problems as well as reforming trends within it, in order to provide promising further research paradigms. The research methods adopted exploratory studies to find out the major problems of the VAT system. To clearly describe the problems, statistical analyses are performed and quantitative data is used to supplement the qualitative analysis. Moreover, to discuss the problems of the Chinese VAT system, this paper compares the Chinese VAT system with other countries, especially Taiwan, in order to give a detailed description of its problems. The results of this study show that the Chinese government only concentrates on how much revenue it can collect but ignores tax equity and tax neutrality as well as low income groups. The conclusions of this study show that the problems of the imperfect VAT system and the changing economic conditions of China have resulted in double taxation, an unfair tax burden, an unreasonable threshold, complex VAT rates, and a gradual worsening of local fiscal conditions. In comparisons between GDP growth and VAT revenue growth, VAT revenue growth exceeded the GDP growth. One of the major reasons is rapid economic growth. Other reasons are that price indices increase every year and, also, China adopts gross income-type VAT which results in double tax on capital investment. Another probable reason is an increased effectivity and efficiency of China’s tax administration. Analysis of these problems shows that the Chinese government needs to improve not only its VAT system but also the taxation system and its fiscal system.
124

兩稅合一制度下「股東可扣抵稅額」於企業評價之角色-Ohlson模型之應用 / The Role of Imputation Credits Disclosure to Firms’ Valuation after the Integration of Individual and Corporate Taxes— An Application of the Ohlson Model

張青霞, Chang, Ching-Hsia Unknown Date (has links)
依據財務會計理論,附註揭露為整體財務報表的一部份,其目的在提供投資人進行企業評價時所需之攸關資訊。兩稅合一制度實施後,不僅使稅賦型態轉變,會計原則中也新增附註揭露股東可扣抵稅額之規定,因此提供了驗證資本市場與財務報表揭露的機會,本研究即針對股東可扣抵稅揭露是否具有價值攸關性進行測試。 本研究以87年為樣本年度,分析資料完整的317家上市公司,透過Ohlson模型來檢測股東可扣抵稅額之價值攸關性,並處理Ohlson模型中兩個重要的information dynamics,以異常盈餘(xa )及其他資訊(v)做為模型中的自變數,將財務分析師之財務預測(analysts’forecasts)做為Ohlson模型中其他資訊(other information)之代理變數,以捕捉Ohlson模型中其他資訊對股價的影響。最後,考慮產業及公司規模兩項因素,觀察紡織業與電子業對股東可扣抵稅額揭露之反應以及公司規模對於價值攸關性研究的影響。 實驗結果顯示,無論以現金基礎或應計基礎衡量股東可扣抵稅額,其揭露均具價值攸關性,投資人的確使用財務報表附註揭露中有關股東可扣抵稅額之資訊於企業評價上。其次,異常盈餘與其他資訊皆能捕捉股價之變動。最後,在紡織業與電子業中雖未觀察到股東可扣抵稅額之揭露具有攸關性,但公司規模的因素則無論在全體樣本或各別產業中皆具影響力。 / According to modern accouning theory, footnote disclosures are an intergrated part of the overall financial statements. The purpose of footnote disclosures is to provide value-relevant information in assisting investors’ valuation process. After Taiwan’s 1998 Tax Reform, which intergrates the individual and corporate taxes, the current GAAP requires a footnote disclosure of imputation credits (IC). This provides a good chance to test how Taiwan’s stock market reacts to such disclosuer. The main purpose of this study is to examine the value relevance of IC disclosure to investors’ equity valuation. This study uses Ohlson’s (1995) model to analyze 317 firms listed on Taiwan’s Stock Exchang (TSE) during 1998. To estimate the abcdrmal earings and other information (captured by analysts’ forcasts), this study adopts Dechow, Hutton, and Sloan’s(1999) methodology. We also investigate the effects of industry and firm size on the value relevance of IC disclosure. The empirical results reveal three findings. First, there is a positive association between IC and stock price in TSE. Therefore, the IC disclosure is value relevant to investors’ equity valuation. Second, abcdmal earnings and other information can both explain stock price behavior. Finally, when we focus our sample on the textile and high-tech industries, no significant association between IC disclosure and stock price can be found. When we further consider firm size, however, the value relevance of IC disclosure becomes significant. In other word, the value relevance of IC disclosure may be affected by firm size.
125

台灣股票市場股票報酬之時間序列研究 / The Time Series Analysis of the Stock Returns in the Taiwan Stock Exchange

陳柏助, Chen, Po-Chu Unknown Date (has links)
本論文採用Fama and French[1993]所提出之三因子模式為基礎,以公司規模[firm size]、帳面淨值市價比[book to market ratio]、及市場超額報酬[market excess return]為三因子,配合動能因子[momentum]及三種不同的流動性指標[成交量,成交值,成交量週轉率]來延伸探討五因子的時間序列資產定價模式。 本文的研究資料為西元1992年1月到西元2000年12月間的452家上市公司週資料,期望能解釋月資料所無法包含的資訊內涵。 結論: (1.)台灣股票市場確實有規模效果,淨值市價比效果,動能效果,及流動性效果。 (2.)市場因子具有解釋能力。 (3.)小公司投資組合解釋效果不佳,在台灣股票市場可能有其他因素未放入評價模式中驗證。 (4.)流動性指標在台灣股票市場上,確實和股票報酬有負向的關係存在,且建議以成交量週轉率作為流動性的代表指標。 (5.)台灣股票市場有顯著的動能存在,投資者可藉由動能策略獲得更高的超額報酬。 / This article provides evidence that stock returns listed in the Taiwan Stock Exchange do have shared variation due to the “market anomalies”, such as size, book-to-market ratio, momentum, and liquidity, which have been argued by scholars and investment professionals for many years. The evidence shows that small-cap effect plays an important role in explaining the violation in stock returns after controlling for other determinants of stock returns. Besides, value, momentum, and liquidity effect do exist in the Taiwan stock market. Moreover, we suggest that turnover rate is a better proxy for liquidity in terms of its stronger relations with the stylized portfolio returns. We empirically estimate the intercepts of our asset-market models using weekly time-series data for individual securities over the sample period from 1992 to 2000 and across 452 securities. To emphasize particularly, our result does not imply that the Taiwan stock market is not an efficient market.
126

動能策略與股票風格在台灣股市的實證研究

鄭雅如, Cheng, Ya-Ju Unknown Date (has links)
本論文為驗證台灣股市是否存在價格持續性或盈餘持續性的現象;再驗證不同股票投資風格(如大型股與小型股、成長型股票與價值型股票),加上價格持續性組成投組後是否也存在動能持續現象;價格持續性和盈餘持續性是否相關;以及加入盈餘品質後,價格持續性及盈餘的持續的效果如何,並依此建構投資策略,測試是否可以在台灣股市獲取超額報酬。 本研究的實證結果可歸納為以下4點: 一、台灣股市存在股價動能效果及盈餘動能效果。 過去六個月表現好的投組,未來6個月及1年都有較佳的表現,投組形成後4年,即有明顯的回歸平均的現象。未預期盈餘高的投組在未來6個月到4年的報酬率都較高。不論是價格持續性或盈餘持續性,投組形成後6個月的動能持續現象較強,因此投組形成後1年的持續效果可能來自前6個月的貢獻。至於分析師盈餘預測修正幅度,投組形成後正向修正幅度大的投組,未來的股價表現反而不佳,統計檢定的效果也不顯著,顯示國內若要以分析師對盈餘預測的修正幅度來做為盈餘持續性的代理變數,盈餘預測的品質還尚待加強。 二、權益帳面價值對市值比及市值與價格持續性的關係。 權益價值對市值比較高的價值型股票及市值較小的小型股,未來報酬的表現情形都較成長股及大型股佳,且過去6個月表現好的投組,未來的表現也比較好。但在投資大型股時,過去6個月報酬影響未來報酬程度較大。 三、價格持續性與盈餘持續性的關係。 標準化後未預期盈餘高的投組表現通常會比較好,但未預期盈餘低且過去6個月報酬率高的投組,仍有可能會替投資人帶來極高的報酬。 四、盈餘品質與價格持續性及盈餘持續性的關係。 盈餘品質(EQ)高的投組通常表現會比較好,但不論EQ高低,短期價格及盈餘持續性現象都存在。而EQ較低的股票,之後一但股票報酬持續表現良好,投資人也會修正對該公司的評價,有過度反應的情形發生,導致未來的報酬率較高。
127

首度上市上櫃公司高階主管持股, 初次投資宣告與公司價值關係之研究 / Executive Ownership, Initial Investment Announcement and the Corporate Value in Publicly Traded Corporations in Taiwan

溫福星, Wen, Fur-Hsing Unknown Date (has links)
財務三大決策:投資、融資與股利政策一直是學術界研究探討的主題,也是實務界關心的重要課題。過去有關融資與股利支付宣告的文章不少,但投資支出相關研究則一直被視為股權結構下的控制變數,鮮少學者探討有關投資宣告對公司價值的影響。 本研究嘗試從資訊不對稱的角度,探討首度上市上櫃公司管理當局為傳遞公司經營績效及未來成長機會給予外部投資人,透過自身的持股與投資規模進行初次投資宣告,藉以傳遞公司真正價值予投資人,以追求公司與自身財富的最大化。本研究在訊號放射理論的架構下,透過完美貝氏的分離均衡解,經過模式推導獲致三個研究命題,並以此研究命題、個案訪談與文獻整理推衍出可驗證的八個假說。 在假說驗證方面,以民國80年至89年共225家新上市上櫃公司的初次投資宣告為研究樣本,並依未來前景看佳與否、股權集中度高低與初次宣告投資規模大小來分類,將研究樣本區分為八個子樣本,利用事件研究法對宣告公司事件日的平均異常報酬率反應以及累積異常報酬率反應進行假說的檢驗。並且,以產業類別、高階主管持股、高階主管持股的二次方、投資規模、初次投資支出類型為自變數,公司規模、市場景氣與負債比率為控制變數,對事件窗口(-1,+1)的累積平均異常報酬率進行橫斷面迴歸分析,探討宣告事件對股票異常報酬率反應的影響。經由上述的實證過程,本研究獲得以下主要結論: 1.初次投資宣告具有資訊內涵,當股權集中度越高的高科技股公司,若進行大規模的初次投資支出宣告,則公司股票異常報酬率的正面反應訊號越強。 2.投資人對高科技股與非高科技股公司的初次投資宣告有不同的評價,屬於未來前景看佳的高科技股,進行初次投資宣告的股票異常報酬率反應顯著為正,且顯著高於未來前景不佳的非高科技股公司。 3.屬於資本支出類型的初次投資宣告有利於公司價值的提升。 目錄 第壹章 緒論…………………………………………... 1 第一節 研究動機與研究目的……………………………… 3 第二節 研究範圍與研究限制……………………………… 8 第三節 研究流程與論文架構……………………………… 11 第貳章 文獻探討與個案訪談整理…… ……………. 17 第一節 代理理論與資訊不對稱…………………………… 18 第二節 股權結構與公司價值之關係……………………… 23 第三節 資本支出與公司價值之關係……………………… 28 第四節 股權、資本支出與公司價值相關實證文獻……… 31 第五節 文獻評述與個案訪談整理………………………… 50 第參章 理論模式建立…………………… …………. 59 第一節 模式背景……,,…………………………………… 60 第二節 模式架構與模式條件設定………………………… 63 第三節 模式推導與命題建立……………………………… 72 第肆章 研究設計… ………………………………… 81 第一節 實證架構與研究假說……………………………… 82 第二節 資料來源與樣本選取……………………………… 93 第三節 變數操作性定義…………………………………… 96 第四節 實證分析方法……………………………………… 102 第伍章 實證結果分析…… ………………………… 113 第一節 樣本資料統計分析………………………………… 114 第二節 全體樣本初次投資支出宣告的效果分析………… 121 第三節 研究假說的驗證……………………………………. 132 第四節 投資支出宣告異常報酬率影響因素分析………… 150 第五節 實證結果與涵義……………………………………. 154 第陸章 結論與建議…… …………………………… 163 第一節 結論………………………………………………… 164 第二節 建議………………………………………………… 166 參考文獻 中文部分……………………………………………………… 171 英文部分……………………………………………………… 173 表目錄 表2-1 國外其他股權結構與公司價值關係實證文獻整理… 36 表2-2 國外其他資本支出與公司價值關係實證文獻整理… 43 表2-3 個案訪談發現與對本研究的涵義……………………. 56 表3-1 研究模式的前提設計…………………………………. 67 表3-2 研究模式符號說明……………………………………. 68 表4-1 研究範疇的分類情形…………………………………. 86 表4-2 研究範疇的分類情形與對應的假說…………………. 90 表4-3 市場景氣劃分……………………………………… 101 表5-1 整體上市上櫃公司的分配狀況……………………… 115 表5-2 研究樣本按初次投資支出宣告年度分類…………… 116 表5-3 研究樣本按產業類別分類…………………………… 117 表5-4 研究樣本按高科技類股與市場景氣分類統計……… 118 表5-5 各研究變數的樣本統計量…………………………… 119 表5-6 全體樣本初次投資支出宣告的平均異常報酬率…… 122 表5-7 全體樣本事件窗口累積異常報酬率………………… 123 表5-8 高科技股公司初次投資支出宣告的平均異常報酬…. 125 表5-9 非高科技股公司初次投資支出宣告的平均異常報酬率126 表5-10 高科技股公司事件窗口累積異常報酬率…………… 127 表5-11 非高科技股公司事件窗口累積異常報酬率………… 127 表5-12 投資規模大的公司初次投資支出宣告的平均異常報酬129 表5-13 投資規模小的公司初次投資支出宣告的平均異常報酬130 表5-14 投資規模大的公司事件窗口累積異常報酬率……… 131 表5-15 投資規模小的公司事件窗口累積異常報酬率……… 131 表5-16 研究樣本交叉分類分布情形(n=225) ……………… 132 表5-17 第一種情況公司初次投資支出宣告的平均異常報酬率134 表5-18 第一種情況公司事件窗口累積異常報酬率 135 表5-19 第二種情況公司初次投資支出宣告的平均異常報酬率136 表5-20 第二種情況公司事件窗口累積異常報酬率……………137 表5-21 第三種情況公司初次投資支出宣告的平均異常報酬率138 表5-22 第三種情況公司事件窗口累積異常報酬率……………139 表5-23 第四種情況公司初次投資支出宣告的平均異常報酬率140 表5-24 第四種情況公司事件窗口累積異常報酬率……………141 表5-25 第五種情況公司初次投資支出宣告的平均異常報酬率142 表5-26 第五種情況公司事件窗口累積異常報酬率……………143 表5-27 第六種情況公司初次投資支出宣告的平均異常報酬率144 表5-28 第六種情況公司事件窗口累積異常報酬率……………145 表5-29 第七種情況公司初次投資支出宣告的平均異常報酬率146 表5-30 第七種情況公司事件窗口累積異常報酬率……………147 表5-31 第八種情況公司初次投資支出宣告的平均異常報酬率148 表5-32 第八種情況公司事件窗口累積異常報酬率……………149 表5-33 累積異常報酬率的橫斷面多元迴歸分析………………153 表5-34 各研究假說實證結果……………………………………158 圖目錄 圖1-1 研究流程………………………………………………. 12 圖3-1 初次投資支出宣告的信號放射………………………. 63 圖3-2 研究模式與觀念架構………………………………... 65 圖3-3 初次投資出宣告的樹狀機率分析…………………… 71 圖4-1 實證架構…………………………………………………82 圖4-2 實證分析方法與流程……………………………………102 圖4-3 事件研究的各時間參數的關係……………………… 105 / Previous foreign studies on corporate investment impact on market prices have revealed that investors react positively to the announcement of increases in capital expenditure. But, the few papers study the topic in Taiwan. This study applies the agency theory, the signaling theory which reduce the asymmetric information and agent problems between the management and external investors and the perfect Baysian Equilibrium to construct the theoretic model to analyze the effect of the initial investment announcement. Following the theoretical model, case interview and literature review, the study derives the three propositions and eight hypotheses. We test these hypotheses for the publicly traded corporations in Taiwan considering a sample composed of the initial investment announcement. The period of the study was January 1991 to December 2000, and the firms selected were all companies listed on the Taiwan Security Exchange or the OTC. The number of the initial investment announcements initially collected was 365 for publicly traded corporations. Nevertheless, the final sample was reduced to 225 after excluding the confounding events and other screen. Finally, we separated the full sample to eight sub-samples by corporate type, ownership and investment scale and used the event study and regression analysis to test the information effect of the initial investment announcement. Our empirical results are not hold in the full sample since no significant market reaction, but are supported in the sub-samples grouped by high-tech. Moreover, the initial investment announcements of high-tech, high ownership, and high scale companies lead the significant positively abcdrmal rate of return at the announcement day. In addition, the investors significantly positively react to the initial investment announcements belong to the capital investment.
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金融產業結構及經營效率與獲利能力之關聯性研究 / The Profit-Structure Relationship in Banking-Tests of Market-Power and Efficient-Structure Hypothesis

楊慧敏, Yang, Hui-Min Unknown Date (has links)
銀行獲利能力影響因素的研究上,有以個體觀點出發的市場力量(market power)理論,其中一個假說為結構-行為-績效(S-C-P)假說,其認為整體產業結構之市場集中度愈高,銀行將有較高的獲利率,另一假說為相對市場力量(RMP)假說,該假說認為個別銀行市場占有率較高,獲利能力亦較高;以總體觀點出發的效率結構(efficiency structure)理論,其中一假說為以X-efficiency為出發點之管理效率結構(ESX)假說,其認為公司較佳的管理效率,將提高公司獲利能力,另一假說為規模經濟效率結構(ESS)假說,該假說認為個別銀行藉規模經濟的達成、降低成本提高利潤。   本研究根據國內外相關文獻,參考國內金融環境的變化、公民營型態的不同,收集民國70年至83年上市、上櫃及公開發行共34家商業銀行之相關資料,將樣本做不同的分組,觀察金融產業結構及經營效率與獲利能力是否具關聯性。實證結果如下:   一、以ROA為獲利能力指標之實證結果   1. 70至83年之所有銀行:結構-行為-績效(SCP)假說成立,市場占有率(MS)與ROA為負向關係、且達顯著水準,與預期不符。   2. 70至83年之公營銀:結構-行為-績效(SCP)假說、規模經濟效率結構(ESS)假說成立,管理效率(XEFF)亦有相當影響力。   3. 70至83年之民營銀行:結構-行為-績效(SCP)假說、相對市場力量(RMP)假說、管理效率結構(ESX)假說成立。   4. 70至80年之所有銀行:結構-行為-績效(SCP)假說成立,市場占有率(MS)與ROA為負向關係、且達顯著水準,與預期不符。   5. 81至83年之所有銀行:無解釋能力。   6. 70至80年之公營銀行:結構-行為-績效(SCP)假說成立,市場占有率(MS)與ROA為負向關係、上達顯著水準,與預期不符。   7. 70至80年之民營銀行:相對市場力量(RMP)假說成立,效率值與ROA呈負向關係。   8. 81至83年之公營銀行:市場集中度較具解釋力(與ROA為負向關係),但亦未達顯著水準。   9. 81至83年之民營銀行:相對市場力量(RMP)假說成立。   二、以ROE為獲利能力指標之實證結果   1. 70至83年之所有銀行:結構-行為-績效(SCP)假說、相對市場力量(RMP)假說、規模經濟效率結構(ESS)假說成立,管理效率(XEFF)亦有相當影響力。   2. 70至83年之公營銀行:管理效率結構(ESX)假說、規模經濟效率結構(ESS)假說成立。   3. 70至83年之民營銀行:結構-行為-績效(SCP)假說、相對市場力量(RMP)假說成立。   4. 70至80年之所有銀行:無解釋能力。   5. 81至83年之所有銀行:相對市場力量(RMP)假說。規模經濟效率結構(ESS)假說成立。   6. 70至80年之公營銀行:無解釋能力。   7. 70至80年之民營銀行:相對市場力量(RMP)假說、規模經濟效率結構(ESS)假說成立,但管理效率(XEFF)與ROA為負向關係、且達顯著水準,與預期不符。   8. 81至83年之公營銀行:市場集中度(CONC)與ROE負向關係、且達顯著水準,與預期不符。   9. 81至83年之民營銀行:相對市場力量(RMP)假說。規模經濟效率結構(ESS)假說成立。
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都市土地開發衝擊費之研究 / A Study of Urban Land Development Impact Fees

陳福進, Chen, Fu Chin Unknown Date (has links)
由於人口快速成長使得土地開發行為頻繁,都市在面臨土地開發不公平與無效率,以及可預見未來都市建設財政更行拮据的情況下,提昇都市環境品質的理想似乎遙不可及,因此,針對都市土地開發所面臨的課題,如何建立一套公共設施費用負擔的制度,實刻不容緩。而美國地方政府所實施之土地開發衝擊費制度為都市成長管理之一種策略,隱含都市成長付費及使用者付費理念,似可引入我國都市土地開發系統中,此乃本研究之出發點。   本研究之進行,主要針對都市土地開發過程中,透過相關理論、制度探討,從其中檢討開發管制之缺失,並介紹美國土地開發衝擊費制度實施經驗,以其為基礎建立都市成長付費應有之觀念和原則。同時,並透過影響地方公共支出之各種因素分析及市鄉鎮長問卷調查,瞭解人口規模對公共支出的影響效果及市鄉鎮長對土地開發衝擊費之態度。最後,從公平、效率、財政及行政的觀點,探討其在臺灣地區實施之可行性。   在問卷調查的結果上,市鄉鎮財政明顯困難,且強烈希望有獨立課稅權;對於課徵土地開發衝擊費則偏向肯定的態度。在公共支出的實證分析上,本研究發現人口規模對地方公共支出有規模經濟與不經濟的現象,其可作為課徵土地開發衝擊費之基礎,而已達規模不經濟之都市,為較適合的實施對象。   在可行性分析上,本研究認為必須以立法依據為先決條件,透過合理關聯之計算、具有公信力之仲裁,以及會計支出之有效規範,才能使該制度順推動。 / Rapid population growth results in frequent land development. Improvement of the quality of urban environment seems to be a remote dream due to the unfair and inefficient urban land development and insufficient urban construction expenditures. In this connection, when facing urban land development problem, establishment of a system of sharing the expenditure of public facility construction warrants no delay. The land development impact fees implemented in the local government of the U.S., being a strategy of urban growth management embodies the idea of paying for growth and user charge. This measure deserves to be introduced into our urban land development system for reference and this is also the main starting-point of this study.   In the process of this study,its main stress is focused on evaluation of the drawbacks of development control through related and system and introduction of development impact fees system and implementing experience of the U.S.land development into ours. On the basis of that system and experience,the idea of paying for growth and user charge can be established.At the same time, through the analysis of factories of factories affecting local public expenditure and the investigations on questionnaires of chiefs,mayors and magistrates of cities and counties,the impact of population scale on local public expenditures and attitude of these mayors and magistrates toward the land development impact fees can be understood. Finally, whether the above-mentioned U.S.system can be implemented in our country can be examined through fairness, efficiency,financial and administrative points of views.   In the results of questionnaires, financial difficulty and strong intentions on independent tax-levying authority were expressed by city and villages.They also expressed a positive attitude of levying the development impact fees.When analyzing the actual case of public expenditures,this study finds out that population scale can results in economics of scale and diseconomics of scale in local public expenditures. This can be served as the basis of levying of land development impact fees and those cities of diseconomies will be suited for implementation.   In the analysis on its feasibility,this study considers that the legislation is prerequisite and this system can be implemented through rational nexus calculation, a credit arbitration and defective regulation of accounting expenditure.
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電信普及服務制度之研究 / A study on Universal service obligations in Telecommunications Environment

黃世雄 Unknown Date (has links)
過去電信事業強調無論任何一端用戶透過電話機、傳輸線路、交換機等網路連接至另一端用戶,進行點對點(end to end)語音或數據之通信時,基於網路不可分割之特性,進行整體固定網路設備投資相當龐大,且因具規模經濟特性而形成自然獨占;加以其多屬民生攸關之公用事業,又須具備一定之服務品質及可負擔之合理價格,始能提供不論居住何處之全國民眾使用,故大多由政府主導經營。   然隨著電信自由化來臨,民國八十五年七月一日電信解制,分為監理電信業務之電信總局及國營事業之中華電信公司,確立監管架構及電信業務開放以引進競爭市場。惟為避免新進業者會對更多需求及更可獲利的城市地區首先提供服務,而忽略了鄉村偏遠地區,形成吸脂作用(Cream skimming)。故顯然電信自由化後,儘管商業利益的考量是競爭市場存續的重要因素之一,然而為避免關切公共服務的精神隨之而消失,那麼政府如何適度藉入以求得其間的平衡性,這應屬必要的。   基本上,應以國民基本通信之概念考量普及服務之範圍,同時應基於公平及合理的原則下,以負擔得起且日常生活中有必要的電信服務;然由於在公平的、合理的、負擔得起、有必要性等充分條件下,仍須加上一定的「服務品質」為必要條件,才能使普及服務的精神顯露,特別在隨著電信科技發展、社會環境變遷及民眾需求,仍須作階段性不同之定義,才能符合普及服務的真正目的。   因此,本論文採用文獻探討、政策德菲法(Delphi method)及實例探討,從管制理論的基礎,說明管制因環境之所需,尤其當電信自由化之初,引入市場競爭之同時,適時的管制對於公平的競爭是有需要的;另再參酌美國、英國、澳洲、香港及法國等先進國家之電信普及服務機制,透過美國、英國、澳洲及香港等國家之電信監理機構之網站,及相關電信自由化之文獻,蒐集到各國對普及服務相關之管理方式與法規規定,歸納出各國對普及服務目標之界定,普及服務之提供者,成本計算方式,分攤普及服務之義務者及分攤方式等,再進行整理、分析與比較,嚐試提出一個適合國情的普及服務制度,並對實務執行所面對的問題提出建議,以供主管機關參考。   本論文結論重點為,除建立一套含理論及實務運作的電信普及服務機制外,為發現整理出相關問題如:(1)「電信事業普及服務基金」非為政府基金之管理,是否須要編列年度業務計畫及預算書,值得商榷。(2)就商業利益考量,固網業者收取申裝市內電話之「界外工料費」應無不可,然是否能適用普及服務補助的問題。(3)易將普及服務基金視為另一個社會安全或防災救助的課題,扭曲其設立之精神。(4)提供普及服務所產生之無形利益是否應納入棄置營收之計算。(5)海岸電台船舶遇險及安全通信服務是否納入普及服務之考量。   其政策建議重點則為:(1)為消彌外界之疑慮,並兼顧效率運作之原則,除必要之管理費用應撙節使用外,相關之收支帳目宜經由會計師簽證予以公開透明化。(2)為維護消費者之權利,裝置材料費用應有下降趨勢,應重新檢討並提出合理成本,訂定合理之收費方式。(3)社會安全或急難救助所經費,應由社會福利安全政策編列預算支應,以免增加電信業者之成本負擔,並轉價至最終消費者。(4)無形利益應可加以計算納入棄置營收項目內,可利用每一家或前五大業者平均的廣告效果估算;或利用消費者行為之抽樣問卷調查,求出潛在消費者及平均消費之貢獻,做為無形利益的推估。(5)可成立專案小組,針對海岸電台設備及維運費用等訂定效率化之衡量標準;或以公開招標方式,徵求自願投入之電信業者;或協調海巡暑整編至該單位。(6)必須建立一套成本資料管理及稽核制度,以增加核算資料的明確性。(7)考慮修法開放可以行動電話做為普及服務之提供,公開徵詢有興趣之行動電話業者,並於北、中、南區各找一處以行動電話提供普及服務之實驗。(8)第一類電信事業部分,可由普及服務管理委員會就經營效率性、虧損之持續性等相關因素,予以審核後得免予繳交;第二類電信事業部分,以經營語音單純轉售及網路電話兩項從事語音電話服務為主,衡酌經營差異程度,排除一定營業額以下者可免予繳交。 / In the past, in order to provide seamless end-to-end communications services for the end users, telecom enterprises that required cost-sunk expenditure, economies of scale and operated an indivisible network had been regarded as a naturally monopolistic business. Moreover, telecommunications as one of public services relevant to the people’s livelihood has to be provided for all nationals at an affordable price and a reasonable level of service quality. As a result, most telecom enterprises worldwide were operated and conducted by the Government.   Nevertheless, along with the global trend of telecom liberalization, on July 1 1996 our government reorganized the DGT into a sole telecom regulator and established the state-own holding company, CHT, to provide telecom services, with a view to build up a regulatory regime and to open the telecom market further. To avoid newcomers in a competitive environment tending to focus on high revenue growth telecommunication markets, such as metropolitan areas, resulting in the phenomenon of ‘cream skimming’ and in the impediment to the spirit of public services, there is a need for government intervention in the provision of telecom services.   Basically, the concept of universal telecommunications service shall be confined to the basic telecommunication services which are indispensable to every citizens and should be provided on reasonable request at an affordable price and a reasonable level of quality. However, universal telecommunications service might has different definitions over time so as to fulfill its policy objectives in each phase given the development of technologies and the changes in social environment.   Accordingly, by conducting Documentary-type method, Delphi method and Case Studies, this dissertation has illustrated with regulatory theory why regulation shall be based on the requirement of the environment. Particularly, during the early stages of telecom liberalization, regulatory involvement at right moment is required for creating a level-playing field when introducing competition. From the websites of several telecom regulators in advanced countries, e.g. US, UK, Australia, HK, etc., and some literatures on telecom liberalization, this dissertation has collected those countries’ management criteria and legal framework for universal service and summed up their universal service objectives, providers, cost calculation methods and obligation sharing mechanisms. Then through a further analysis and comparison, it has tried to propose a universal service mechanism that might better fit our national conditions and offer the authority concerned some practical recommendations for the implementation issues.   In conclusion, this dissertation has built up a universal telecommunications service mechanism based on both theoretical analyses and practical considerations. Besides, it has included some key findings as follows: (1) Given the fact that the universal service fund is not one kind of government funds, shall it still be managed through annual official planning and budgeting? (2) From a viewpoint of profitable undertaking, a fixed network operator might want to charge a remote subscriber outside its service area for some extra facilities fees for service installation. This might be reasonable under commercial terms. But shall we allow such extra fees to be subsidized by the universal service fund? (3) Some people might regard the purpose of the universal service fund as an issue on social security or emergency rescue, and hence distort the spirit of universal service fund. (4) It is questionable whether intangible benefits, resulting form the provision of universal service, could be grouped into revenue forgone. (5) Is it appropriate for an operator to recover its costs of providing coastal radio maritime emergency and safety communication services from the universal service fund?   Furthermore, it has given several key policy recommendations as follows: (1) For the sake of dispelling people’s doubts and managing the efficiency in universal service fund, all of the accounts of expenditures shall be open and transparent except that the administrative costs must be kept at minimum. (2) In order to protect consumers’ rights, the equipment installation fee should follow a downward trend and must be cost based. (3) To avoid increasing the burden of telecom operators whose costs are ultimately entailed by consumers, budgets for social security or emergency rescue should be supported by national social welfare policies. (4) Intangible revenue that might be calculable by evaluating average effect of advertisement of each operator or top five operators should be grouped into revenue foregone. Or it may be possible to make a sampling survey of consumers’ behavior, finding the average contribution of each potential customer so as to estimate intangible revenue. (5) Grouping a task force to revise measuring criteria for the facilities and maintenance costs in coastal radio services efficiently. Besides, bids for these services may be opened for volunteers, or be coordinated with and incorporated into the function of Coast Guard Administration, Executive Yuan. (6) It is necessary to build up a mechanism of data management and auditing so as to increase the accountability of re-calculating data. (7) To think over the feasibility that mobile phone can be used for the provision of universal service as well by revising the relevant laws, and then in North, Middle, and South Taiwan, try to conduct a field trial in each area for providing universal service by using mobile phone. (8) For Type I telecommunications businesses, universal service committee can exempt them from universal service obligations with the concerns about their operation efficiency and the duration of losing money, and so on. For Type II telecommunications businesses, only those operating voice communications services, including simple resale and internet phone services, should bear the obligations, but whether they need to make contributions to the universal service fund or not can be decided through the evaluation of their business performance.

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